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Chapter 1 Introducation To Power Quality

The document provides an overview of power quality, defining it as any power problem that affects voltage, current, or frequency, leading to equipment failure. It discusses various causes of poor power quality, including voltage variations, harmonic distortions, and transients, and categorizes defects into five main types. Additionally, it outlines techniques for mitigating power quality issues and the potential impacts of poor power quality on utilities and consumers.

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oadel4111
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19 views23 pages

Chapter 1 Introducation To Power Quality

The document provides an overview of power quality, defining it as any power problem that affects voltage, current, or frequency, leading to equipment failure. It discusses various causes of poor power quality, including voltage variations, harmonic distortions, and transients, and categorizes defects into five main types. Additionally, it outlines techniques for mitigating power quality issues and the potential impacts of poor power quality on utilities and consumers.

Uploaded by

oadel4111
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Power Quality

elective course (3)


Associate professor
Dr Khairy Fathy Abdelsayed Sayed
Terminologies of Power Quality
a) A power quality is defined as “ any power problem manifested in
voltage, current or frequency deviations that results in failure of
missed operation of utility or end user equipment.”
- i) Roger Dugan, Mark Mc Granaghan, and Wayne Beaty
in Electrical Power Systems Quality, McGraw-Hill,1996.
ii) Barry W. Kennedy in Power Quality Primer, McGraw-
Hill, 2000.

b) “ Power quality is a set of electrical boundaries that allows a piece


of equipment to function in its intended manner without significant
loss of performance or life expectancy.”
- C. Sankaran in Power Quality, CRC Press, 2002.
Quality of power
• The perfect power supply will be one which is
• Always available
• Always with voltage and frequency within
• tolerances
• Has pure noise free sinusoidal wave shape.
CAUSES OF POOR POWER QUALITY
• Variation in voltage magnitude and frequency.
• Variation in magnitude can be due to sudden
rise or fall of load , outages, repetitive varying
loading pattern in rolling mills, power
electronic converters, inverters, lightning..etc
• Variation in frequency can rise of out of
system dynamics or harmonics injection.
Categories of Defects in Power
Power quality defects i.e. deviations from
perfection falls in five categories:-
• Under Voltage or Over Voltage
• Dips (or sags) and surges (or swells).
• Blackouts.
• Harmonic distortion.
• Transients.
Sources of Power Quality
• Non linear loads
• Arcing loads
• Switching operation
• Reactive loads
• Atmospheric condition
• Unstable loads
• Neighboring unbalance system
Power Quality Scope of Concerns
Power
Quality

Power Freq. Power System Power System Grounding and


Disturbances Transients Harmonics Bonding

Electromagnetic Electrostatic Power Factor


Interference Discharge
Power Quality
Under voltage or Over Voltage
• Over voltage or under voltages means, supply
voltage is more or less then the allowable
tolerances.
• These are the causes of unbalance of supply and
consumption of reactive energy in network.
• If generation of reactive power is more then the
consumption supply voltage will be high.
• If generation of reactive power is less then the
consumption, voltage will be less.
Under voltage or Over Voltage
• Sustained over voltage or under voltage
• stress the equipment.
• It weakens the insulation of system and
• equipment.
• By proper reactive power management the
• supply voltage can be maintained within the
• tolerance.
• As far as possible reactive power compensation
should be done locally by
• consumer.
Voltage Sags (or Dips)
• Voltage Sags :- A reduction in RMS voltage or
• current at the power frequency.

Vn
(p.u.)
Voltage dips or sags (cont.)
• Voltage dips or sags are caused by abrupt
• increases in loads such as short circuits or
faults, motors starting, or electric heaters
turning on
• or they are caused by abrupt increases in
source impedance, typically caused by a loose
connection.
Voltage swells
• Voltage swells are always caused by an abrupt
reduction in load on a circuit with a poor or damaged
voltage regulator
• They can also be caused by a damaged or loose
neutral connection.
Voltage Surge
• Voltage variation can be positive (higher than
normal) or negative (lower than normal)
Blackouts (Power Outage)
• Power outage disrupts more business that any
other factor.
• Power outage or blackout means energy is not
available for work.
• Power outages may be caused by generator
maintenance outage, failure of equipment of any
critical element.
• The quality of sustained supply of power is
known as reliability.
• Reliability indices is used to track the
performance of a utility.
Harmonic Distortions
• Electricity generation is normally produced at
constant frequency of 50Hz and generated
voltage can be considered practically sinusoidal.
• However, when a source of sinusoidal voltage is
applied to a nonlinear device or load the resulting
current is not perfectly sinusoidal.
• In the presence of system impendence of this
causes a non-sinusoidal voltage drop causing
voltage distortion at the load terminals known as
Harmonic Distortion.
Harmonic Distortions
• Harmonics generated by SMPS of computer
Transients
• Transients disturbances are high frequency
events with durations much less than one cycle of
supply.
• Causes are switching, lightening strikes on the
network, switching of reactive loads on consumer
sites.
• Transients can have magnitudes of several
thousands volts and so can cause serious damage
to both the installation and the equipment
connected to it.
• A good earthing greatly reduces the transients.
Transients (contd…/-)
• Majority of power system transients are due
to switching action
TECHNIQUES TO MITIGATE POWER
QUALITY PROBLEMS
Compensation techniques can be broadly classified
into two main categories:-
1. Passive techniques
2. Active techniques
Passive techniques employ the following devices.
* Passive Shunt L-C Filters
* Power Factor Correction Capacitors
Active techniques employ the following devices.
*PWM Active Filters.
Impact Of Poor Power Quality
• The effect of poor power quality problems has serious implication
on the utilities and customers.
• Higher losses in transformers, cables .
• Neutral wire burning due to third harmonics generated by non
linear loads.
• Power factor capacitors may punctures.
• Energy meters will give faulty readings.
• Solid state protective relays may damaged .
• Speed drives may shut down.
• Motor will increase core and cu losses
• Non sinusoidal waveforms will reduce the efficiency of motors.
• Electronic computer may loss data due to voltage variation .
• Domestic appliances are affected by the poor quality.
Symptoms of Power Quality Problem
• Electronic controlled system that stop
unexpectedly
• Abnormal failure of electronic systems
• Transformer overheating
• Motor failing
• Power factor capacitors failing
• Test results will unreliable

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