Basic Computer Concepts

What is a computer?
A computer is an electronic device that performs arithmetic and logical operations.

What is the origin of the word 'computer'?

It comes from the word "compute," meaning "to calculate."

Why is a computer called a data processor?

Because it can store, process, and retrieve data.

What is data processing?

The activity of processing data using a computer.

What is the difference between data and information?

Data is raw material, while information is processed data.

Characteristics of Computers
What makes a computer automatic?
It can perform tasks without human intervention.

How is speed measured in computers?

In microseconds (10⁻⁶), nanoseconds (10⁻⁹), and picoseconds (10⁻¹²).

What does GIGO stand for?

Garbage-In-Garbage-Out, meaning incorrect input leads to incorrect output.

Why is a computer considered diligent?

It does not suffer from tiredness or lack of concentration.

Does a computer have intelligence (IQ)?

No, it only follows programmed instructions.

Evolution of Computers
What was the first manually operated digital computer?
The abacus.

Who invented the first mechanical calculator?

Blaise Pascal in 1642.

Who invented the first multiplication calculator?

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz in 1671.

Who introduced punched cards for input?

Herman Hollerith around 1880.

Who is known as the father of modern digital computers?

Charles Babbage.

Early Computers
When was the Mark I computer developed?
Between 1937-1944.

What was the ENIAC?

The first general-purpose electronic computer (1943-1946).

What was the first computer to use stored programs?

The EDVAC (1946-1952).

Computer Generations
What defines a computer generation?
A step in technology advancement in computers.

What technology did first-generation computers use?

Vacuum tubes.

What technology did second-generation computers use?

Transistors.

What technology did third-generation computers use?

Integrated Circuits (ICs).

What technology did fourth-generation computers use?

Microprocessors.

What is the fifth-generation of computers known for?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and quantum computing.

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Basic Computer Concepts

What is a microprocessor?
A microprocessor is an integrated circuit that functions as the central processing
unit (CPU) of a computer.

What is a personal computer (PC)?

A PC is a small, single-user computer designed for general use.

What does GUI stand for?

GUI stands for Graphical User Interface, which allows users to interact with a
computer using visual elements like icons and buttons.

What is a data processor?

A device or software that processes raw data into meaningful information.

What is the stored program concept?

It is a principle where instructions are stored in memory and executed sequentially
by the CPU.

Characteristics of Computers
Why are computers considered fast?
Because they can process millions of instructions per second.

How does a computer remember data?

It stores data in memory (RAM, hard drives, etc.) and recalls it when needed.

What is meant by ‘versatility’ in computers?

The ability of a computer to perform multiple types of tasks efficiently.
Why do computers have high accuracy?
They follow precise instructions without making mistakes unless given incorrect
input.

What does ‘no feelings’ mean in computing?

Computers lack emotions and make decisions based on logic rather than intuition.

Evolution of Computers
When was the first known use of an abacus?
Before 1387 AD.

What was the purpose of the Difference Engine?

Designed by Charles Babbage in 1822, it was meant for automated calculations.

What was the Analytical Engine?

A fully automatic mechanical computer designed by Babbage in 1842.

Who developed the first punched card system?

Herman Hollerith in the 1880s.

What was the first general-purpose electronic computer?

The ENIAC, developed between 1943-1946.

Early Computers
What was the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)?
A special-purpose electronic digital computer developed in 1939-1942.

Which computer introduced the concept of stored programs?

The EDVAC.

What was the first commercially available computer?

The UNIVAC I, released in 1951.

What was Manchester Mark I?

An early stored-program computer developed in 1948.

Which computer used vacuum tubes?

The first-generation computers.

Computer Generations
What was the main limitation of vacuum tube computers?
They were large, consumed a lot of power, and generated excessive heat.

How did transistors improve computers?

They were smaller, faster, and more reliable than vacuum tubes.

What advancement did integrated circuits bring?

They allowed multiple transistors to be placed on a single chip, making computers
smaller and more powerful.

What is VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)?

A technology that allows thousands of transistors to be placed on a single chip,
used in fourth-generation computers.

What is ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration)?

A technology that places millions of transistors on a chip, used in modern
computers.
How is artificial intelligence (AI) used in fifth-generation computers?
AI enables computers to learn, reason, and make decisions.

Additional Terms & Concepts

What is a transistor?
A semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals, replacing
vacuum tubes.

What is an integrated circuit (IC)?

A small electronic chip that contains multiple transistors and components.

What is Large Scale Integration (LSI)?

A technology that integrates thousands of transistors on a single chip.

What is Medium Scale Integration (MSI)?

A technology that integrates hundreds of transistors on a single chip.

What is Small Scale Integration (SSI)?

A technology that integrates a few transistors on a chip.

What does CSCW stand for?

Computer-Supported Cooperative Working, which refers to collaborative work using
computer systems.

What is Groupware?
Software designed to help teams work together digitally.

What is a vacuum tube?

An electronic component used in first-generation computers for processing and
memory storage.

What is GIGO in computing?

Garbage-In-Garbage-Out, meaning incorrect input results in incorrect output.

What is a microprocessor?
A single-chip CPU used in modern computers.

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Basic Computer Concepts

What is a computer system?
A combination of hardware and software that performs data processing tasks.

What are the main components of a computer?

CPU, memory, input devices, output devices, and storage.

What is the function of the CPU?

It processes instructions, performs calculations, and manages data flow.
What are the two types of memory in a computer?
Primary memory (RAM, ROM) and secondary memory (HDD, SSD).

What is the full form of RAM?

Random Access Memory.

What is the full form of ROM?

Read-Only Memory.

What is the main difference between RAM and ROM?

RAM is volatile (temporary), while ROM is non-volatile (permanent).

What is an input device?

A device used to enter data into a computer (e.g., keyboard, mouse).

What is an output device?

A device that displays or transmits results (e.g., monitor, printer).

What is a storage device?

A device used to store data (e.g., HDD, SSD, USB drive).

Characteristics of Computers
Why is a computer called an electronic device?
Because it processes data using electronic circuits.

What is meant by "computer speed"?

The rate at which a computer processes data, measured in Hz (Hertz).

What is meant by "accuracy" in computers?

The ability to process data without errors.

Why don’t computers get tired?

They can work continuously without fatigue.

What is meant by the "power of remembering" in computers?

The ability to store and retrieve large amounts of data.

Why do computers have no emotions?

They only follow programmed instructions.

Evolution of Computers
What was the first mechanical computer?
The Difference Engine designed by Charles Babbage.

What did Charles Babbage design in 1842?

The Analytical Engine, which was a programmable computer.

What was the first electronic digital computer?

The ENIAC.

Who invented the first punch card system?

Herman Hollerith.

What was the first commercially successful computer?

The UNIVAC I.

What was the main feature of the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)?

It used binary arithmetic.
Computer Generations
How many generations of computers are there?
Five generations.

What was the key technology of the first generation?

Vacuum tubes.

What was the key technology of the second generation?

Transistors.

What was the key technology of the third generation?

Integrated Circuits (ICs).

What was the key technology of the fourth generation?

Microprocessors.

What are fifth-generation computers based on?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and quantum computing.

What is the main advantage of transistors over vacuum tubes?

They are smaller, faster, and more energy-efficient.

What is the main feature of integrated circuits?

They combine multiple electronic components on a single chip.

What is the purpose of microprocessors?

To integrate the entire CPU onto a single chip.

What does AI stand for?

Artificial Intelligence.

Additional Concepts
What is an algorithm?
A step-by-step procedure for solving a problem.

What is software?
A set of programs that run on a computer.

What are the two main types of software?

System software and application software.

What is an operating system (OS)?

System software that manages computer hardware and software.

What is an example of system software?

Windows, macOS, Linux.

What is an example of application software?

Microsoft Word, Adobe Photoshop.

What is a compiler?
A program that converts high-level code into machine code.

What is an interpreter?
A program that translates and executes code line-by-line.

What is firmware?
Software stored in hardware, like BIOS in computers.
What is a GUI (Graphical User Interface)?
A user-friendly interface with icons, windows, and buttons.

What is a CLI (Command Line Interface)?

A text-based interface for interacting with a computer.

What is real-time processing?

Processing that happens instantly, such as online transactions.

Storage Devices
What is the purpose of cache memory?
To store frequently accessed data for faster processing.

What is an SSD?
A Solid State Drive, which is faster and more durable than HDD.

What is an HDD?
A Hard Disk Drive, which stores data magnetically.

What is cloud storage?

Online storage that allows users to store and access data over the internet.

What is an optical disk?

A disk that uses laser technology to store data, like CDs and DVDs.

What is RAID storage?

A method of storing data across multiple hard drives for redundancy.

Communication & Connectivity

What is a USB port used for?
Connecting peripherals like keyboards, mice, and storage devices.

What is Bluetooth?
A wireless technology for short-range data transfer.

What is Wi-Fi?
A wireless networking technology for internet access.

What is an Ethernet cable?

A wired network connection for internet and LAN.

What is a modem?
A device that connects a computer to the internet.

What is a router?
A device that directs internet traffic between devices.

What is a docking station?

A device that expands a laptop’s connectivity options.

Performance & Optimization

What is clock speed?
The speed at which a CPU processes instructions, measured in GHz.

What is parallel processing?

The ability to perform multiple tasks at once.

What is multiprocessing?
The use of multiple CPUs for processing.

What is multithreading?
Running multiple threads within a single program to improve performance.

What is Moore’s Law?

The observation that the number of transistors on a chip doubles approximately
every two years.

What is overclocking?
Increasing the clock speed of a CPU beyond its rated speed.

What is a green computing initiative?

Efforts to reduce the environmental impact of computing.