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Mid-term+I+ Solution

The document is a mid-term exam solution for an Object-oriented Programming course, covering key concepts such as classes, objects, encapsulation, access modifiers, inline functions, and the 'this' operator. It includes explanations of multiple constructors, setter functions, implicit and explicit casting, and a sample Date class implementation. Additionally, it discusses relationships between classes like Company, Department, Office, and Employee, emphasizing encapsulation and composition.

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hashamrashid20 hasham rashis
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6 views5 pages

Mid-term+I+ Solution

The document is a mid-term exam solution for an Object-oriented Programming course, covering key concepts such as classes, objects, encapsulation, access modifiers, inline functions, and the 'this' operator. It includes explanations of multiple constructors, setter functions, implicit and explicit casting, and a sample Date class implementation. Additionally, it discusses relationships between classes like Company, Department, Office, and Employee, emphasizing encapsulation and composition.

Uploaded by

hashamrashid20 hasham rashis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Object-oriented Programming (CS-217)

[Solution] Mid-term I Exam (Spring 2019) (held on February 25, 2019)


FAST-National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences (Karachi Campus)
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Question 1:

a) Class & Object

A class is a data type that allows programmers to create objects. A class provides a definition for an
object, describing an object’s attributes (data) and methods (operations). An object is
an instance of a class. With one class, you can have as many objects as required.

b) Encapsulation

Encapsulation is a process of combining data members and functions in a single unit called class. This
is to prevent the access to the data directly, the access to them is provided through the functions of the
class. It is one of the popular feature of Object Oriented Programming(OOPs) that helps in data hiding.

c) Access modifiers

Access modifiers set the accessibility of classes, methods, and other members. Access modifiers are a
specific part of programming language syntax used to facilitate the encapsulation of components. In C+
+, there are only three access modifiers: Private, Public and Protected.

d)Inline function

C++ provides inline functions to help reduce function call overhead especially for small functions. The
compiler places a copy of the code of that function at each point
where the function is called at compile time.

e)this operator

Every object in C++ has access to its own address through an important pointer called this pointer. The
“this” pointer is an implicit parameter to all member functions.
Question 2:

a) Having multiple constructors makes a program flexible by allowing initialization of different


combination of class members for different objects during their construction.

b) A setter function is still needed despite having a parameterized constructor in most situations as the
constructor only "initializes" the data members during object creation. Further updates need to be
performed through setter functions.

c) (1) When the function is recursive


(2) When there are loops in the function
(3) When the function contains static variables

d) Implicit Casting: It is performed by the compiler itself


Example:
int a = 10; int b = 3; float c;
c = a / b;
the result is saved in variable c as a float value

Explicit Casting: It is done by the programmer


Example:
double x = 1.2;
int y = (int) x + 1;

Question 3:

class Date
{
int day; // range from 1 to 31
int month; // range from 1 to 12
int year; // ranging from 2000 onwards

// private function advance()


void advance()
{
int d = day;
int m = month;

switch(m)
{
case 1:
case 3:
case 5:
case 7:
case 8:
case 10:
case 12:
if(d == 31)
{
day = 1;
++month;
}
else
{ ++day; }
break;
case 2:
if(d == 29)
{
day = 1;
++month;
}
else
{ ++day; }
break;
case 4:
case 6:
case 9:
case 11:
if(d == 30)
{
day = 1;
++month;
}
else
{ ++day; }
break;
}
//year-level validation can additionally be performed
}

public:
// Date class constructor
Date(int day = 1, int month = 1, int year = 2000)
{
if(day > 31 || month > 12 || year < 2000)
{
cout << "Date invalid";
return;
}
this->day = day; this->month = month; this->year = year;
}

// function to set date


void setDate(int date, int month, int year)
{
this->day = day; this->month = month; this->year = year;
}
// function to display date
void showDate()
{
cout << day << " / " << month << " / " << year << endl;
}

// public interface to use advance()


void callAdvance()
{
advance();
}
};

int main()
{
Date d1(31, 1, 2000);
d1.callAdvance(); //to call advance() for updating the date
d1.showDate(); // display date
}

Question 4:

(a) Company, Department, Office & Employee

(b), (c)
d) department (const department & ob)
{

name = ob.name;
manager = ob.manager;
}

e) The departments are encapsulated within their class, while an office can exhibit composition by
providing a function to create department objects. The employee class encapsulates the attributes of
different employees. The access to an individual department or office's attributes can be restricted with
suitable access modifiers.

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