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Chapter 1: Chemical Reactions and Equations

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79 views3 pages

Chapter 1: Chemical Reactions and Equations

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spideyrty
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Chapter 1: Chemical Reactions and

Equations
• Mg + O2 → 2MgO
• Zn + H2SO4→ ZnSO4 + H2
• 3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2
• CaO (s) + H2O (l) → Ca
(OH)2 (aq)
(Quick lime) (Slaked
lime)
• C(s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g)
• 2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O (l)
• CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g)
• C6H12O6 (aq) + 6O2 (aq) → 6 CO2 (aq) + 6 H2O
(l) + energy
(Glucose) (Oxygen)
• 2FeSO4(s) → Fe2O3 (s) + SO2 (g)
+ SO3 (g)
(Ferrous sulphate) (Ferric oxide)
• CaCO3(s) + Heat → CaO (s) +
CO2 (g)
(Limestone) (Quick lime)

• 2Pb (NO3)2 (s) + Heat → 2PbO(s) +


4NO2 (g) + O2 (g)

(Lead nitrate) (Lead oxide)


(Nitrogen dioxide)

• Na2SO4 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) → BaSO4 (s) + 2NaCl (aq)

• ZnO + C →Zn + CO

• MnO2 + HCl →MnCl 2 + 2H2O + Cl2

Chapter 2: Acids, Bases and Salts


• Reaction of acids and bases with metals:

Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas

Example:

2 NaOH + Zn → Na2ZnO2 + H2
(Sodium zincate)

• Reaction of base and acid to give salt (neutralisation reaction):

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Chapter 3: Metals and Non-metals


• Chemical properties of metals:
Metal + Oxygen → Metal oxide
Example:
• 2Cu + O2 → 2CuO
• 4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3
Aluminium oxide reacts in the following manner with acids and
bases:
• Al2O3 + 6 HCl → 2 AlCl3 + 3 H2O
• Al2O3 + 2 NaOH → 2 NaAlO2 + H2O
Sodium oxide and potassium oxide dissolve in water to produce
alkalis:
• Na2O(s) + H2O (l) → 2 NaOH (aq)
• K2O(s) + H2O (l) → 2 KOH (aq)
Reactions of Metal with water
Metal + Water → Metal oxide + Hydrogen
Metal oxide + Water → Metal hydroxide
Example:
• 2K(s) + 2H2O (l) → 2KOH (aq) + H2 (g) + heat energy
• 2Na(s) + 2H2O (l) → 2 NaOH (aq) + H2 (g) + heat energy
• Ca(s) + 2 H2O (l) → Ca (OH)2 (aq) + H2(g)
• 2 Al (s) + 3H2O (g) → Al2O3 (s) + 3H2 (g)
• 3 Fe (s) + 4H2O (g) → Fe3O4(s) + 4H2 (g)
Chapter 4: Carbon and its Compounds
Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds
Combustion of carbon and its compounds:
(i) C + O2 → CO2 + heat and light
(ii) CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O + heat and light
(iii) CH3CH2OH + 2O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O + heat and light
Oxidation of carbon compounds:
Conversion of alcohol to carboxylic acid

Addition Reaction:
Hydrogenation of vegetable oils using a nickel catalyst:

Properties of Ethanol:
Reactions of Ethanol with sodium –
2Na + 2CH3CH2OH → 2 CH3CH2O–Na+ + H2
(Sodium ethoxide)
Heating of ethanol:
Heating ethanol at 443 K with excess concentrated sulphuric acid
results in the dehydration of ethanol to give ethene –

Esterification reaction:
Esters (sweet-smelling substances used in making perfumes and as
flavouring agents) are most commonly formed by reaction of an acid
and an alcohol. Ethanoic acid reacts with absolute ethanol in the
presence of an acid catalyst to give an ester –

Saponification:
Esters react in the presence of an acid or a base to give back the
alcohol and carboxylic acid. This reaction is known as saponification
because it is used in the preparation of soap.

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