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BASIC THEORY

A computer is an electronic device that processes data input and provides output results. The history of computers is divided into five generations, from vacuum tubes to artificial intelligence. Key components include hardware (like CPU and keyboard), software (application and system software), and storage (primary and secondary).

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3 views

BASIC THEORY

A computer is an electronic device that processes data input and provides output results. The history of computers is divided into five generations, from vacuum tubes to artificial intelligence. Key components include hardware (like CPU and keyboard), software (application and system software), and storage (primary and secondary).

Uploaded by

alirazasamoon05
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DEFINITION OF COMPUTER:-

It is an electronic and calculating device which


receives data input from user process it and give’s
output result to the user is called computer.
“The word computer is taken from Latin word
compute which means to calculate”.
Computer first time invented by Charles Babbage
in 1822.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
There are 05 Generations of Computer:-

FIRST GENERATION (1940 TO 1956)


The first generation computer used vacuum tubes
for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.
Second generation (1956 to 1963):

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second


generation of computer.
Third generation (1964 to 1971):

The development of the Integrated circuits was the hallmark


of the third generation of computers.
Fourth generation (1972 to 1910):
The Microprocessor brought the fourth generation of
computers as thousands of integrated circuits were built
into a single silicon chip.
Fifth generation (2010 to continue):

Fifth generation computing devices based on Artificial


Intelligence.
Components of computer
There are four components of computer.
1) Hardware:
Touchable or physical parts of computer are called hardware.
Ex: LCD, CPU, keyboard, Mouse, Speaker etc.
1) Software:
Non touchable parts of computer are called software.
Ex: MS Office, Paint, WordPad, Typing, Corel Draw, Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator etc.
1) Data:
Raw facts and figures stored in computer is called data.
Ex: Videos, Audios, Images, Movies etc.
1) User:
Operator or manager of computer is called user.
MAIN PARTS OF HARDWARE IN COMPUTER:
There are four main parts of hardware in computer:
 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
It is an output device which display result on screen is called lcd.
 CPU (Central Processing Unit)
The component of a computer system that controls the interpretation and execution of instructions The CPU controls
the actions of computer including calculations and processing of data CPU is also known as brain of computer.
 Keyboard (keys, Electronic, Yet, Board, Operating, A to Z, Response, Direct)
It is an input device. A keyboard is a set of typewriter like keys that enables you to enter data into a computer is
called keyboard. There are 104 keys or buttons in keyboard.
 Mouse (Manually, Operating, Unit, Selecting, Equipment)
A mouse is small hardware input device used by hand. It controls the movement of the cursor on the computer
screen and allows user to select, open, close and drag and drop any folder, text, files and icons on a computer is
called mouse.
There are 03 buttons in mouse.
 Left button or primary button
 Right button or secondary button
 Wheal or scroll
Types of software:-
There are 02 types of software.
 Application software
 System software
1) Application Software:
Application software is a type of computer program that performs a specific
personal, educational, and business function. Each application is designed to
assist end-users in accomplishing a variety of tasks, which may be related to
productivity, creativity or communication.
Examples: MS Office, Paint, WordPad, etc.
1) System Software:

System software is type of computer program that is designed to run a


computer’s hardware and application program.
Example: MS Windows, Linux, UNIX and drivers etc.
INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES:-
input devices:
Those devices which are used for enter instructions in computer is called input devices

output devices:
An output device is any hardware device which is used to send data from a computer to another device
or user is called output device.
STORAGE
There are two types of storage primary storage and secondary storage

Primary storage:
It is also known as internal memory and main memory. This is a section of CPU that holds
program instructions, input data, and intermediate results. It is generally smaller in size.
RAM (random access memory) and ROM (read only memory) are examples of primary
storage.
Ram (random access memory)
Initially every task is stored in RAM & then executed or stored in hard disk. It is volatile
memory. It stores data temporary, so no data remain when the power is switched off.
Rom (read only memory)
It is programming chip, where all the system information are recorded & can’t be
changed. It is non-volatile memory.
Secondary Storage
• Secondary storage is a memory that is stored external to the computer. It is mainly used for the
permanent and long-term storage of programs and data.
• Hard disk, CD, DVD, flesh drive, SSD etc. Are examples of secondary storage.

USB CD HARD DISK SSD


MEMORY UNITS:
4 Bits = 1 Nibble
8 Bits = 1 Byte
1024 Bytes = 1 KB (Kilo Byte)
1024 KB (Kilo Byte) = 1 MB (Mega Byte)
1024 MB (Mega Byte) = 1 GB (Giga Byte)
1024 GB (Giga Byte) = 1 TB (Terra Byte)
1024 TB (Tera Byte) = 1 PB (Peta Byte)
1024 PB (Peta Byte) = 1 EB (Exa Byte)

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