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Math201 2024 02 09

The document discusses the method of finding series solutions for second-order linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) near ordinary points, focusing on cases where the coefficients are polynomials. It defines ordinary and singular points based on the behavior of the coefficients at a specific point and presents examples of finding power series solutions. Additionally, it addresses challenges in deriving recurrence relations and provides examples of power series expansions.

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7 views29 pages

Math201 2024 02 09

The document discusses the method of finding series solutions for second-order linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) near ordinary points, focusing on cases where the coefficients are polynomials. It defines ordinary and singular points based on the behavior of the coefficients at a specific point and presents examples of finding power series solutions. Additionally, it addresses challenges in deriving recurrence relations and provides examples of power series expansions.

Uploaded by

temptempfffd6
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MATH 201 – February 9

University of Alberta

Winter 2024

Section 5.2 Series solutions near an ordinary point. Part I.

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Consider 2-nd order linear ODE

P(x)y 00 + Q(x)y 0 + R(x)y = 0

For now we will concentrate on the special case when P, Q, and R are
polynomials.

If P(x0 ) = Q(x0 ) = R(x0 ) = 0, then P, Q, and R have a common factor.


Divide it out.

After common factors are removed:


If P(x0 ) 6= 0, then x0 is called an ordinary point of the differential
equation.
If P(x0 ) = 0 (and at least one of Q(x0 ), R(x0 ) is nonzero), then x0 is
called a singular point of the differential equation.

(University of Alberta) MATH 201 Winter 2024 2 / 25


We will only consider the case when x0 is an ordinary point.

Question.
How to solve
P(x)y 00 + Q(x)y 0 + R(x)y = 0?

If x0 is an ordinary point, we can find a solution in the form


∞
X
y (x) = an (x − x0 )n
n=0

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Example
Find a power series solution of the equation

y 00 − y = 0.

Solution

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Remark
Sometimes the recurrence relation is too complicated and we cannot find a
formula for an . But we can still find a few first terms of the series.

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Example
Find the first six terms in a power series expansion about x = 0 for a
general solution to
xy 00 − x 3 y 0 + xy = 0.

Solution

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Example (if time permits)
Find a power series solution of the IVP

00 0
y − 2xy − 2y = 0,

y (0) = 1,

 0
y (0) = 1.

Solution

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