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CONTENTS
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1 LINEAR EQUATIONS AND
MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS 1
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2 MATHEMATICS OF FINANCE 20
3 MATRIX ALGEBRA 29
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4 LINEAR PROGRAMMING – GRAPHICAL SOLUTIONS 47
5 LINEAR PROGRAMMING – SIMPLEX METHOD 65
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6 LINEAR PROGRAMMING – APPLICATION MODELS 92
7 SET AND PROBABILITY RELATIONSHIPS 96
8 RANDOM VARIABLES AND
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PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS 117
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vi CONTENTS
9 MARKOV CHAINS 129
10 MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS 140
11 ENRICHMENT IN FINITE MATHEMATICS 149
CHAPTER 1
LINEAR EQUATIONS AND
MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS
EXERCISES 1.1
1. .3x + 1 = 4x − 5
1=x−5
x=6 conditional equation
3. .5(x + 1) + 2(x − 1) = 7x + 6
5x + 5 + 2x − 2 = 7x + 6
7x + 3 = 7x + 6 contradiction
5. .4(x + 3) = 2(2x + 5)
4x + 12 = 4x + 10 contradiction
Solutions Manual to Accompany Finite Mathematics: Models and Applications, First Edition.
1
2 LINEAR EQUATIONS AND MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS
7. .5x − 3 = 17
5x = 20
x=4
9. . 2x = 4x − 10
2x − 4x = −10
−2x = −10
x=5
11. .4x − 5 = 6x − 7
−5 + 7 = 6x − 4x
2 = 2x
1=x
13. .0.6x = 30
x = 30∕ 0.60 = 50
15. . 2∕ 3 = (4∕ 5) x − (1∕ 3) multiply by 15 to eliminate fractions
1 (2∕ 3) = 15 {(4∕ 5) x − (1∕ 3)}
10 = 12x − 5
15 = 12x
5∕ 4 = x
17. .5(x − 4) = 2x + 3(x − 7)
5x − 20 = 2x + 3x − 21
5x − 20 = 5x − 21
No solution
19. .3s − 4 = 2s + 6
s−4=6
s = 10
EXERCISES 1.1 3
21. .7t + 2 = 4t + 11
7t − 4t = 11 − 2
3t = 9
t=3
23. .4(x + 1) + 2(x − 3) = 7(x − 1)
4x + 4 + 2x − 6 = 7x − 7
6x − 2 = 7x − 7
6x − 7x = −7 + 2
x = −5
x=5
x+8
25. = 2 multiply by 2x − 5 to eliminate the fraction
2x − 5
(x + 8) = 2(2x − 5)
x + 8 = 4x − 10
8 + 10 = 4x − x
18 = 3x
6=x
(Check the result. Multiplication by a factor such as 2x − 5
can introduce an extraneous solution.)
27. .8 − {4[x − (3x − 4) − x] + 4} = 38 − {4[x − (3x − 4) − x] + 4}
= 3(x + 2)
8 − {4[x − 3x + 4 − x] + 4} = 3x + 6
8 − {4[−3x + 4] + 4} = 3x + 6
8 − {−12x + 16 + 4} = 3x + 6
8 − {−12x + 20) = 3x + 6
8 + 12x − 20 = 3x + 6
12x − 12 = 3x + 6
9x = 18
x=2
4 LINEAR EQUATIONS AND MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS
29. .6x − 3y = 9 for x
6x = 3y + 9
3y + 9 1 3
x= = y+
6 2 2
31. .3x + 5y = 15
5y = 15 − 3x
(15 − 3x)
y=
5
( )
3
y=3− x
5
33. . V = LWH
V
=W
LH
35. . Z = (x − 𝜇)
𝜎
Z𝜎 = x − 𝜇
x = Z𝜎 + 𝜇
37. Let x = monthly installment ($).
Since Sally paid $300 down, she owes $1300 − $300 = $1000.
Therefore, 5x = 1000 or x = $200 is the monthly installment.
39. The consumption function is C(x) = mx + b. The slope is the
“marginal propensity to consume.” Therefore, C(x) = 0.75x + b.
The disposable income, x = 2, when consumption is y = 11 yields
11 = (0.75)(2) + b and b = 9.5. The consumption function is
C(x) = 0.75x + 9.5.
41. .a) d = 4.5(2) = 9 miles
b) 18 = 4.5t and t = 18∕4.5 = 4 seconds
43. The tax is 6.2% or 0.062 in decimal form, so T = 0.062x, where x is
0 ≤ x ≤ 87,000.
45. .a) BSA = 1321 + (0.3433)(20,000) = 8187 cm2
b) 10,325 = 1321 + (0.3433)(Wt)
9004 = (0.3433)(Wt)
9004∕0.3433 = 26,228 g = 26.2 kg
EXERCISES 1.2 5
EXERCISES 1.2
1. Setting y = 0 determines the x-intercept and setting x = 0 determines
the y-intercept.
a) 5x − 3y = 15 x-intercept 3, y-intercept −5
b) y = 4x − 5 x-intercept 5/4, y-intercept −5
c) 2x + 3y = 24 x-intercept 12, y-intercept 8
d) 9x − y = 18 x-intercept 2, y-intercept −18
e) x = 4 x-intercept 4, no y-intercept(vertical line)
f) y = −2 no x-intercept (horizontal line), y-intercept −2
y − y1
3. The slope is m = 2
x2 − x1
4−6 −2 1
a) (3, 6) and (−1, 4) m= = =
−1 − 3 −4 2
11 − 6 5
b) (1, 6) and (2, 11) m= = =5
2−1 1
7−3 4 2
c) (6, 3) and (12, 7) m= = =
12 − 6 6 3
7−3 4
d) (2, 3) and (2, 7) m= = undefined
2−2 0
6−6 0
e) (2, 6) and (5, 6) m= = =0
5−2 3
1 − 2∕3 1∕3 1
f) (5/3, 2/3) and (10/3, 1) m = 10∕3 − 5∕3
= 5∕3
=
5
5. a)
. . x-intercept 5/2 and y-intercept b) x-intercept 4 and no y-intercept
−5 4
y
y
6 3
2 x=4
4
y = 2x –5 1
2 0 x
–1 0 1 2 3 4 5
0 x –1
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 –2
–2
–3
–4
–6
6 LINEAR EQUATIONS AND MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS
c) x-intercept 5 and y-intercept 3 d) x-intercept 7 and y-intercept 2
y y
6 8
6
3 4
3x + 5y = 15
2 2x + 7y = 14
0 x
0 x
–5 0 5 10 –14 –7 0 7 14 21
–2
–4
–3
–6
7. .a) y = (5∕3)x + 2 and 5x − 3y = 10; the slope of the first line is 5/3.
Solving for y in the second equation yields y = (5∕3)x − (10∕3).
This slope is also 5/3. The slopes are both (5/3) so the lines are
parallel (with different intercepts).
b) 6x + 2y = 4 and y = (1∕3)x + 1. The slope of the second line is
easily determined (line in slope intercept form) as 1/3. Again, solve
for y in the first equation to determine y = −3x + 2. The slope is −3.
The slopes are negative reciprocals; the lines are perpendicular.
c) 2x − 3y = 6 and 4x − 6y = 15. Solving for y in each equation,
one determines that y = (2∕3)x − 2 and y = (2∕3)x − (5∕2).
These lines have the same slope (and different intercepts) making
them parallel.
d) y = 5x − 4 and 3x − y = 4. The slope of the first line is 5 and
solving for y in the second equation, (y = 3x − 4), the slope is 3.
These slopes are neither the same nor negative reciprocals. They
are neither parallel nor perpendicular.
e) y = 5 is a horizontal line while x = 3 is a vertical line. The two lines
are perpendicular.
9. A linear equation has a single x-intercept except for y = 0 (the x-axis)
with an infinite number of x-intercepts. Any horizontal line except
y = 0 has no x-intercepts. Generally, lines do not have more than one
y-intercept. The exception is x = 0 (the y-axis) with an infinite num-
ber of y-intercepts. Any vertical line with the exception of x = 0 has
no y-intercepts.
EXERCISES 1.2 7
11. The ordered pairs of “time” and “machine value” are (0, 75,000) and
(9, 21,000), respectively. The slope is
21,000 − 75,000 −54, 000
m= = = −6000. The y-intercept is the
9−0 9
purchase price, $75,000. The equation to model the straight-line
depreciation is V(t) = −6000t + 75,000, where V(t) is the machine
value ($) at time t.
13. The ordered pairs (gallons, miles) are (7, 245) and (12, 420).
420 − 245 175
The slope is = = 35 with x gallons and y miles.
12 − 7 5
Use either pair with the point slope-formula.
Therefore, y − 245 = 35(x − 7) or y = 35x.
15. Total cost reflects both fixed and variable costs. The fixed
cost is monthly rent ($1100). The variable cost is 5x, where
x is monthly production. Therefore, total cost is C(x) = 1100 + 5x.
17. .a) Here, the fixed cost is $50/day and variable cost $0.30/mile.
To rent the car for a single day costs $50 to which the
mileage cost must be added. The cost is C(x) = 50 + 0.30x.
b) If a person has $110 for rental, the equation to solve for the travel
distance is 110 = 50 + 0.30x.
Solving yields,
60 = 0.30x
60
=x
0.30
200 = x
The person can rent the car and travel 200 miles with $110.
19. Since R is to be a function of C, the ordered pairs are (C, R).
The two ordered pairs are (70, 84) and (40, 48). The slope is
48 − 84 36 6
= = . Using either pair with the slope to yield
40 − 70 30 5
R − 84 = (6∕5)(C − 70) or R = (6∕5)C.
