S J 10-1

Q1. A Carnot refrigeration cycle absorbs heat at -12°C and rejects it at 40°C.
(a) Calculate the coefficient of performance of this refrigeration cycle.
(b) If the cycle is absorbing 15 kW at the -12°C temperature, how much power is required?
(c) If a Carnot heat pump operates between the same temperatures as the above refrigeration cycle, what is
the performance factor?
(d) What is the rate of heat rejection at the 40°C temperature if the heat pump absorbs 15 kW at the -12°C
temperature? [18 kW]
S J [10-2]
Q2. If in a standard vapor-compression cycle using refrigerant 22 the evaporating temperature is -5°C and
the condensing temperature is 30°C, sketch the cycle on pressure-enthalpy coordinates and calculate (a) the
work of compression, (b) the refrigerating effect, and (c) the heat rejected in the condenser, all in kilojoules
per kilograms , and (d) the coefficient of performance. [6.47]
SJ [10-3]
Q3. A refrigeration system using refrigerant 22 is to have a refrigerating capacity of 80 kW. The cycle is a
standard vapor-compression cycle in which the evaporating temperature is -8°C and the condensing
temperature is 42°C.
(a) Determine the volume flow of refrigerant measured in cubic meter per second at the inlet to the
compressor.
(b) Calculate the power required by the compressor.
(c) At the entrance to the evaporator what is the fraction of vapor in the mixture expressed both on a mass
basis and a volume basis? [0.292, 0.971]
SJ [10-4]
Q4. Compare the coefficient of performance of a refrigeration cycle which uses wet compression with that of
one which uses dry compression. In both cases use ammonia as the refrigerant, a condensing temperature of
30°C, and an evaporating temperature of -20°C; assume that the compressors are isentropic and that the
liquid leaving the condenser is saturated. In the wet-compression cycle the refrigerant enters the compressor
in such a condition that it is saturated vapor upon leaving the compressor. [4.42 and 4.02]
SJ[10-5]
Q5. In the vapor-compression cycle a throttling device is used almost universally to reduce the pressure of
the liquid refrigerant.
(a) Determine the percent saving in net work of the cycle per kilograms of refrigerant if an expansion engine
would be used to expand saturated liquid refrigerant 22 isentropically from 35°C to the evaporator
temperature of 0°C. Assume that compression is isentropic from saturated vapor at 0°C to a condenser
pressure corresponding to 35°C. [12.9%]
(b) Calculate the increase in refrigerating effect in kilojoules per kilograms resulting from use of expansion
engine.
SJ [10-7]
Q6. A refrigerant 22 vapor compression system includes a liquid-to-suction heat exchanger in the system.
The heat exchanger warms saturated vapor coming from the evaporator from -10 to 5°C with liquid which
comes from the condenser at 30°C. The compressions are isentropic in both cases listed below.
(a) Calculate the coefficient of performance of the system without the heat exchanger but with the
condensing temperature at 30°C and an evaporating temperature of -10°C. [5.46]
(b) Calculate the coefficient of performance of the system with the heat exchanger?
(c) If the compressor is capable of pumping 12.0 L/s measured at the compressor suction, what is the
refrigeration capacity of the system without the heat exchanger? [30.3 kW]
(d) With the same compressor capacity as in (c), what is the refrigerating capacity of the system with the heat
exchanger?
Q7. A plant using R134a evaporates at 0°C and condenses at 35°C. The refrigeration capacity of the plant is
352 kW and it operates on the ideal vapour compression cycle. Determine the following: (a) the dryness
fraction at entry to the evaporator, (b) the refrigeration effect, (c) the mass flow rate of refrigerant, (d) the
volumetric flow rate at the suction state, (e) the work done in compression, and the corresponding
compressor power, (f) heat rejected and the rate of heat rejection at the condenser, (g) COP of the plant and
its refrigerating efficiency.

Q8. A plant using R134a at 0°C and condenses at 35°C, with 5K of superheat at the evaporator outlet and 5K
of sub-cooling at the outlet from the condenser. The duty is 352 kW of refrigeration. Assuming isentropic
compression and ignoring pressure drops in the piping, evaporator and condenser, calculate the following:
(a) the dryness fraction at entry to the evaporator, (b) the refrigeration effect, (c) the mass flow rate of
refrigerant, (d) the volumetric flow rate at the suction state, (e) the work done in compression, (f) the
compressor power, (g) the temperature of the superheated vapour at discharge from the compressor (h) the
rate of heat rejection, (i) the COP, (j) the refrigerating efficiency.

Q9. A vapour compression cycle, using R22 operates at a condensing temperature of 36°C and evaporating
temperature of −16°C. For a system capacity of 55 kW determine (a) the refrigerant mass flow rate, (b)
compressor power, and (c) COP. [0.36 kg/s, 10.57 kW, 5.20]

Q10. In an ammonia vapour compression system, the pressure in the evaporator is 2 bar. The dryness
fraction of ammonia at inlet to the evaporator is 0.19 and 0.85 at the exit. During compression the work done
per kg of ammonia is 150 kJ. Calculate the COP of the system and the volume of vapour entering the
compressor per minute, if the rate of ammonia circulation is 4.5 kg/min. [5.83, 2.6 m3/min]

Q11. A commercial refrigerator with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is used to keep the refrigerated
space at -30°C by rejecting its waste heat to cooling water that enters the condenser at 18°C at a rate of 0.25
kg/s and leaves at 26°C. The refrigerant enters the condenser at 1.2 MPa and 65°C and leaves at 42°C. The
inlet state of the compressor is 60 kPa and -34°C and the compressor is estimated to gain a net heat of 450 W
from the surroundings. Determine (a) the quality of the refrigerant at the evaporator inlet, (b) the
refrigeration load, (c) the COP of the refrigerator, and (d) the theoretical maximum refrigeration load for the
same power input to the compressor.

Q12. Refrigerant-134a enters the compressor of a refrigerator at 140 kPa and -10°C at a rate of 0.3 m3/min
and leaves at 1 MPa. The isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 78 percent. The refrigerant enters the
throttling valve at 0.95 MPa and 30°C and leaves the evaporator as saturated vapor at -18.5°C. Show the
cycle on a T-s diagram, and determine (a) the power input to the compressor, (b) the rate of heat removal
from the refrigerated space, and (c) the pressure drop and rate of heat gain in the line between the evaporator
and the compressor.

Q13. Refrigerant-134a enters the condenser of a residential heat pump at 800 kPa and 55°C at a rate of 0.018
kg/s and leaves at 750 kPa subcooled by 3°C. The refrigerant enters the compressor at 200 kPa superheated
by 4°C. Determine (a) the isentropic efficiency of the compressor, (b) the rate of heat supplied to the heated
room, and (c) the COP of the heat pump.
Q14. A liquid subcooler, as shown in figure, receives liquid
ammonia at 30°C and subcools 0.6 kg/s to 5°C. Saturated
vapor leaves the subcooler for the high-stage compressor at
-1°C. Calculate the flow rate of ammonia that evaporated to
cool the liquid. [0.0575 kg/s]

Q15. In a refrigerant 22
refrigeration system the capacity
is 180 kW at a temperature of -
30 °C. The vapor from the
evaporator is pumped by one
compressor to the condensing
pressure of 1500 kPa. Later the
system is revised to a two-stage
compression operating on the
cycle, as shown in the figure,
with intercooling but no removal
of flash gas at 600 kPa. (a)
Calculate the power required by
the single compressor in the
original system. (b) Calculate the
power required by the two
compressor in the revised
system. [70.9 kW]

Q16. A refrigerant 22 system

has a capacity of 180 kW of an
evaporating temperature of -
30°C when the condensing
pressure is 1500 kPa.

(a) Compute the power

requirement for a system with a
single compressor.

(b) Compute the total power

required by the two
compressors in the system
shown in the figure where
there is no intercooling but
there is flash-gas removal at
600 kPa? [60.7 kW]
Q17. A two-stage ammonia system
using flash-gas removal and
intercooling operates on the cycle
shown in the figure. The condensing
temperature is 35°C. The saturation
temperature of the intermediate-
temperature evaporator is 0°C, and its
capacity is 150 kW. The saturation
temperature of the low-temperature
evaporator is -40°C, and its capacity
is 250 kW. What is the rate of
refrigerant compressed by the high-
stage compressor? [0.411 kg/s]

Q18. A two-stage refrigerant 22 system that uses flash-gas removal and intercooling serves a single low
temperature evaporator, as shown in the figure. The evaporator temperature is -40°C, and the condensing
temperature is 30°C. The pumping capacity of the high- and low-stage compressors is also shown. The
suction pressure of the low-stage compressor is 105 kPa (-40°C) and the discharge pressure of the high-stage
compressor is 1192 kPa (30°C). What is (a) the refrigerating capacity of the system and (b) the intermediate
pressure? [(a) 318 kW, (b) 390 kPa]
Q19. Consider a two-stage compression refrigeration system operating between the pressure limits of 1.2
MPa and 200 kPa with R-134a as the working fluid. The refrigerant leaves the condenser as a saturated
liquid and is throttled to a flash chamber operating at 0.45 MPa. Part of the refrigerant evaporates during this
flashing process, and this vapor is mixed with the refrigerant leaving the low-pressure compressor. The
mixture is then compressed to the condenser pressure by the high-pressure compressor. The liquid in the
flash chamber is throttled to the evaporator pressure and cools the refrigerated space as it vaporizes in the
evaporator. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant through the low-pressure compressor is 0.15 kg/s.
Assuming the refrigerant leaves the evaporator as a saturated vapor and the isentropic efficiency is 80% for
both compressors, determine (a) the mass flow rate of the refrigerant through the high-pressure compressor,
(b) the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space, and (c) the COP of this refrigerator. Also, determine
(d) the rate of heat removal and the COP if this refrigerator operated on a single-stage cycle between the
same pressure limits with the same compressor efficiency and the same flow rate as in part (a).

Q20. Consider a two-stage compression refrigeration system operating between the pressure limits of 0.8 and
0.14 MPa. The working fluid is R134a. The refrigerant leaves the condenser as a saturated liquid and is
throttled to a flash chamber operating at 0.32 MPa. Assuming the refrigerant leaves the evaporator as a
saturated vapor and both compressors are isentropic, determine (a) the fraction of the refrigerant that
evaporates as it is throttled to the flash chamber, (b) the amount of heat removed from the refrigerated space
and the compressor work per unit mass of refrigerant flowing through the condenser, and (c) the coefficient
of performance.

Q21. A two-evaporator-and-one-compressor refrigeration system uses R134a as the working fluid. The
system operates evaporator 1 at 0°C, evaporator 2 at −26.4°C and the condenser at 800 kPa. The refrigerant
is circulated through the compressor at a rate of 0.1 kg/s and the low-temperature evaporator serves a cooling
load of 8 kW. Determine the cooling rate of the high-temperature evaporator, the power required by the
compressor, and the COP of the system. The refrigerant is saturated liquid at the exit of the condenser and
saturated vapour at the exit of each evaporator and the compression is isentropic.

Q22. An ammonia compressor has a 5 percent clearance volume and a displacement rate of 80 L/s and
pumps against a condensing temperature of 40°C. For the two different evaporating temperatures of -10°C
and 10°C, compute the refrigerant flow rate assuming that the clearance volumetric efficiency applies. [0.37
kg/s at 10°C]
Q23. The catalog for a refrigerant 22, four-cylinder, hermetic compressor operating at 29 rev/s, a condensing
temperature of 40°C and an evaporating temperature of -4°C shows a refrigeration capacity of 115 kw. At
this operating points the motor (whose efficiency is 90 percent) draws 34.5 kW. The bore of the cylinders is
87 mm and the piston stroke is 70 mm. The performance data are based on 8°C of subcooling of the liquid
leaving the condenser. Compute (a) the actual volumetric efficiency and (b) the compression efficiency.
[77.4%, 71%]
Q24. What is the COP of an ideal heat-operated refrigeration cycle that receives the energizing heat from a
solar collector at a temperature of 70°C, performs refrigeration at 15°C, and rejects heat to atmosphere at a
temperature of 35°C? [1.47]
Q25. A LiBr-Water basic absorption refrigeration cycle operates at the following temperatures: generator,
105°C; condenser, 35°C; evaporator, 5°C; and absorber, 30°C. The flow rate of solution delivered by the
pump is 0.4 kg/s. (a) What are the mass flow rates of solution returning from the generator to the absorber
and of the refrigerant? (b) What are the rates of heat transfer of each component, and the COPabs?

Stoecker & Jones: Chapter 10: All problems and examples; Chapter 11: Example 11-1, Problems 11-1 and
11-3, Chapter 13: Example 13-1, Problem 13-1; Chapter 16: Examples 16-1 to 16-4 & 16-7; Problems 16-3
to 16-6; Chapter 17: Examples 17-1 to 17-4 & 16-7; Problems 17-1 to 17-3