Unit-2: Introduction to IC Engines and

Electric Vehicles
Syllabus
IC Engine
 Basic definition of engine and Components of
engine
 Construction and Working of Two stroke and four
stroke SI and CI engines.
 Merits and demerits, scavenging process
 Difference between two stroke and four stroke IC
engines
 Difference between SI and CI Engines

Electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles:

 Electric vehicles and its Components
 Advantages and disadvantages of EVs
 Hybrid electric vehicles and its Components
 Advantages and disadvantages of HEVs
 EV batteries, Chargers, drives, transmission and
power devices, HEV drive train components.
 Engine:
Engine is a device which convert one form of energy
into another form of useful energy.

Engine

Internal Combustion Engine External Combustion Engine

(I.C Engine) (E.C Engine)

Internal Combustion Engine (I.C Engine) : When

burning or combustion of the fuel takes place inside the
cylinder. Ex. Petrol engine, Diesel Engine.

External Combustion Engine (E.C Engine) : When

burning or combustion of the fuel takes place outside the
cylinder.Ex. Steam engine.
Differences between E.C Engine and I.C Engine
S.N. E.C Engine I.C Engine
1. Combustion of fuel takes Combustion of fuel takes
place outside the place inside the cylinder.
cylinder.
2. Bulky due to presence of Light and compact.
auxiliary apparatus like
boiler.
3. Power to weight ratio Power to weight ratio high.
low.
4. Can use low grade of Can use high grade of fuels
fuels like coal, wood etc. like petrol,diesel ,cng etc.
5. Lower efficiency. Higher efficiency.
6. Large amount of water is Less amount of water is
required. required.
7. Used for large power Used for small power
requirement. requirement.
8. Silent operation because Noisy because combustion
combustion takes place takes place outside the
outside the engine. engine.
Advantages of an I.C. Engine
1. Mechanical Simplicity.
2. Low initial cost due to absence of boiler, condenser etc.
3. High efficiency than external combustion engine.
4. Power to weight ratio is high.
5. Very suitable for small power requirement applications.
6. Starting time is very less.
7. Requires less maintenance.

Dis-advantages of an I.C. Engine

These are the following disadvantages of an I.C. Engine
1. Variety of fuels that can be used is limited to very fine
quality gaseous and liquid fuel.
2. Fuel used is very costly like gasoline or diesel
3. Engine emissions are generally high compared to external
combustion engine.
4. Not suitable of large scale power generation.
5. In case of reciprocating internal combustion noise is
generated due to detonation.
 Classification of an I.C. Engine

1.On the basis of strokes used

a. Two Stroke engine b. Four Stroke Engines
2.On the basis of cycle used
a. Otto Cycle Engines b. Diesel Cycle Engines
c. Dual Cycle Engines
3. On the basis of types of fuel used
a. Petrol engine b. Diesel Engines c. Gas Engines
4. On the basis of types of Ignition Method
a. Spark Ignition (SI engine)
b. Compression Ignition (CI engine)
5. On the basis of types of cooling system used:
a. Air cooled engines b. Water cooled engines
6. On the basis of number of cylinders used:
a. Single cylinder engines b. Multi cylinders engines
7. On the basis of l/d ratio
a. Long stroke engines
These engines have a relatively long stroke compared to the
bore diameter. Have an l/d ratio greater than 1.
b. Square engines
Square engines have an l /d ratio close to 1, which means the
stroke length is almost equal to the bore diameter.
c. Short stroke engines
These engines have a shorter stroke compared to the bore
diameter. Have an l/d ratio less than 1.
8.On the basis of types of different position of cylinder
a. Horizontal cylinder engines
b. Vertical cylinder engines
c. Inclined cylinder engines

Main Components of an I.C.Engine

Cylinder Block :- The foundation of the engine. It is made of
cast iron or aluminium.
Cylinders: - cylindrical chambers where the combustion of
fuel and air takes place. It is made of cast iron or aluminium.
Pistons:- Pistons are cylindrical components that move up
and down(reciprocates ) inside the cylinder.
Connecting Rod:- Connects the piston to the crankshaft,
transmitting the piston’s motion to the crankshaft.
Crank: The crank is a rotating element connected to the
pistons through connecting rods It converts the linear motion
of the pistons into rotational motion of crank.
Crankshaft: -It is a long, rotating shaft that drives the
vehicle's wheels or powers other mechanical systems.
Camshaft(s): -The camshaft controls the opening and closing
of intake and exhaust valves.
Valves (Inlet and Exhaust):-
 Inlet Valve: Opens to allow the air-fuel mixture into the
cylinder.
 Exhaust Valve: Opens to release the exhaust gases after
combustion.
Spark Plug (in SI engines):- Creates the spark that ignites the
air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber.
Fuel Injector (in CI engines)
 Injects fuel into the cylinder or combustion chamber in a
precise manner for efficient combustion
 IC Engine Terminology

Top Dead Center (TDC):- It is position of the piston when it is

farthest from the crank shaft.
Bottom Dead Center (BDC):- It is the position of the piston
when it is nearest to the crankshaft.
Stroke:- When piston moves from TDC to BDC or BDC to TDC
is known as stoke.
Stroke Length (L):- It is the distance between TDC and BDC
Bore (D):- Inner diameter of the cylinder or diameter of the
piston face.
Swept Volume (V S):- Swept Volume is the volume displaced
by the piston during each stroke.
Clearance Volume (VC):- It is the volume of the cylinder when
piston is at TDC therefore it is minimum volume.
Compression ratio (r) :- It is defined as the ratio of volume
before compression to the volume of after compression
Volume before compression = V C + V S
Volume after compression = V C
r = (VC + VS ) / VC

Four Stroke Engines

If one power cycle of an engine is completed in four
stroke of piston or two revolutions (7200) of crank is
known as four stroke engine.
Four Stroke Engines may be SI or CI engine.
Four Stroke Engines

SI engines CI engines
(Spark ignition engines) (Compression ignition engines)
The working of a four-stroke engine involves four strokes:
1. Intake
2. Compression
3. Power (expansion)
4. Exhaust.
 Working of Four Stroke Engines

Working of Four Stroke Working of Four Stroke CI

SI Engines Engines

1.Intake Stroke (Suction) 1.Intake Stroke (Suction)

 Piston moves downward from  Piston moves downward from TDC
TDC to BDC. to BDC.
 Inlet valve is opened and the  Inlet valve is opened and the
exhaust valve is closed. exhaust valve is closed.
 Pressure inside the cylinder is  Pressure inside the cylinder is
reduced below the reduced below the atmospheric
atmospheric pressure.
pressure.
 The mixture of air-fuel enters
(sucked) into the cylinder  Only air enters (sucked) into the
through the inlet valve. cylinder through the inlet valve.
2.Compression Stroke: 2.Compression Stroke:
 Piston moves up from BDC to  Piston moves up from BDC to TDC.
TDC.  Both inlet and exhaust valves are
 Both inlet and exhaust valves closed.
are closed.  Temperature and pressure
 Temperature and pressure increased due to compression of air
increased due to compression in the cylinder.
of air- fuel mixture in the
cylinder.
3. Power Stroke (Expansion): 3. Power Stroke (Expansion):

 Spark plug ignite the air-  Fuel (diesel) is injected inside

fuel mixture and the cylinder with the help of
combustion starts fuel pump (Fuel injector or
 The burning gases expand nozzle).
rapidly.  The fuel (diesel) ignites due to
 Gases exert force on the the high temperature of the
piston. compressed air.
 The piston moved from  Gases exert force on the piston.
TDC to BDC.  The piston moved from TDC to
BDC.

4. Exhaust Stroke: 4. Exhaust Stroke:

 Piston moves upward  Piston moves upward from

from BDC to TDC. BDC to TDC.
 Exhaust valve is opened  Exhaust valve is opened and
and the inlet valve is the inlet valve is closed.
closed.  The burnt gases are forced
 The burnt gases are out to the atmosphere
forced out to the through the exhaust valve.
atmosphere through the
exhaust valve.
 Otto cycle
Petrol engine (SI ENGINE) works on ottocycle

Diesel cycle
Diesel engine (CI engine) works on diesel cycle
 Differences between SI and CI Engines

S. SI Engine (Spark ignition or CI Engine ( Compression

No. petrol engine) ignition or Diesel engine )
1. It works on OTTO Cycle. It works on Diesel Cycle.
2. Air-fuel mixture enters Only air enters during intake
during intake stroke. stroke.
3. The fuel used is Petrol. The fuel used is Diesel.
4. The fuel (petrol) is The fuel (diesel) is supplied by
supplied by Carburetor. fuel pump.
5. Fuel-air mixture is ignited by Fuel is injected into highly
a spark plug compressed air having high
temperature which causes
burning of fuel.
6. The compression ratio is 6 to 10 The compression ratio is 16 to 22.

7. Easier to start in cold Difficult to start in cold

conditions conditions
8. It produces less noise. It produces high noise.
9. Lower thermal efficiency Higher thermal efficiency
10. It is used in Small Vehicles. It is used in Heavy Vehicles.
 Two Stroke Engines
If one power cycle of an engine is completed in two
stroke of piston or one revolution (3600) of crank is
known as two stroke engine.
Two Stroke Engines may be SI or CI engine.

Two Stroke Engines

SI engines CI engines
(Spark ignition engines) (Compression ignition engines)
(Petrol engine) (Diesel engine)

The working of a two-stroke engine involves two strokes:

1. Intake and Compression
2. Power and Exhaust.
 Working of Two Stroke Engines
Working of Two Stroke Working of Two Stroke
SI Engines CI Engines

1.Intake and Compression 1.Intake and Compression

stroke stroke

 The piston moves from (BDC) to  The piston moves from (BDC)
(TDC). to (TDC).
 Both transfer and exhaust  Both transfer and exhaust
ports are covered by the piston. ports are covered by the
 Air- fuel mixture which is piston.
already transferred into the  Air which is already
cylinder is compressed by transferred into the cylinder is
moving piston. compressed by moving piston.
 The pressure and temperature  The pressure and
increases at the end of temperature increases at the
compression. end of compression.
 When piston reaches the top  When Piston reaches the top
dead centre. The air fuel dead centre. The fuel is
mixture inside the cylinder is injected into the hot
ignited by means of an electric compressed air inside the
 spark produced by a spark plug cylinder. The fuel mixed with
and the fuel burns. hot air and burns.
 At the same time, the inlet port  At the same time, the inlet
is uncovered by the piston. port is uncovered by the
Fresh air-fuel mixture enters piston. Fresh air enters the
the crankcase through the inlet crankcase through the inlet
port. port.

Power and Exhaust stroke: Power and Exhaust stroke:

 The burning gases expand in  The burning gases expand in
the cylinder. the cylinder.
 Burning gases force the piston  Burning gases force the piston
to move down. to move down.
 At the same time, the air-fuel in  At the same time, the air in
the crank case is compressed the crank case is compressed
partially by the movement of partially by the movement of
the piston from TDC to BDC. the piston from TDC to BDC.
 At the end of expansion,  At the end of expansion,
exhaust port is uncovered. exhaust port is uncovered.
Burnt gases escape to the Burnt gases escape to the
atmosphere. Transfer port is atmosphere. Transfer port is
also opened. also opened.

Scavenging process: Scavenging is a process of

pushing exhaust gases out of the cylinder and fresh charge
inside the cylinder.
scavenging is crucial in two stroke engine to optimize
combustion efficiency.
Difference between four stroke and two stroke engine

S.No. Four stroke engine Two stroke engine

1. One power stroke on One power stroke on
every 4-stroke of piston every 2 stroke of piston
and 2 revolutions of the and 1 revolutions of the
crankshaft. crankshaft.
2. Thermal efficiency is Thermal efficiency is less.
more
3. Less power for a given Higher power output for a
engine size (due to one given engine size (due to
power stroke per 2 one power stroke per
revolutions of revolution of crankshaft)
crankshaft.
4. Contains valve and valve Contains ports
mechanism. arrangement.
5. Heavier due to Lighter due to simpler
additional components construction
(valves, camshaft, etc.
6. These are expensive due to
These are cheaper due to
more complex components a simple manufacturing
process
7. Requires more Requires less
maintenance due to maintenance.
complex parts.
8. Used in cars, Used in chain saws, leaf
bus,trucks,motorbikes etc. blowers, racing
motorbikes etc.
 Electric Vehicle (EV)
Electric Vehicle (EV):- An electric vehicle (EV) is one that
operates on one or more electric motor, instead of an
internal-combustion engine.
Electric motors are powered by electrical energy stored in
rechargeable batteries.

Main components of electric vehicles are:

 Electric Motor
 Battery
 Battery charger
 DC-DC Converter

Electric Motor: - It converts the electrical energy stored in the

battery into mechanical energy, which propels the vehicle forward.
Battery: - Battery is the backbone of an electric vehicle (EV) that
stores and supplies the electrical energy required to power the
electric motor.
Battery charger: - It efficiently converts the incoming
Alternating Current (AC) electricity from a charging station
into Direct Current (DC) electricity that the battery can use
for charging.
DC-DC Converter: - It efficiently lowers the high-voltage DC
electricity from the battery pack to a lower DC voltage that’s safe
and suitable for powering electronic components.

Advantages of an Electric vehicle

Environmental Benefits:- EVs produce zero emissions, which

helps reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
Energy Efficiency:- Electric vehicles are more energy-efficient than
internal combustion engine vehicles. They convert a higher
percentage of electrical energy into movement.
Lower Operating Costs: - EVs have lower operating costs and EVs
require less maintenance due to less moving parts.
Reduced Noise Pollution: - Electric vehicles are quieter than internal
combustion engine vehicles.
Regenerative Braking: - EVs often have regenerative braking
systems, which recapture energy during braking and store it in the
battery, further improving energy efficiency.
Government Incentives:- Many governments offer incentives and
subsidies to encourage the adoption of electric vehicles, such as tax
credits, reduced registration fees etc.
 Dis-advantages of an Electric vehicle

Limited Driving Range: - Although ranges are improving, some

EVs may still not be suitable for long distance travel without frequent
charging.
Charging Infrastructure: - The availability of charging stations is
limited making it difficult for EV drivers to charge their vehicles.

Long Charging Times: - Charging EVs takes longer than refuelling

conventional vehicles, though fast chargers are improving charging
times.
Initial Cost: - Electric vehicles generally have a higher cost
compared to traditional gasoline-powered cars, mainly due to the
cost of batteries.
Battery Life and Recycling: - Battery life and recycling are
ongoing concerns for EVs.

Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)

A Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) is a type of vehicle that combines an
internal combustion engine (ICE) with one or more electric motors
to power the vehicle.
Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) do not need to be plugged in to
charge; they recharge their battery through regenerative braking
and the engine itself.
 Types of Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Parallel hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) : -
The engine and electric motor work together to propel the
vehicle. The battery pack is charged through regenerative
braking, which uses the kinetic energy created when the
vehicle slows down.

Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle (SHEV):-

In this setup, the electric motor is the only source of
propulsion, while the internal combustion engine acts as a
generator to charge the battery.

EV Batteries
EV batteries (Electric Vehicle batteries) are rechargeable
power sources that provide electricity to run the electric
motors in electric vehicles (EVs).
Battery Type:
 Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) Batteries: The most common type of
battery used in electric vehicles due to their high energy
density, long lifespan, and relatively lighter weight.
 Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) Batteries: Known for their
safety and long lifespan, but they have a lower energy density
compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries.
  Solid-State Batteries: A newer, emerging technology that
replaces the liquid electrolyte with a solid electrolyte,
promising higher energy density and improved safety.

Electric Vehicle (EV) Chargers

Electric vehicle (EV) chargers are devices used to recharge
the batteries of electric vehicles.

Type of Power Charging Usage

charger Source Speed
Level 1 (AC) 120V 2-5 miles of Home charging,
range per slow
hour
Level 2 (AC) 240V 10-60 miles Home and public
of range per charging stations
hour
Level 3 (DC High- 100 miles of Public charging
Fast Charging) voltage range in 20- stations
DC 30 minutes
Tesla High- 200 miles of Tesla-specific
Supercharger voltage range in 15- fast charging
DC 30 minutes network
 Important Questions ( University exam Questions )
Q1. Explain the following: (i) I. C. Engine. (ii) Stroke, Bore,
Compression ratio (iii) Components of an IC Engine
(iv) scavenging process (v) EV batteries and chargers
Q2. Explain the workings of a four-stroke SI(Petrol) engine
with diagrams. Also draw the Otto cycle on a P-V diagram.
Q3. Explain the workings of a four-stroke CI(Diesel) engine
with diagrams. Also draw the Diesel cycle on a P-V diagram.
Q4. Compare the following- (i) SI Engine and CI Engine
(ii) 4-stroke Engine and 2-stroke engine
Q5. Explain the working of two stroke petrol engine (SI Engine)
with diagram.
Q6. Explain the working of two stroke Diesel engine (CI Engine)
with diagram.
Q7. Write the classification of IC engine.
Q8. What are Electric vehicles and HEV? Also, Write down their
advantages and disadvantages.
Q9. Give the types of energy storage technologies suitable for
hybrid electric vehicle. Explain the lithium-ion batteries in
detail.
2 marks Questions
Q1. Classify the IC engine on the basis of l/d ratio.
Q2. Define scavenging process.
Q3. Explain the parallel type of hybrid electrical vehicle.
Q4. Explain Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle (SHEV)