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Lec 02

The document discusses modern methods of structural analysis, focusing on structural modeling and idealization techniques. It outlines how structural members, supports, joints, and loads are represented in analysis, and classifies various types of framed structures such as plane trusses, beams, plane frames, space trusses, grids, and space frames. Each structural type is defined with its characteristics and loading conditions, emphasizing the importance of idealization in structural analysis.

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Īťx Aśađ Aßßàsī
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6 views32 pages

Lec 02

The document discusses modern methods of structural analysis, focusing on structural modeling and idealization techniques. It outlines how structural members, supports, joints, and loads are represented in analysis, and classifies various types of framed structures such as plane trusses, beams, plane frames, space trusses, grids, and space frames. Each structural type is defined with its characteristics and loading conditions, emphasizing the importance of idealization in structural analysis.

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Īťx Aśađ Aßßàsī
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© © All Rights Reserved
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MODERN

METHODS OF
STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS
(CET-412)

Lecture 02
Structural Modelling
Concept
Structural Idealization &
Mathematical modelling
– The structural analyst uses one or more of the following when making an
analysis:
a) a real structure,
b) a physical model of a real structure, or
c) a mathematical model of an idealized structure.
Techniques of Structural
Idealization
– Structural idealization is based on the following assumptions concerning the
representation of members, supports, joints, and loads.

(a) Members.
– A member in a framed structure is represented by a line which usually coincides
with the center of gravity of the member.
– Plate elements, such as a floor slab in a building, are represented by segments of
planes. Only the length and width are shown in a drawing and the thickness is
omitted.
– Shell elements are shown as surfaces with the thickness omitted.
Techniques of Structural
Idealization
(b) Supports and Joints .
Supports are usually assumed to be fixed , pinned, or on rollers. Joints are usually
assumed to be rigid or pinned.
– A fixed support permits no rotation or translation.
– A pinned support permits no translation, but unlimited rotation in the plane of
bending.
– A roller support permits translation only along an axis having a known slope and
permits unlimited rotation.
Techniques of Structural
Idealization
– A rigid connection will carry any moment assigned to it.
– A pinned connection permits rotation and will carry any shear force but no
bending moment.
Techniques of Structural
Idealization
(c) Loads.
Loads and reactions are idealized as concentrated or distributed forces and/or couples.
– A concentrated load is applied at a point and has dimensions of force, e.g. pounds
(lb), kips (k), tons (t), newtons (N).
– Distributed loads are spread out over a length or an area, and have dimensions of
force per unit length or area, e.g. kips per lineal foot (kif), newtons per square meter
(N/m2).
– A concentrated couple is applied at a point and has units of length times force, e.g.
inch kips (in. k).
– Distributed couples are applied over a length and have units of length times force
per unit length, e.g. inch kips per inch or more simply, kips.
Example
Draw an idealized structure
for the beam shown in Figure
Example
The steel frame in Fig. 1-7 a consists
of three members called "W shapes"
bolted together using bolts and
framing angles. The base of the left
member is sunk in a massive concrete
footing.

Sketch the idealized structure.


Classification of Framed
Structures
– Plane Trusses
– Beams
– Plane Frames
– Space Trusses
– Grids
– Space Frames
Plane Truss

– A truss is defined as an assemblage of straight members connected at their


ends by flexible connections, and subjected to loads and reactions only at the
joints(connections).
– The members of such an ideal truss develop only axial forces when the truss is
loaded.
– In real trusses, such as those commonly used for supporting roofs and bridges,
the members are connected by bolted or welded connections that are not
perfectly flexible,
– And the dead weights of the members are distributed along their lengths.
Plane Truss

– Because of these and other deviations from idealized conditions, truss


members are subjected to some bending and shear.
– However, in most trusses, these secondary bending moments and shears are
small in comparison to the primary axial forces, and are usually not considered
in their designs.
– If large bending moments and shears are anticipated, then the truss should be
treated as a rigid frame for analysis and design.
If all the members of a truss
as well as the applied loads
lie in a single plane, the truss
is classified as a plane truss.
Fortunately, many commonly
used trusses, such as bridge
and roof trusses, can be
treated as plane trusses for
analysis
Beams
A beam is defined as a long straight
structure that is loaded
perpendicular to its longitudinal axis.

Loads are usually applied in a plane


of symmetry of the beam’s cross-
section, causing its members to be
subjected only to bending moments
and shear forces.
Plane frame
Frames, also referred to as rigid
frames, are composed of straight
members connected by rigid
(moment resisting) and/or flexible
connections.
Plane frame
If all the members of a frame and
the applied loads lie in a single
plane, the frame is called a plane
frame.
Plane Frame

– Unlike trusses, which are subjected to external loads only at the joints, loads on
frames may be applied on the joints as well as on the members.
– The members of a plane frame are, in general, subjected to bending moments,
shears, and axial forces under the action of external loads.
– Many actual three-dimensional building frames can be subdivided into plane
frames for analysis.
Space Truss

– Some trusses (such as lattice domes, transmission towers, and certain


aerospace structures) cannot be treated as plane trusses because of the
arrangement of their members or applied loading.
– Such trusses, referred to as space trusses, are analyzed as three-dimensional
structures subjected to three dimensional force systems.
– The members of space trusses are assumed to be connected by frictionless ball-
and-socket joints, and the trusses are subjected to loads and reactions only at
the joints.
– Like plane trusses, the members of space trusses develop only axial forces.
Space Truss
A Segment of the Integrated Truss
Structure which Forms the Backbone
of the International Space Station
Grids

– A grid, like a plane frame, is composed of straight members connected together


by rigid and/or flexible connections to form a plane framework.
– The main difference between the two types of structures is that plane frames
are loaded in the plane of the structure, whereas the loads on grids are applied
in the direction perpendicular to the structure’s plane.
– Members of grids may, therefore, be subjected to torsional moments, in
addition to the bending moments and corresponding shears that cause the
members to bend out of the plane of the structure.
– Grids are commonly used for supporting roofs covering large column-free areas
in such structures as sports arenas, auditoriums, and aircraft hangars.
Grid
the loads on grids are applied in the
direction perpendicular to the
structure’s plane
Grid
National Air and Space Museum,
Washington, DC
Space Frame

– Space frames constitute the most general category of framed structures.


– Members of space frames may be arranged in any arbitrary directions, and
connected by rigid and/or flexible connections.
– Loads in any directions may be applied on members as well as on joints.
– The members of a space frame may, in general, be subjected to bending
moments about both principal axes, shears in both principal directions,
torsional moments, and axial forces.
Space frame
Any Questions???

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