C Decision making(conditional Statements)

Conditional Statements

 C If ... Else
 Greater than: a > b
 Conditions and If Statements
 Greater than or equal to: a >=
 You have already learned that C b
supports the usual
logical conditions from mathematics:  Equal to a == b

 Less than: a < b  Not Equal to: a != b

 Less than or equal to: a <= b

 Conditional Statements

 You can use these conditions to perform different actions for different decisions.

 C has the following conditional statements:

i. Use if to specify a block of code to be executed, if a specified condition is true

ii. Use else to specify a block of code to be executed, if the same condition is false

iii. Use else if to specify a new condition to test, if the first condition is false

iv. Use switch to specify many alternative blocks of code to be executed

The if Statement

Use the if statement to specify a block of code to be

executed if a condition is true.
 if. Statements

 Note that if is in lowercase letters. Uppercase letters (If or IF) will generate an
error.

 In the example below, we test two values to find out if 20 is greater than 18. If the
condition is true, print some text:
if…statement example2

Example explained
In the example above we use
two variables, x and y, to test
whether x is greater than y
(using the > operator).
As x is 20, and y is 18, and we
know that 20 is greater than 18,
we print to the screen that "x is
greater than y".
 C if… else

 The else Statement

 Use the else statement to

specify a block of code to be
executed if the condition
is false.
If..else statement example
If else Example explained

 In the example above, time (20) is greater than 18, so the condition
is false.

 Because of this, we move on to the else condition and print to the

screen "Good evening". If the time was less than 18, the program
would print "Good day".
C Else If statements

The else if Statement

Use the else if statement to specify a new condition if the
first condition is false.
Else if statement syntax
Else if statement example
 Else if Example explained

 In the example above, time (22) is greater than 10, so the first condition is false.

 The next condition, in the else if statement, is also false, so we move on to the else condition
since condition1 and condition2 is both false - and print to the screen "Good evening".

 However, if the time was 14, our program would print "Good day."
 C Switch Statements

 Switch Statement

 Instead of
writing many If..else statements, you
can use the switch statement.

 The switch statement selects one of

many code blocks to be executed:
 This is how the switch expression works:

• The switch expression is evaluated once

• The value of the expression is compared with the values of each case

• If there is a match, the associated block of code is executed

• The break statement breaks out of the switch block and stops the execution

• The default statement is optional, and specifies some code to run if there is no
case match
Switch statement example1
 Switch statement example2
 #include <stdio.h>  case 3:

 int main() {  printf("Wednesday");

 int day = 4;  break;

 switch (day) {  case 4:

 case 1:  printf("Thursday");

 printf("Monday");  break;

 break;  case 5:

 case 2:  printf("Friday");

 printf("Tuesday");  break;

 break;
Switch statement example continued

 case 6:

 printf("Saturday");

 break;

 case 7:

 printf("Sunday");

 break;

 }

 return 0;

 }
 Switch statements

The break Keyword The default Keyword

 When C reaches a break keyword, it breaks  The default keyword specifies some
out of the switch block. code to run if there is no case match:
 This will stop the execution of more code
and case testing inside the block.

 When a match is found, and the job is done,

it's time for a break. There is no need for
more testing.

 A break can save a lot of execution time

because it "ignores" the execution of all the
rest of the code in the switch block.
 C Loops

 Loops

 Loops can execute a block of code as long as

a specified condition is reached.

 Loops are handy because they save time,

reduce errors, and they make code more
readable.

 While Loop

 The while loop loops through a block of code

as long as a specified condition is true:
 While loops

 In the example below, the code in the loop will run, over and over again, as long
as a variable (i) is less than 5:
 Note: Do not forget to increase the variable used in the condition (i++), otherwise
the loop will never end!
C Do/While Loop

 The Do/While Loop

 The do/while loop is a variant

of the while loop.

 This loop will execute the

code block once, before
checking if the condition is
true, then it will repeat the
loop as long as the condition is
true.
 do/while loop

 The example below uses a do/while loop.

 The loop will always be executed at least once, even if the condition is false,
because the code block is executed before the condition is tested:
 C For Loop

 For Loop

 When you know exactly how many

times you want to loop through a
block of code, use the for loop instead
of a while loop:
 For loops

 Expression 1 is executed (one time) before the execution of the code block.

 Expression 2 defines the condition for executing the code block.

 Expression 3 is executed (every time) after the code block has been executed.

 The example below will print the numbers 0 to 4:

 For loop Example explained

 Expression 1 sets a variable before the loop starts (int i = 0).

 Expression 2 defines the condition for the loop to run (i must be less than 5). If
the condition is true, the loop will start over again, if it is false, the loop will end.

 Expression 3 increases a value (i++) each time the code block in the loop has
been executed.
C Nested Loops

Nested Loops
It is also possible to place a loop inside another loop. This
is called a nested loop.
The "inner loop" will be executed one time for each
iteration of the "outer loop":
Nested loops example