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linux command

The document provides a comprehensive guide on basic Linux commands, covering file management, process management, system performance monitoring, log management, user and group management, network configuration, package management, service management, shell scripting, security, and monitoring. Each section includes specific commands with brief descriptions for tasks such as navigating the filesystem, managing processes, checking system performance, and configuring network settings. It serves as a practical reference for users to efficiently perform various administrative tasks in a Linux environment.

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pranitha yeddula
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© © All Rights Reserved
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3 views

linux command

The document provides a comprehensive guide on basic Linux commands, covering file management, process management, system performance monitoring, log management, user and group management, network configuration, package management, service management, shell scripting, security, and monitoring. Each section includes specific commands with brief descriptions for tasks such as navigating the filesystem, managing processes, checking system performance, and configuring network settings. It serves as a practical reference for users to efficiently perform various administrative tasks in a Linux environment.

Uploaded by

pranitha yeddula
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Basic Linux Commands


🔹 Navigate the Filesystem:

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ls -l # List files with details
cd /path # Change directory
pwd # Show current directory
mkdir dir # Create a new directory
rm -rf dir # Remove a directory and its contents
cp file1 file2 # Copy files
mv file1 file2 # Move/Rename files
🔹 File Viewing & Editing:

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cat file # View file content
less file # Scroll through a file
head -n 10 file # Show first 10 lines
tail -n 10 file # Show last 10 lines
nano file # Open file in nano editor
vi file # Open file in vi editor
2. Process Management & Monitoring
🔹 Check Running Processes:

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ps aux # Show all processes
top # Real-time process monitoring
htop # Interactive process monitoring (if installed)
pgrep process # Find a process by name
🔹 Manage Processes:

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kill <PID> # Kill a process by PID
kill -9 <PID> # Forcefully kill a process
pkill -9 name # Kill a process by name
nohup command & # Run a command in the background
jobs # List background jobs
fg %1 # Bring job 1 to foreground
3. System Performance Monitoring
🔹 Check CPU & Memory Usage:

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vmstat 2 5 # CPU & memory usage every 2 sec, 5 times
mpstat -P ALL # CPU usage per core
free -m # Check memory usage in MB
🔹 Check Disk & I/O Performance:

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df -h # Show disk usage
du -sh * # Show directory sizes
iostat -x 5 # Monitor I/O performance
iotop # Check real-time disk usage (requires installation)
🔹 Check Network Performance:

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netstat -tulnp # Show open ports & listening services
ss -tulnp # Faster alternative to netstat
iftop # Monitor real-time network traffic (if installed)
nload # Show network bandwidth usage
4. Log Management & Troubleshooting
🔹 View & Monitor Logs:

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cat /var/log/syslog # View system logs
cat /var/log/auth.log # View authentication logs
journalctl -f # Live log monitoring
tail -f /var/log/syslog # Live log updates
grep "error" /var/log/syslog # Find errors in logs
5. User & Group Management
🔹 User Management:

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useradd user1 # Create a new user
passwd user1 # Set password for user1
usermod -aG sudo user1 # Add user1 to sudo group
deluser user1 # Delete a user
🔹 Group Management:

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groupadd admin # Create a new group
usermod -aG admin user1 # Add user1 to group admin
groups user1 # Show groups for user1
6. Network Configuration & Troubleshooting
🔹 Check Network Interfaces:

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ip a # Show all network interfaces
ifconfig # Alternative to ip a (deprecated)
🔹 Test Network Connectivity:

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ping 8.8.8.8 # Test connectivity to Google DNS
traceroute 8.8.8.8 # Trace network path to destination
curl -I https://google.com # Test HTTP response
wget --spider https://google.com # Test website availability
🔹 Check Open Ports & Connections:

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netstat -tulnp # Show all listening ports and services
ss -tulnp # Faster alternative to netstat
7. Package Management
🔹 Install & Manage Packages:

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# Debian/Ubuntu
sudo apt update # Update package list
sudo apt install package # Install a package
sudo apt remove package # Remove a package

# RHEL/CentOS
sudo yum update # Update package list
sudo yum install package # Install a package
sudo yum remove package # Remove a package
8. Services & Daemon Management
🔹 Start, Stop & Restart Services:

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systemctl start nginx # Start service
systemctl stop nginx # Stop service
systemctl restart nginx # Restart service
systemctl status nginx # Check service status
🔹 Enable/Disable Services on Boot:

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systemctl enable nginx # Enable service at startup
systemctl disable nginx # Disable service at startup
9. Shell Scripting & Automation
🔹 Write a Simple Script:

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#!/bin/bash
echo "Monitoring System Resources"
top -b -n1 | head -10
Save the file as monitor.sh, then make it executable:

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chmod +x monitor.sh
./monitor.sh
🔹 Schedule a Cron Job to Run Every 10 Minutes:

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crontab -e
Add the following line:

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*/10 * * * * /path/to/monitor.sh >> /var/log/cpu_usage.log
10. Security & Hardening
🔹 Check Failed Login Attempts:

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cat /var/log/auth.log | grep "Failed password"
🔹 Block an IP Address:

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# Using iptables
iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.1.100 -j DROP

# Using ufw (Ubuntu)


ufw deny from 192.168.1.100
11. Monitoring-Specific Commands
🔹 Configure SNMP for Monitoring:

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sudo apt install snmpd # Install SNMP daemon (Ubuntu)
sudo yum install net-snmp # Install SNMP daemon (CentOS)
sudo systemctl restart snmpd # Restart SNMP service
🔹 Test SNMP Connectivity:

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snmpwalk -v2c -c public 192.168.1.1
🔹 Forward Logs to a Monitoring Server:

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echo "*.* @192.168.1.100:514" | sudo tee -a /etc/rsyslog.conf
sudo systemctl restart rsyslog

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