ELECTROSTATICS

LEARNING OUTCOMES
SUBTOPIC
At the end of this topic, student should be able to:
1.1 Coulomb’s law 𝑄𝑞 𝑘𝑄𝑞
a) State Coulomb’s law, 𝐹 = 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟 2 = 𝑟 2
0

b) Sketch the electric force diagram

c) Apply Coulomb’s law for a system of point charges.
*simple configuration of charges with a maximum four charges in 2D
1.2 Electric field 𝐹
a) Define and use electric field strength, 𝐸 =
𝑞0
𝑘𝑄
b) Use 𝐸 = for point charge
𝑟2
c) Sketch the electric field strength diagram
d) Determine electric field strength E for a system of charges
1.3 Electric potential 𝑊
a) Define electric potential, 𝑉 = 𝑞
0
b) Define and sketch equipotential lines and surfaces of:
i) an isolated charge; and
ii) a uniform electric field
𝑘𝑄
c) Use 𝑉 = for a point of charge and a system of charges.
𝑟
*simple configuration of charges with a maximum four charges in 2D
d) Apply potential difference between two points:
𝑊
∆𝑉 = 𝑉𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 , ∆𝑉 = 𝑞
0
e) Apply the change in potential energy between two points in
electric field: ∆𝑈 = 𝑞∆𝑉
f) Apply potential energy of a system of point charges:
𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑞1 𝑞3 𝑞2 𝑞3
𝑈 = 𝑘( + + ) up to maximum three charges
𝑟12 𝑟13 𝑟23

1.4 Charge in a a) Analyse the motion of a charge qualitatively and quantitatively

uniform electric in a uniform electric field for each of the following case:
field i) stationary charge;
ii) charge moving perpendicularly to the field;
iii) charge moving parallel to the field; and
iv) charge in dynamic equilibrium.
∆𝑉
b) Use 𝐸 = for uniform electric field.
𝑑
PAHANG ENGINEERING MATRICULATION COLLEGE
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

TUTORIAL 1
(ELECTROSTATICS)
SECTION A

1. Two point charges attract each other with a force, F. What happens to the force
between them if one charge is doubled, the other charge is tripled, and the
separation distance between their centres is reduced to one-fourth its original
value? The force now equal to

A 16 F
B 24 F
C 76 F
D 96 F

2. At twice the distance from a point charge, the strength of the electric field

A is four times its original value

B is twice its original value
C is one-half its original value
D is one-fourth its original value

3. Three charges lie along the x axis. The positive charge q1 = 15 µC is at

x=2.0 m, and the positive charge q2 = 6.0 µC is at the origin. Where must anegative
charge q3 be placed on the x axis so that the resultant force on it iszero?

A 0.68 m
B 0.78 m
C 0.88 m
D 0.98 m

4. Electric field strength at a point in space is defined as electric force experienced

by

A one proton at that point.

B one electron at that point.
C one Coulomb positive charge at that point.
D one Coulomb negative charge at that point.
 Q1=-10µC Q2=-10µC

0.10 m

0.10 m 0.10 m

0.10 m
Q3=+5.0 µC Q4=+5.0 µC

FIGURE 1

(b) Four point charges are placed at the corners of a square as shown in FIGURE1.
Determine the magnitude and direction of the forces exerted on charge
Q2 and Q4.
[Ans: 95.8 N, -39.8 0, 61.6 N, 84 0]

1. (a) Define electric field strength

A

2 cm 5 cm Q2
Q1

FIGURE 2

(b) Two charges Q1 = 1 C and Q2 = -4 C are separated by 5 cm. Point A is

2 cm from q1 as shown in FIGURE 2.

(i) Calculate the electric field at point A and determine its direction.
(ii) A charge -4 C is placed at point A, determine the force exerted
on the charge.
[Ans: - 1.515 × 10 13 N C-1, 6.06 × 10 13 N]

2. A positively charged spherical conductor has a radius 3.0 cm and stored a

charge of 4.0 C.

(a) Determine the electric field strength and the electric potential at the
surface of the charged sphere.
(b) What is the work done when a charge of 1.0 C is moved 10.0 cm along
the equipotential surface? Explain your answer.
[Ans: 3.99 × 10 7 N C-1, 1.20 × 10 6 V, 0 J]

3. a) Draw sketches to show the electric field lines between

i) two equal and opposite charges separated by a distance d
ii) two equal positive charges separated by a distance d.
 b) The initial velocity of an electron moving along the x-axis in an electric
field is 3 x 10 6 m s-1. The electron stops after a distance of 45.0 cm.
i) Draw a diagram to show the initial direction of motion of the
electron relative to the direction of the electric field.
ii) Find the magnitude of the electric field.
[Ans: 57 V m-1 ]

4. (a) Sketch the equipotential surfaces for an isolated charge and an electricdipole.

(b)
Two point charges Q1= +2.40 nC and Q2= -6.50 nC are 0.100 m
apart.Point A is midway between them, point B is 0.080 m from Q1
and 0.060 m from Q2 as shown in FIGURE 5. Determine

(i) the electric potential at point A,

(ii) the electric potential at point B,
(iii) the potential energy of the system if a charge -4.5nC
is placedat point B
(Given Coulomb’s constant, k = 9.0  109 N m 2 C 2)
[Ans: - 738 V,- 705 V, 1.77 × 10 -6 J]
 2 CAPACITOR AND
DIELECTRICS

LEARNING OUTCOMES
SUB TOPIC
At the end of this topic, the students should be able to:

2.1 Capacitance and Q

a) Define and use capacitance, C 
capacitors in series V
and parallel b) Determine the effective capacitance of capacitors in
series and parallel
c) Use energy stored in a capacitor,
Q2
U  12 CV 2  12 QV  1
2
C

2.2 Charging and a) State physical meaning of time constant, = RC

discharging of b) Sketch and explain the characteristics of the graph of
capacitors charge-time, Q-t and the graph of current-time, I-t for
charging and discharging of a capacitor.
c) Use
t
(i) Q  Q0 e RC for discharging
 t

(ii) Q  Q0 1  e RC  for charging.
 

2.3 Capacitors with C 

a) Define dielectric constant,  r  
dielectric Co  o
b) Describe the effect of dielectric on a parallel plate
capacitor.
c) Apply capacitance of air-filled parallel plate capacitor,
 A
Co  o
d
d) Determine capacitance with dielectric, C = εrCo.
PAHANG ENGINEERING MATRICULATION COLLEGE
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

TUTORIAL 2
(CAPACITOR AND DIELECTRICS)

C3
V1 C1 C2
C4

C5

FIGURE 1

1. (a) FIGURE 1 shown C1 = 3 F, C2 = 11 F, C3 = 12 F, C4 = 6 F and

C5 = 9 F.
(i) Calculate the effective capacitance of the circuit. [6 µF]
(ii) If V1 = 12 V, calculate the total charge Q supplied. [72 µC]

(b) A 15 V battery is connected to three capacitors in series. The capacitors

have capacitances C1 = 4.5 μF, C2 = 12 μF and C3 = 32 μF. Find the voltage
across the C3 = 32 μF capacitor.[1.41 V]

2.

FIGURE 2
 FIGURE 2 shown the switch in position A, the 11.2 μF capacitor is fully charged
by the 12 V batteries. The switch is now moved to position B. As a result, charge
flows between the capacitors until they have the same voltage across their plates.
Find this voltage. [6.5 V]

3. (a) Sketch and explain the characteristics of the graph Q  t for charging and

discharging of a capacitor.
(b) A capacitor of 2.0 μF is charged using a 1.5 V battery. The charged
capacitor is then discharged through a 60 kΩ resistor.
(i) What is the time constant of the discharge circuit? [0.12 s]
(ii) Calculate the time taken for the charge on the capacitor to decrease
1 1
to and of its initial value. [0.12 s, 0.55 s]
e 100

4 A paralllel plate capacitor is constructed with plates of area 0.028 m2 and

separation 0.55 mm. The space between the plates is filled with a dielectric with
dielectric constant. When the capacitor is conneceted to a 12 V battery, each of
the plates has a charge of magnitude 3.62 x 10–8 C.
a) What is the value of the dielectric constant ? [6.7]
b) If a different di electric with a smaller dielectric constant is inserted into
the capacitor, does the charge on the plates increase, decrease or remain
the same?

5 A 24 μF capacitor is charged to 180 μC. Calculate the additional energy

required to charge the capacitor to 300 μC. [1.2 x 10-3 J]
 ELECTRIC CURRENT AND DC
3 CIRCUITS

SUB TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this topic , the students should be able to:
3.1 Electrical Conduction
a) Describe microscopic model of current.
b) Define electric current,
c) Use electric current ,

3.2 Ohm’s law and a) State and use Ohm’s law.

Resistivity b) Define and use resistivity,

3.3 Variation of a) Explain the effect of temperature on electrical resistance

resistance with in metals
temperature b) Use resistance, R = Ro [1+ α(T – To)].

3.4 Electromotive force a) Define emf,  and internal resistance, r of a battery.

(emf), Internal b) State factors that influence internal resistance.
resistance and c) Explain the relationship between emf of a battery and
Potential difference potential difference across the battery terminals.
d) Use terminal voltage, V = – Ir.
3.5 Resistors in Series a) Derive and determine effective resistance of resistors in
and Parallel. series and parallel.
3.6 Kirchhoff’s Rules a) State and apply Kirchhoff’s Rules
3.7 Electrical energy and a) Use power, P=IV, P=I2R and P=V2/R
power b) Use electrical energy, W=IVt

3.8 Potential divider a) Explain principle of potential divider.

b) Use equation of potential divider,

3.9 Potentiometer a) Explain principles of potentiometer and its applications.

1 𝑙1
=
2 𝑙2
b) Use related equations for potentiometer, .
PAHANG ENGINEERING MATRICULATION COLLEGE
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

TUTORIAL 3
(ELECTRIC CURRENT AND DIRECT-CURRENT CIRCUITS)

1. 8 x 1015 electrons flow through a cross-section of wire in 4 s. Determine

(a) the amount of charge that flows through the wire,
(b) the current flow in the wire.
[Ans: 1.28 x 10-3 C, 3.2 x 10-4 A]

2. A cooper wire carries a current of 15 A. Determine

(a) the number of electrons per second passing through the wire,
(b) the amount of charge flows through the wire in 25 s.

[Ans: 9.375 x 1019 electrons per second, 375 C]

3. A carbon resistor is to be used as a thermometer. On a spring day when the

temperature is 18.4 °C, the resistance of the carbon resistor is 215.8 Ω. What is the
temperature on a summer day when the resistance is 214.1 Ω?
(Take the reference temperature T0 to be 18.4 °C, temperature coefficient of carbon
= -4.8 x 10-4 °C-1)
[Ans: 34.8 °C]

4. The potential difference (p.d.) across the terminals of a cell is 1.5 V when it is not
connected to a circuit, a current of 0.37 A is flowing the terminal p.d. fall to 1.1 V.
(a) What is the internal resistance of the cell?
(b) The emf of the cell is always greater than its terminal voltage. Why?
Give reason.
[Ans: 1.08 Ω]

5. A copper wire has a resistance of 1.05 Ω at the temperature of 20°C. Find the
resistance of the wire at 100 °C.
(Temperature coefficient of resistivity for copper, α = 0.00393 (°C)–1)
[Ans: 1.38 Ω]

6. A 7.25 m constantan wire of 5 Ω with a cross-sectional area of 0.5 mm2 is connected

to a power supply and 2500 C of charge flow through the wire in 3 minutes.
Determine
(a) the potential difference across the constantan wire.
(b) the resistivity of the constantan wire.
[Ans: 69.45 V, 3.45 x 10-7 Ωm]
7. (a) State Ohm’s Law and sketch the graph of the relevant parameters.
(b) A dry cell with emf of 12 V is connected in series to a system of three
resistors, R1 = 5 Ω, R2 = 10 Ω and R3 = 15 Ω
(i) Draw the circuit diagram of this combination.
(ii) Calculate the current flow in the circuit.
(iii) Calculate the rate of energy supplied by the dry cell to the resistors.

(c) Repeat question (b) with the resistors connected in parallel. Judging from
your result, decide which combination is better. Give your comment.

[Ans: 0.4 A, 4.8 W, 4.396 A, 52.7 W]

8. Three resistors, R1 = 10 Ω, R2 = 10 Ω and R3 = 2 Ω are arranged in parallel. This

system of resistor is then connected in series with another resistor, R4 of resistance
4Ω, and a battery of e.m.f 10 V. If the current flowing from the battery is 1.2 A,
calculate,
(a) the current and voltage across the resistor R4.
(b) the internal resistance of the battery.
(c) the energy liberated by the resistance of the battery in one minute.

[Ans: 1.2 A, 4.8 V, 2.905 Ω, 251 J]

9.

28 V R
I


6 4A
X

3 6A

Figure 1
Based on Figure 1, calculate
i) the current ,I flows in resistor R
ii) the resistance of resistor R
iii) the e.m.f, ε
iv) the current flow in resistor R if the circuit is broken at point X.
( Internal resistance for e.m.f can be ignored)
( Ans: 2A, 5, 42V, 3.5A )
10.
S1
1 R1

Q P

2

S2
R2

Figure 2

In the potentiometer circuit shown in Figure 6, PQ is a uniform wire of length 1.0 m and
resistance 10.0 . ε 1 is an accumulator of e.m.f. 2.0 V and negligible internal resistance.
R1 is a 15  resistor and R2 is a 5.0  resistor. When S1 and S2 open, galvanometer G is
balanced when QT is 62.5 cm. When both S1 and S2 are closed, the balance length is 10.0
cm. Calculate

i) the e.m.f. of cell ε 2 .

ii) the internal resistance of cell ε 2 .
iii) the balance length QT when S2 is opened and S1 closed.
iv) the balance length QT when S1 is opened and S2 closed.
( Ans: 0.50 V, 7.5 , 25 cm, 25 cm )
 4 MAGNETISM

LEARNING OUTCOMES
SUB TOPIC
At the end of this topic, the students should be able to:

4.1 Magnetic field a) Define magnetic field.

b) Identify magnetic field sources.
c) Sketch the magnetic field lines.

4.2 Magnetic field a) Sketch resultant magnetic field diagram at a point

produced by (limited to two current carrying straight wires and 2D)
current-carrying b) Determine direction of B by using Right Hand Rule
conductor c) Determine the magnitude of magnetic field formula
for:
µ I
i. B = 0 for a long straight wire
2pr
µ I
ii. B = 0 at the centre of a circular coil
2r
iii. B = µ 0 nI at the centre of a solenoid

iv. B = µ 0 nI at the end of a solenoid

2

4.3 Force on a   
moving a) Explain and use force, F = qv ´ B .
charged particle b) Determine the direction of force.
in a uniform c) Describe circular motion of a charge in a uniform
magnetic field magnetic field.
d) Use relationship FB = Fc
  
4.4 Force on a a) Use magnetic force, F = I l ´ B .
current-carrying b) Determine the direction of force.
conductor in a
uniform magnetic
field
4.5 Forces between a) Explain magnetic force per unit length of two parallel
two parallel current-carrying conductors.
current-carrying F µ II
b) Apply magnetic force per unit length, = o 1 2 .
conductors l 2p d

  
a) Use torque t = N I A ´ B ,where N=number of turns.
4.6 Torque on a coil
b) Explain briefly the working principles of a moving coil
galvanometer
4.7 Application of a) Explain the motion of a charged particle in both
motion of magnetic field and electric field for v, B and E
charged particle perpendicular to each other.
E
b) Use velocity, v = in a velocity selector (e.g. Bainbridge
B
mass spectrometer)
PAHANG ENGINEERING MATRICULATION COLLEGE
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

TUTORIAL 4
(MAGNETIC FIELD)

SECTION A
I
xxxxxxxxxxxxxx
+
xxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxx

FIGURE 1

1. A metal rod carrying a current I is placed perpendicular to a uniform magnetic

field B as shown in FIGURE 1. Which of the following arrows shows correctly
the directions of F?
A
B

C
D

2. Two long and straight copper wires are placed parallel to each other. A constant
current flows in the same direction through each of these wires. The two wires
will
A rotate together
B remain unchanged
C repel each other
D attract each other

3. An electron moving with uniform velocity enters a magnetic field which is

perpendicular to its direction. The electron will then move

A in a straight line as before

B in a straight line parallel to the magnetic field
C in a parabola at a plane normal to the magnetic field
D in a circle at a plane normal to the magnetic field

SECTION B
 I

FIGURE 2

1. (a) FIGURE 2 below shows a conductor carrying current, I in a uniform

magnetic field B. Show the force due to the magnetic field on the
conductor?

(b) A copper wire of length 12.0 cm is placed at an angle 40° in a uniform

magnetic field of strength 0.2 T. If the wire carries a current of 5 A,
calculate the magnetic force on this wire.
[Ans: 7.71×10-2 N]

2. (a) Explain why a charged particle is moving in a circular path in a uniform

magnetic field.

(b) A particle of charge 3.2x10-19 C and velocity of 2x105 ms-1 enters a

uniform magnetic field of magnetic field strength, 0.2 T. If the particle
moves in a circular path of radius 4.0 cm, calculate the mass of the charged
particle.
[Ans: 1.28×10-26kg]

3. Two long straight parallel copper wires X and Y are placed at a distance r apart.
X carries current of 6 A and Y carries current of 10 A in the same direction as in
FIGURE 3.
(i) Find the location of a point from wire X, in term of r,where the
resultant magnetic field will be zero.
(ii) If the force per unit length acting on the wires is 2.0x10-4N m-1
calculate the value of r.
[Ans: 3/8 r, 0.06 m]
X Y

xxxxxxxx xxx B
FIGURE 3 xxxxxxxxxxxx
x x x x x x x x x x xx

r
6A 10A
4. A proton moves with speed of 6.5 x 106 ms-1, perpendicularly
A into a magnetic
field of 0.40 T (Given: mass of proton= 1.67 x 10 kg)
-27
 (a) Sketch of the magnetic field and path of proton into the magnetic field.
(b) Calculate the radius of path taken by the proton.
(c) Explain why the kinetic energy of a proton does not change during its
motion in the magnetic field.
(d) If the proton is replaced by an electron, state two differences
between the path electron with the original path of the proton.
[Ans: 0.17 m]

5. FIGURE 4 shows two long straight parallel wires A and B of the same length
which are separated by a distance 15 cm and each carries a current of 10 A in the
same direction:
(a) Determine the magnetic force on each wire and state the kind of force acts
on the wires.
(b) What happen to the forces on the wire A and B if the currents are in
opposite directions?
(c) Determine the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field at point X
when the currents in both wires are in the same directions.
( Use µ 0 = 4p x 10 -7 H m -1 )
[Ans: 3.33×10-5 N, 3.33×10-5 N, 5.0×10-5 T]

25 cm 5 cmX
XXXXX

FIGURE 4

6. A circular loop of radius 10 cm carrying a current 2.0 A and is placed in a

magnetic field of flux density 0.50 T. What is the torque on the loop when
(a) its plane is perpendicular to the field?
(b) its plane is parallel to the field?
[Ans: 0 N m, 0.031 N m]
 5 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

SUB TOPIC Course Framework and Student Learning Time (SLT)

5.1 Magnetic flux a) Define and use magnetic flux.

b) Use magnetic flux linkage

5.2 Induced emf a) Explain induced emf by using Faraday’s experiment.

b) State and use Faraday’s law,

c) State and use Lenz’s law to determine the direction of induced

current.
d) Apply induced emf in:
i. straight conductor,

ii. a coil, ,
iii. a rotating coil,

5.3 Self-inductance a) Define self-inductance.

b) Apply self-inductance, for coil and solenoid, where

i)

ii)
iii)

5.4 Energy stored in a) Apply the energy stored in an inductor,

inductor
5.5 Mutual inductance
a) Define mutual inductance.

b) Use mutual inductance between two coaxial

solenoids.

5.6 Back emf in DC a) Explain back emf and its effect on DC motor.
motor
PAHANG ENGINEERING MATRICULATION COLLEGE
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

TUTORIAL 5
(ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION)

1. (a) What is the difference between magnetic flux and magnetic field?
(b) A small surface area 10 mm2 inside a uniform magnetic field of strength
0.50 T is inclined at an angle of to the direction of the field. Determine
the magnetic flux through the surface if
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
[Ans: 0 Wb, 2.5×10-6 Wb, 5×10-6 Wb]

2. (a) State
(i) the meaning of electromagnetic induction
(ii) Faraday’s Law

(b) A coil of area 0.100 m2 is rotating at 60.0 rev s-1 with the axis of
rotation perpendicular to a 0.200 T magnetic field
(i) If the coil has 1000 turns, calculate the maximum emf
generated in it.
(ii) What is the orientation of the coil with respect to the magnetic
field when the maximum induced emf occurs.
[Ans: 7.5 kV]

FIGURE 1

3. The three loops of wire shown in FIGURE 1 are all in a region of space with a
uniform magnetic field. Loop 1 swings back and forth as the bob on a pendulum,
loop 2 rotates about a vertical axis and loop 3 oscillates vertically on the end of a
spring. Which loop or loops have a magnetic flux that changes with time?
4. (a) What is meant by a self- inductance of 2H.
(b) A coil of 200 turns has a length 5.0 cm and a cross –sectional area 4.0 cm2.
Calculate the self- inductance of the coil.
(Permeability of medium inside coil = 5000μo)
[Ans: 2.0 H]

5. The primary coil with 300 turns, has a cross-sectional area of 20 cm2 and length is
6.0 cm. The secondary coil has 60 turns. Calculate mutual inductance
(Assume that the permeability is μo)
[Ans: 7.5×10-4 H]

6. At the instant when the current in an inductor is increasing at a rate of

0.0640 A s−1, the magnitude of the back emf is 0.016 V.

(a) Calculate the inductance of the inductor

(b) If the inductor is a solenoid with 400 turns and the current flows in its
0.720 A, determine
(i) the magnetic flux through each turn,
(ii) the energy stored in the solenoid.
[Ans: 0.250 H; 4.5×10−4 Wb; 6.48×10−2 J]
 06 GEOMETRICAL OPTICS
(22)
LEARNING OUTCOMES
SUB TOPIC
At the end of this topic , the students should be able to:

6.1 Reflection at a a) State radius of curvature, R=2f for spherical mirror.

spherical surface b) Sketch ray diagrams with a minimum of two rays to
determine the characteristics of image formed by
spherical mirrors.
c) Use mirror equation,
1 1 1
= + for real object only.
f u v
* Sign convention for focal length, f and radius of curvature, R:
(i) positive f and R for concave mirror
(ii) negative f and R for convex mirror
h v
d) Apply magnification, M = i = − .
ho u

6.2 Refraction at a n1 n2 (n2 − n1 )

a) Use + = for spherical surface.
spherical surface u v R
* Sign convention for radius of curvature, R:
(i) positive R for convex surface
(ii) negative R for concave surface.

6.3 Thin lenses 1 1 1

a) Use thin lens equation, = + for real object only.
f u v
* Sign convention for focal length, f:
(i) positive f for convex lens
(ii) negative f for concave lens.
1  nmaterial  1 1 
b) Use lens maker’s equation, = − 1 − 
f  nmedium   R1 R2 
* nair = 1
hi v
c) Apply magnification, m = =− .
ho u
d) Use the thin lens formula for a combination of two convex
lenses
PAHANG ENGINEERING MATRICULATION COLLEGE
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

TUTORIAL 6
(GEOMETRICAL OPTICS)

SECTION A

A incident ray angle, i when it hit the smooth surface is 50, what is angle value
for the reflected ray, r?

A 150
B 130
C 90
D 50

2 As an object is moved from a great distance toward the focal point of a concave
mirror, the image is at

A a great distance toward the focal point and is always real

B the focal point toward a great distance from the mirror and is always real
C the focal point to a great distance and is always virtual
D the focal point to a position immediately adjacent to the mirror and is
always real.

3 Virtual image is formed in the following EXCEPT

A Convex mirror in a side mirror of a car

B Concave mirror in shaving mirror
C Convex lens in a magnifying glass
D Convex lens in projector
4 When using a convex lens as a magnifying glass, the object distance u is

A u<f
B u=f
C f < u < 2f
D u > 2f

5 Refraction of light occurs when there is a change in the following EXCEPT

A velocity of light
B wavelength
C frequency
D refractive index

6 The speed of light in water is ¾ of the speed of light in air. What is the effect on
the frequency and wavelength of light of passing from air into water?

A both frequency and wavelength increase ¾ that in air

B frequency unchanged and wavelength is ¾ that in air
C frequency is ¾ that in air, but wavelength remain unchanged
D both frequency and wavelength remain unchanged

7 When light travels in water or glass, its speed

A Increase
B Become zero
C Decrease
D Remain constant

8 The distance between the focus point, F and the optical centre, O of the lens is
referred to

A Focus point
B Focus length
C Principal axis
D Radius
9 A spherical convex lens has a focal length of 10 cm. If an object is placed at 20 cm
in front of the lens, the image formed by the mirror is:

Answer Nature of image Type of image Size of image

A Real Inverted Bigger than object
B Real Inverted Same size
C Virtual Upright Bigger than object
D Virtual Upright Smaller than object

10

FIGURE 1

What is the characteristic of the image as shown in FIGURE 1?

A Real, inverted, diminished

B Real, inverted, magnified
C Virtual, inverted, same size
D Virtual, inverted, diminished
SECTION B

1. (a) A flea is located 6.0 cm from a convex spherical surface of a mirror of

radius 30 cm. Where is the image of the flea?

(b) Calculate magnification will be obtained by using a concave mirror with a

focal length 18 cm, if the mirror is held 12 cm from the face.

(c) A convex car mirror has a radius of curvature of 16 m.

(i) Determine the location of the image and its magnification for an
object 10 m from the mirror.
(ii) Why is the sided mirror of a car being convex?
(iii) Sketch a ray diagram to illustrate the formation of the image.
[Ans: − 4.29 cm; 3 ; 4.4 cm behind the mirror, 0.44]

2. A spherical diverging mirror has a focal length, f of 10 cm. An object is placed at

5 cm in front of the mirror.
(a) Draw a ray diagram to show the final image
(b) State the 4 main characteristics of the image formed.
[Ans: u-think]

3. An object is placed 15 cm from a

(a) concave mirror
(b) convex mirror
of radius of curvature 20 cm. Calculate the image position and magnification in
each case. Sketch the ray diagram of each case.
[Ans: 30 cm, - 6 cm, 2, 2/5]

4. An object of height 42.0 cm is placed 2.0 m from a convex mirror of a focal length
0.5 m. Calculate the image distance.
[Ans: -0.4 m]

5. (a) A convex lens has a focal length of a 10 cm. Where must an object be
placed to produce an image that is inverted and 2 times the size of the
object?

(b) A diverging lens forms an image a quarter of the size of an object located
20 cm from the lens. Calculate the focal length of the lens.

(c) Sketch the ray diagram of each case in part (b) and (c).
[Ans: 15cm, - 6.7cm]
6. A diverging meniscus glass lens has a convex surface of radius 30.0 cm and a
concave surface of radius 20.0 cm. The refractive index of the glass is 1.5.
Calculate
(a) the focal length
(b) the magnification of the image height of the image formed by the lens
when an object of height 2.0 cm is placed 10.0 cm from the lens.
[Ans: - 120 cm, - 9.23 cm, 1.85 cm]

7. A 2 cm tall object is placed 40 cm from a lens. The resulting image is 8 cm tall and
upright relative to the object.
(a) Determine the focal length of the lens.
(b) State whether the lens is converging or diverging.
[Ans: 53.33 cm]

8. A diverging lens has a focal length of 10 cm. A 3 cm object is placed 25 cm from

the lens.
(a) Determine the distance between the object and the image.
(b) Calculate is the magnification of the image?
(c) State the characteristic of the image?
[Ans: 17.88 cm ; 0.29 ; u-think]

9. FIGURE 2 is a scaled diagram of an object and a converging lens. The focal

length of the lens is 5.0 units. An object is placed 3.0 units from the lens as
shown.

FIGURE 2

(a) Determine the image distance.

(b) The object has a height of 1.5 units. Determine the height of the image.
(c) State the characteristic of the image.
[Ans: -7.5 units ; 3.75 units ; u-think]
10.
9 cm B

I
O

f = +3cm f = +9cm

24cm
FIGURE 3

The application of thin lens formula for a combination of converging lens. A

model of compound microscope is made up of two converging lenses: the
objective lens, A (f = 3cm) and the eyepiece lens, B (f = 9 cm) at a fixed separation
of 24 cm. Where must the object be placed so that the final image may be at
infinity?
[Ans: 3.75 cm]
 7 PHYSICAL OPTICS

LEARNING OUTCOMES
SUBTOPIC
At the end of this topic, the students should be able to:

7.1 Huygens’s a) State Huygens’s principle (e.g. spherical and plane wave
principle fronts).
b) Sketch and explain the wave front of light after passing
through a single slit and obstacle using Huygens’s
principle.

7.2 Constructive and a) Define coherence.

destructive b) State the conditions for interference of light.
interferences c) State the conditions of constructive and destructive
interference.

7.3 Interference of a) Use

transmitted light
through double- i. for bright fringes (maxima),
slits
ii. for dark fringes (minima),
where m = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ….

b) Use and explain the effect of changing any of

the variables.

7.4 Interference of a) Identify the occurrence of phase change upon reflection.

reflected light in b) Describe with the aid of a diagram the interference of
thin films light in thin films at normal incidence.
c) Use the following equations for reflected light with no
phase difference (non-reflective coating):
Constructive interference,
2nt = mλ
Destructive interference,
2nt = (m + ½ )λ
 d) Use the following equations for reflected light of phase
difference π rad (reflective coating):
Constructive interference, 2nt = (m + ½ )λ
Destructive interference, 2nt = mλ
where m = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ….
e) Explain the application of thin films (eg: solar panel,
glass tint)

7.5 Diffraction by a a) Define diffraction.

single slit b) Explain with the aid of a diagram the diffraction of a
single slit.
c) Use:

i. for dark fringes (minima)

ii. for bright fringes (maxima)

where n = ±1, ±2, ±3, ...

7.6 Diffraction a) Explain with the aid of a diagram the formation of

grating diffraction.
1
b) Apply d sin θ = nλ where 𝑑 = 𝑁 (e.g: transparent
compact disc, muslin cloth, etc)
c) Determine the wavelength of laser beam using a
diffraction grating.
d) Determine the number of diffraction grating lines per
unit length
PAHANG TECHNICAL MATRICULATION COLLEGE
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

TUTORIAL 7
(PHYSICAL OPTICS)

SECTION A

1. If a wave from one slit of Young’s double-slit set-up arrives at certain point on the
screen is one wavelength behind the wave from the other slit. What is observed at
that point?

A dark fringe
B bright fringe
C multi-colored fringe
D gray fringe

2. Two narrow slits are 0.025 mm apart. When a laser shines on them, bright fringes
form on a screen that is a meter away. These fringes are 3.0 cm apart. What is the
separation between the second order bright fringe and the central fringe?

A 2.6 cm
B 5.3 cm
C 6.0 cm
D 8.6 cm

3. White light is incident normally on a lens (n = 1.52) that is coated with a film of
MgF2 (n = 1.38). What is the minimum thickness of the film if the yellow light of
wavelength 550 nm (in air) is missing in the reflected light?

A 99.6 nm
B 180.9 nm
C 199.3 nm
D 361.8 nm
SECTION B

1. (a) Interference of two light waves can only take place if their source are
coherent. Explain the meaning of interference and coherent in this
statement.

(b) A non-monochromatic light source that has two wavelengths; λ1 = 450 nm

and λ2 = 656 nm is used in a Young’s double slits experiment. The slits
separation d = 0.5 mm and the screen is located 1.2 m behind the slits.
Determine the position of the first and second bright fringe for the two
wavelengths.
[Ans: 1.08×10-3 m, 1.57х10-3m, 2.16x10-3m, 3.15×10-3 m]

2. (a) A glass lens of refractive index 1.53 is coated with a thin film of refractive
index 1.43. No light is found to be reflected from the lens when the thickness
of the film is 1.04 x10–7 m. Calculate the longest wavelength of the light that
makes this possible.
[Ans: 5.95×10–7 m]

(b) The wall of soap bubble has about the same index of refraction as that of
water, n = 3.33. There is air both inside and outside the bubble.
(i) What wavelength of visible light is most strongly reflected from a
point on the soap bubble where its wall is 250 nm thick.
(ii) To what colour does this correspond.
[Ans: 443 nm]

3. (a) What is the difference between interference pattern in Young’s

double-slits experiment and diffraction pattern in single-slit experiment.

(b) A single slit diffraction pattern is obtained on a screen placed at a distance

of 10 cm from the slit of width 5 µm. The wavelength of the monochromatic
light used is 5.9 x 10-7 m.
(i) Calculate the angular separation between the first and second
minima.
(ii) What is the width of the central bright fringe?
(iii) How many dark fringes are found on the screen?
[Ans: 6.870, 2.38 cm, 16]
4. (a) Sketch a graph of intensity versus distance to show the diffraction pattern
of a monochromatic light produced by diffraction grating.

(b) A monochromatic light of wavelength 5.49 × 10-7 m is incident normally on

a diffraction grating. If a diffraction pattern of the first order is observed at
an angle 28° from the normal, what is the number of lines per mm on the
diffraction grating?
[Ans: 8.55×102 lines per mm]
 8 QUANTIZATION OF LIGHT

LEARNING OUTCOMES
SUB TOPIC
At the end of this topic, the students should be able to:

8.1 Planck’s a) State Planck’s quantum theory.

Quantum Theory b) Distinguish between Planck’s quantum theory and
classical theory of energy.
c) Use Einstein’s equation for a photon energy,
hc
E = hf = .

8.2 Photoelectric a) Define photoelectric effect.

Effect b) Explain the phenomenon of photoelectric effect by
sketching the diagram of photoelectric effect
experimental set-up.
c) Define threshold frequency, work function and
stopping potential.
d) Analyse by using graph and equations the observations
of photoelectric effect experiment in terms of the
dependence of:
i. kinetic energy of photoelectron on the frequency of
1
light; mvmax 2 = eVs = hf hf 0 ,
2
photoelectric current on intensity of incident light.
ii. work function and threshold frequency on the types
of metal surface; W0 = hf 0
e) Use Einstein’s photoelectric equation,
K mak = eVs = hf W0
PAHANG TECHNICAL MATRICULATION COLLEGE
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

TUTORIAL 8
(QUANTIZATION OF LIGHT)

SECTION A

1. source 1

source 2

Vs2 Vs1
FIGURE 1
In a photoelectric experiment, two different light sources are used with the same
metal plate (photocathode). Source 1 produces curve 1 while source 2 produces
curve 2 as shown in FIGURE 1. Hence, we can conclude that source 1 has

A a shorter wavelength and greater intensity than that of source 2.

B a longer wavelength and greater intensity than that of source 2.
C a shorter wavelength and smaller intensity than that of source 2.
D a longer wavelength and smaller intensity than that of source 2.

2. In a photoelectric effect experiment, the intensity of the light is doubled. Hence,

the photoelectric current

A is remain uncharged
B decreased by a factor of 4
C doubled
D halved

3. The kinetic energy of the photoelectron depends on

A intensity of light.
B duration of illumination.
C wavelength of light.
D angle of illumination.
SECTION B
1. (a) Compute the energy (in Joule and electron volt) of a photon of blue light
of wavelength 450 nm.
(b) To break a chemical bond in the molecules of human skin and thus cause
sunburn, photon energy of 3.50 eV is required. To what wavelength does
this correspond?
[Ans: 4.42×10-19 J, 2.76eV; 355 nm]

2. Molybdenum has a work function of 4.20 eV.

(a) Determine the threshold wavelength and threshold frequency for
photoelectric effect to occur.
(b) Calculate the stopping potential if the incident light has a wavelength of
180 nm.
[Ans: 296 nm, 1.01×1015 Hz, 2.27 V]

3. (a) State THREE observations from the experiment on photoelectric effect

that cannot be explained by the classical wave theory.
(b) Sketch the graph of the maximum kinetic energy against frequency of
radiation for 3 different metal surfaces.
(c) The graph below shows how maximum kinetic energy of a photoelectron
emitted, Kmax varies with frequency, f for a particular metal surface.

f ( ×1014Hz )
0 4

Use the graph to find the value of

(i) work function of the metal and
(ii) threshold wavelength of the photon used.
[Ans: 2.65×10-19 J, 0.751 µm]
 9 NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS

LEARNING OUTCOMES
SUB TOPIC
At the end of this topic, the students should be able to:

a) Define and use mass defect,

𝛥𝑚 = (𝑍𝑚𝑝 + 𝑁𝑚𝑛 ) − 𝑚𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑢𝑠
b) Define and use binding energy, 𝐸𝐵 = 𝛥𝑚𝑐 2 .
9.1 Binding energy and
c) Determine binding energy per nucleon,
mass defect
d) Sketch and describe graph of binding energy per
nucleon against nucleon number

a) Explain α, β+, βˉ and γ decays.

𝑑𝑁
b) State decay law and use 𝑑𝑇 = −𝜆𝑁

9.2 Radioactivity c) Define and determine activity, A and decay constant, .

d) Use 𝑁 = 𝑁0 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 or 𝐴 = 𝐴0 𝑒 𝜆𝑡
ln 2
e) Define and use half-life, 𝑇1 =
2 𝜆

a) State the thermionic emission

b) Explain the acceleration of particle by electric and
magnetic field
9.3 Particle c) State the role of electric and magnetic field in particle
Accelerator accelerators (linac and cyclotron) and detectors (general
principles of ionisation and deflection only)
d) State the need of high energies required to investigate
the structure of nucleon.

a) Indicate the standard quark-lepton model particles

9.4 Fundamental (baryons, mesons, leptons and photons)
Physics b) Explain the corresponding anti particles for every
particle
PAHANG ENGINEERING MATRICULATION COLLEGE
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

TUTORIAL 9
(NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS)

SECTION A

N/nuclei

t/s
FIGURE 1
1. The reduction in the number of undecayed nuclei in a radioactive sample is shown
in FIGURE 1. Which graph shows the relationship between the number of
undecayed nuclei, N and the activity of the sample, A
B
A A
A

N
N

C D
A A

N N
2. An event in a distant star creates an explosion of -particles, -rays and light arrive
on the earth. Which of the following statement is TRUE?

A The -particles will arrive later than the light

B The -particles will arrive later than the -rays
C Light and the -rays will arrive simultaneously ahead of the -particles
D The three will arrive simultaneously

206
3. State the number of proton, electron and neutron for element 82Pb.
Protons Neutrons Electrons
A 206 206 82
B 206 82 82
C 82 82 124
D 82 124 82

14 14
4. The bombardment of a 7𝑁 nucleus with a high energy neutron produces a 6𝐶
nucleus and a
A tritium
B deuteron
C proton
D neutron

5. What do we call a particle that is not made up of any smaller particles?

A Atomic particle
B Minimum particle
C Original particle
D Elementary particle

6. What category of elementary particles are matter particles?

A Cations
B Fermions
C Bosons
D Einsteins

7. The particles carrying the strong force are the

A photons
B gluons
C Z- or W- bosons
D None of above

8. What elementary particles are the building blocks for protons and neutrons?
 A Quarks
B Leptons
C Photons
D Gluons

9. What type of elementary particles create the strong force between quarks?
A Quarks
B Leptons
C Photons
D Gluons

10. How many quarks made up a proton?

A 1
B 2
C 3
D 4

11. What category of elementary particles are force-carrying particles?

A Cations
B Fermions
C Bosons
D Einsteins

12. Light is made up of what type of elementary particles?

A Quarks
B Leptons
C Photons
D Gluons

SECTION B

1. Calculate the amount of energy released

(a) When 1 kg of helium is consumed in the nuclear fusion process

2
1 H +12H →24He
2 
 H = 2.0141u, 4He = 4.0026u,1u = 931.5 MeV 
1 2 
 c2 
 (b) in the alpha – decay
U →234
239
92 90Th+ 2 He
4

 238 234Th = 234.043583u; 4He = 4.002603u;1u = 931.5 MeV 

 U = 238.050786u ;
 92 90 2 
 c2 
[Ans: 5.76×1014 J,6.87×10-13 J]

2. A mass of nucleus 81
35Bris 80.8971 u. Calculate the
(i) Binding energy in unit MeV and unit joule (J),
(ii) Binding energy per nucleon in unit MeV and joule (J).

[Given : Mass of proton = 1.0073 u, mass of neutron = 1.0087 u, 𝑐 = 3.00x108 m

s −1 , 1 MeV = (1.60x10−13 ) J]

[Ans: 706.64 MeV, 1.1310-10 J, 8.72 MeV/nucleon, 1.4010-12 J/nucleon]

16
3. Determine the mass defect and binding energy per nucleon for isotope 8𝑂 .

(Given the mass 168𝑂isotope =15.994915 u)

[7.75 MeV]

4. Radium-266 is found to have a decay constant of 1.36 × 10–11 Bq. Given that Curies
had roughly 200 g of radium in 1898.Determine its,
(a) half-life in years.
(b) mass remain 100 years later.

[Ans: 1.62×103 years, 0.192 kg]

198
5. The radioactive isotope Au has a half-life of 64.8 hours. A sample containing this
isotope has an initial activity (t = 0) of 40.0 μCi. Calculate the number of nuclei that
decay in the time interval between t1= 10.0 hours and t2 = 12.0 hours. (1μCi = 3.7×104
decay/s)

[Ans: 9.47×109 nuclei]

6. A radioactive source contains 1.0 × 10-4 g of uranium-238 and its average
rate of decay is 1.2 s–1. The safety limit of radioactive activity is 10μCi. Calculate the
maximum mass of uranium-238 which may be used without shielding?

[Ans: 31 g]

7. A radioactive nuclide which has a half-life of 8 hours is used to treat a cancer patient.
The initial activity of a sample of the nuclide at the start of treatment is 5000 Bq. The
patient is irradiated for 1 hour.

(a) Calculate the activity of the source 1 hour after treatment starts.
(b) What is the total number of atoms that decayed during the treatment?

[Ans 4584.5 Bq, 17.3× 𝟏𝟎𝟔 atoms]

8. A freshly prepared sample of a radioactive isotope has an activity of 1000 Bq. After
20 minutes, the activity of the sample is 800 Bq.

(a) Calculate the

(i) Decay constant of the isotope Half-life
(ii) Half-life
(b) How many atoms of the isotope were in the freshly prepared sample?
(c) What is the number of atoms of the isotope that decayed in 20 minutes

[Ans: 𝟏. 𝟖𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 s , 3728 s , 𝟓. 𝟑𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒔 , 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 atoms]