Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology

Course no : EEE 208

Course name : Electronic Circuits II Laboratory

Experiment no : 02
Name of the experiment : Study of the Characteristics and the
Application of Operational Amplifier

Date of performance : 11 September 2024

Date of submission : 9 October 2024

Submitted by,

Name: : Mahdi Al Muttakin

Student ID : 2106146
Partner’s ID : 2106145
Department : EEE
Section: : C1
Introduction : Operational amplifier is one fundamental building block of
analog circuits. When used properly in negative feedback configurations,
the overall closed-loop transfer characteristic can be precisely set by stable
passive components such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes, regardless of
the potential variation of open-loop parameters. Negative feedback
amplifier with op amp operating at its core provides key to highly reliable
and stable analog functions. In this experiment, we will be simulating and
building some basic op-amp circuits, including the most common types, i.e.,
the Inverting and non-inverting multiplier, differential and summing
amplifiers, inverting integrator and differentiator.

Theory:
In this lab, we will be simulating basic configurations using the µA741 op amp.
You can get the µA741 part from the library. Note that the amplifier has two
terminals labeled os1 and os2 besides the regular pins, and you can leave these
two pins unconnected. (These pins are used for offset adjustment for the op amp)

Note:
For all the circuits mentioned below, the output voltage must remain within
the biasing limits (±15V in this case). If the output voltage surpasses 15V, it will
enter the saturation region, causing the output to be clipped at 15V, which will
lead to distortion in the output signal.

1. Inverting Multiplier:
𝑅𝑓
In case of the inverting multiplier, the output signal, 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − 𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑅𝑖

Now, for the unsaturated region,

|𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 | < 15
𝑅𝑓
⇒ 𝑉 < 15
𝑅𝑖 𝑖𝑛
15 × 1000
⇒ 𝑅𝑓 < [𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒]
1
∴ 𝑅𝑓 < 15𝑘

Thus , for 𝑅𝑓 = 1𝑘, 10𝑘 the output is not distorted but for 100𝑘 the output goes to
the saturation region and is distorted as it goes to the saturation region.
Schematic Diagram:
Input-output graph when, 𝑹𝒇 = 𝟏𝒌

Input-output graph when, 𝑹𝒇 = 𝟏𝟎𝒌

Input-output graph when, 𝑹𝒇 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌

2. Inverting Summer:

For the two inputs, the output will be,

𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − 𝑉𝑖𝑛1 − 𝑉𝑖𝑛2
𝑅1 𝑅2
Again for the unsaturated region,
|𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 | < 15
𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
⇒ 𝑉𝑖𝑛1 + 𝑉𝑖𝑛2 < 15
𝑅1 𝑅2
15
⇒ 𝑅𝑓 <
𝑉𝑖𝑛1 𝑉𝑖𝑛2
+
𝑅1 𝑅2
15
⇒ 𝑅𝑓 <
1 1
+
1000 1000
∴ 𝑅𝑓 < 7.5𝑘
Hence, for the values greater than 7.5𝑘 the output voltage is distorted.
Schematic Diagram:
Input-output graph when 𝑹𝒇 = 𝟏𝒌:

Input-output graph when 𝑹𝒇 = 𝟏𝟎𝒌:

Input-output graph when 𝑹𝒇 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌:

3. Differential Amplifier:
For the differential amplifier, the output voltage,
𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅3
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) [𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, = ]
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅4
Again, for the unsaturated region,
|𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 | < 15
𝑅2
⇒ |(𝑉 − 𝑉1 )| < 15
𝑅1 2
𝑅2
∴ < 7.5[∵ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 2𝑉]
𝑅1
Schematic Diagram:
Input-output graph when 𝑹𝟏 = 𝟒𝟎𝒌, 𝑹𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝒌, 𝑹𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒌, 𝑹𝟒 =
𝟐𝟓𝟎𝒌(Unsaturated):

Input-output graph when 𝑹𝟏 = 𝟖𝒌, 𝑹𝟐 = 𝟏𝒌, 𝑹𝟑 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝒌, 𝑹𝟒 =

𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌(Saturation):

Input-output graph when 𝑹𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝒌, 𝑹𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝒌, 𝑹𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎𝒌, 𝑹𝟒 =

𝟏𝟎𝒌(Subtraction):
4. Inverting Integrator:
For the inverting integrator, the output voltage,
1
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − ∫ 𝑉𝑖 𝑑𝑡
𝑅𝐶
Schematic diagram:

For sine wave:

1 𝑡2
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − ∫ sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑅𝐶 𝑡1
1
∴ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = [cos 𝜔𝑡 ]𝑡𝑡21
2𝜋𝑓𝑅𝐶
For the unsaturation region,
|𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 | < 15
1
⇒ [cos 𝜔𝑡 ]𝑡𝑡21 < 15
2𝜋𝑓𝑅𝐶
2 𝑡
⇒ 𝑅𝐶 > [∵ ([cos 𝜔𝑡 ]𝑡21 ) = 2, 𝑓 = 1𝑘𝐻𝑧 ]
2000𝜋 × 15 𝑚𝑎𝑥

∴ 𝑅𝐶 > 2.122 × 10−5

Considering 𝑅𝐶 = 500 × 10−6 where 𝑅 = 1𝑘, 𝐶 = 0.5𝑢𝐹
Input-output graph for a sinusoidal signal:

For rectangular wave:

1 𝑡2 1
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 =− ∫ 1 𝑑𝑡 = − [𝑡 ]𝑡𝑡21
𝑅𝐶 𝑡1 𝑅𝐶

For the unsaturation region,

|𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 | < 15
1 𝑡
⇒ |[𝑡 ]𝑡21 | < 15
𝑅𝐶
0.5 × 10−3 𝑡
⇒ 𝑅𝐶 > [∵ (|[𝑡 ]𝑡21 |) = 0.5 × 10−3 ]
15 𝑚𝑎𝑥

∴ 𝑅𝐶 > 3.33 × 10−5

Considering 𝑅𝐶 = 5 × 10−4 where 𝑅 = 1𝑘, 𝐶 = 0.5𝑢𝐹
Input-output graph for a rectangular signal:

For triangular wave:

Taking the two points of the signal, (0, −1), (0.25 × 10−3 , 0),
The equation stands,
𝑉𝑖 − 0 𝑡 − 0.25 × 10−3
=
0 + 1 0.25 × 10−3 − 0
∴ 𝑉𝑖 = 4000𝑡 − 1
1 𝑡2 1
∴ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 =− ∫ (4000𝑡 − 1) 𝑑𝑡 = − [2000𝑡 2 − 𝑡 ]𝑡𝑡21
𝑅𝐶 𝑡1 𝑅𝐶

For the unsaturation region,

|𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 | < 15
1 𝑡
⇒ |[2000𝑡 2 − 𝑡 ]𝑡21 | < 15
𝑅𝐶
[2000𝑡 2 − 𝑡 ]𝑡𝑡21
⇒ 𝑅𝐶 >
15
1.25 × 10−4
⇒ 𝑅𝐶 >
15
∴ 𝑅𝐶 > 8.333 × 10−6
Considering 𝑅𝐶 = 10−5 where 𝑅 = 25𝑘, 𝐶 = 1𝑢𝐹
Input-output graph for a triangular signal:
5. Inverting Differentiator :
For the inverting differentiator, the output voltage,
𝑑𝑉𝑖
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −𝑅𝐶
𝑑𝑡
Schematic diagram:
For sine wave:
𝑑
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −𝑅𝐶 (sin 𝜔𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡
∴ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −2𝜋𝑓𝑅𝐶 cos 𝜔𝑡
For the unsaturation region,
|𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 | < 15
⇒ 2𝜋𝑓𝑅𝐶 |cos 𝜔𝑡 | < 15
15 15
⇒ 𝑅𝐶 < = [∵ (|cos 𝜔𝑡 |)𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1]
2𝜋𝑓 |cos 𝜔𝑡 | 2𝜋 × 1000 × 1
∴ 𝑅𝐶 < 2.39 × 10−3
Considering 𝑅𝐶 = 5 × 10−4 where 𝑅 = 1𝑘, 𝐶 = 500𝑛𝐹
Input-output graph for a sinusoidal signal:
For rectangular wave:
1 𝑑
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − (1) = 0
𝑅𝐶 𝑑𝑡
Considering 𝑅𝐶 = 2 × 10−4 where 𝑅 = 500, 𝐶 = 5𝑛𝐹

Input-output graph for a rectangular signal:

For triangular wave:

Taking the two points of the signal, (0, −1), (0.25 × 10−3 , 0),
The equation stands,
𝑉𝑖 − 0 𝑡 − 0.25 × 10−3
=
0 + 1 0.25 × 10−3 − 0
∴ 𝑉𝑖 = 4000𝑡 − 1
𝑑
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −𝑅𝐶 (4000𝑡 − 1)
𝑑𝑡
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −4000𝑅𝐶
For the unsaturation region,
|𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 | < 15
⇒ 4000𝑅𝐶 < 15
∴ 𝑅𝐶 < 3.75 × 10−3
Input-output graph for a triangular signal(𝑹𝒊 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎, 𝑪𝟏 = 𝟓𝒏𝑭):
 CIRCUIT OUTPUT
𝑹𝒇 = 𝟏𝒌 𝑹𝒇 = 𝟏𝟎𝒌 𝑹𝒇 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌
Inverting Input is
Inverted and
Multiplier inverted, not Distorted
amplified(10𝑉)
amplified

𝑹𝒇 = 𝟏𝒌 𝑹𝒇 = 𝟏𝟎𝒌 𝑹𝒇 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌
Inputs are not
Inverting Summer amplified, Output is mildly
Distorted
rather inverted distorted
and added.
𝑹𝟏 = 𝟒𝒌, 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝒌, 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝒌, 𝑹𝟐
= 𝟏𝒌, 𝑹𝟑 = 𝟏𝒌, 𝑹𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎𝒌, 𝑹𝟑
= 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒌, 𝑹𝟒 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒌, 𝑹𝟒 = 𝟏𝟎𝒌, 𝑹𝟒
= 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌 = 𝟏𝟎𝒌
Differential
Difference of the
Amplifier input is Subtraction
amplified 4 Distorted graph is
times and in obtained
non-saturation
𝑽𝒊 = 𝑽𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑽𝒊 = 𝑽𝒓𝒆𝒄 𝑽𝒊 = 𝑽𝒕𝒓𝒊
(𝑹 = 𝟏𝒌, (𝑹 = 𝟏𝒌, (𝑹 = 𝟐𝟓𝒌,
𝑪 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒏𝑭) 𝑪 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒏𝑭) 𝑪 = 𝟏𝒏𝑭)

Inverting
Integrator
The output is
Triangular wave Parabolic wave
sinusoidal

𝑽𝒊 = 𝑽𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑽𝒊 = 𝑽𝒓𝒆𝒄 𝑽𝒊 = 𝑽𝒕𝒓𝒊

(𝑹 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎, (𝑹 = 𝟏𝒌, (𝑹 = 𝟏𝒌,
𝑪 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒏𝑭) 𝑪 = 𝟏𝒏𝑭) 𝑪 = 𝟏𝒏𝑭)

Inverting
Differentiator
Sinusoidal 0 Pulse Wave
 Homework Problem:
1. Generating pulse train using op-amp:
The pulse train can be made using a comparator circuit.
In the circuit,
𝑉𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑠 ; 𝑉1 > 𝑉2
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = {
−𝑉𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑠 ; 𝑉1 < 𝑉2
Now, the period of the pulse train is 0.3 + 0.5 = 0.8𝑠
So, the period of the input signal is also 0.8𝑠.
Now, for the 3s pulse, the time delay should be,
0.7
( ) − 0.2
2 = 0.075𝑠
2
Besides, the value of the input DC voltage will be,
2𝜋 2𝜋
sin 𝑡 = sin ( × 0.075) = 0.62349𝑉
𝑇 0.7
Schematic diagram:
Generation of pulse wave:

The blue signal is the desired output.

 2. Generating a rectifier using op-amps only:
This can be done by passing through the signals through an inverting and
follower circuit.
Because for the inverting circuit and proper biasing, only inverting positive cycle
can be obtained.
Using the follower circuit and proper biasing, the negative cycle can be obtained
only.
Finally, passing them through an inverting summer results in a rectified output.
Here LM358 op-amp is used instead of the uA741 as LM358 can cause more
precise biasing than the uA741.

Schematic Diagram:
Input-output relationship: