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DLogic
which is either n.
Aplopasitian isa deelaatie serteence

propositin is called -teutology if its treth value is elawayr

A
tue.
Cantradictian t its thtth
Aproposihn is caled ortise
Value is alauays -false
A propasition hich is ncther tautoloy nor Cnttadictin is
called ctingeAcy

LocitCAL ONNECTIVES OR LoGICAL OERATIoNS

wwe Can cam bine t Y moe propsitin to torn new propus
tin
D huth table -
The Connectives Can be reprsented using thuth ta bles,
which give thruth valucs for all pesi ble Gom bintins of
propositions.
hus in general, f the numbe of prpositions in is then.
the num ber of Combinations of tath vaue is gven by 1

pisiunctien Cv)-oR also ca lled) -

The disJunctin of t o uitions p and q s denoted as p v¹.
His pro position,which s felse, if both pand q are false
otherise itis true
truth tabe le aso repres ented as,
T.

T T
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3) Caniunctians C) -AND also called )

The Goninction of buo propasitions pand gis denoted as
pag Itis a propsitim, which is tnue, f both pandg
ahe true. otheise i-ts fetlse
tYuth tabele aso epresent as -

F
F F
FF T

It is a unaYy connective. ie cpplies on onby one proposition.

The neyatin of anc plapasitin pis dented es P or 1f or
Vp. It is a popositn which s true, if pap is.false and it
is false if pisttue.
TYuth tabe ata eesentt
PorPorvp

Tt cen be observed theat pveis a tatology cnd p^f is a Con

ttadiction.

FIT

DEXcusNe a - (@) -Ex-R alto cales)

The exclusive oot t o pro sitns pand ? is deno ted as
p e2 t is a pro pustion, wrhich is the,if thyuth value o
pand g 4re defer different. btherise itis false
 136

tuth table. also repsented as

Tt cn be noted that pai is eguikalent te

(PA 7) Y(PA)
PA1
T

T FlT
TT FLF ,F F

E) Conditiona! ( ) inphication
The peypositiane 4 i read as t? then 4" "p implies
7". ps 2is false if p istrue and is tese. otherarise His
trye Tt Can be noted that >4is equ
truth table Valent to gpYe.
P ttuth table
FF
F F|T
T t

|T IT

biconditieral ( a )
The propstin Pa is read es p fand any q" or pdauble
ipli cation 2. pas 2 is tue if both pand ? have Sune
trutth alue:
 Page No. 135

Date T

trth table
T

P|T

Tt can be noted thet p eis euivalent to 7 Po).

(P2) AC2p, and (pAC?v nT).

t T
F: T

F
T U
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Conp erties Symbol NaFe f coespnding

Campotnd sterteimeot
ANO Condunction
Disanetico
NET Negatioa
IETHEN Goaditianel
IEE bicmditignal

4 p>9 is a çonditional statemert

Converse -

e%-) Express the Contromstie, Conveise, inverse and negartiontn

of the conditinal Statement given below.
Tf x iS ratinel, then x iS ral.
P: xs rationl
2) eis real
Symbolic form': p->e
Converse C2) i tfxisreal,then *is Yational
Toverse C p-Dn): f xis net ratinal then iis not real
cnttapesitive (vg-v): f eiS notreal then is not' rotinal:
Tf 3<b and l+! = 2,, theh Sin >a
Symbolic frmi- Cpnz)>r
Cmvelse ) [r>Cpn- sfsin 3=t hen band I+

Contta PasitVeY> (pvas)]i f sin ) t4 then tb

 Page No 133

0ate T
ex- CP^) N (ev9)
>Pglpvelvcpv)l
F
cen)nvCeV)
F
F

TT
T
F

Here unseris contradictim beCause in the last Gonumn

Cene)A vCov2) all values are F means false.
2 (052) (eyv)
F T
T
F
T

tautology

Her 2(e-)->(P Ans

F F

USe
FT
F|T T T
for 9eTP T T T

fuste
ansuret
F
T
T.

T TI.T

ans is tauttology
 Page No 132

Date

* Phe by cqnstrctig th tahe P-(2v)= (P)v(P->)

2Vr P(2v) p p r (eve)

T
F T T
T

T T

T
T T T F T

T|TT T T

Here all the clenents in the columa no, T and II arr identilal
 Paxge No 131

Dat

NoRMAL foRMs i

* Disiuctive Noksnel -fsn CONE)

A statement -folon ehich consist of oisiunctin be-tueeen coni
uncian is Called .ONE.

Con duntive Nokaalform CCNE)

Astatement form etwhich Consist of, Coniunctisn between
disiunction ,is called CNE.

ex- obtain DNF

) VE]vLFV CpngJ - comm.L

 Page No 130
Date

ex 1) TeA tht validity a the atgunent I peison is par, he it

unhagy. f a persn is unhapay, he dies yaung Therrfoe
PavY peron dies young
P perSon is poor
ti peson is unhagy
persn dier yung
Symbolit faimi:
S, P’2

S,.
abeve algument is valid. Cacrding to hypothe tical syllgi
>Determine chether the argument is alid or not. zí i try
hard and I haretalent then Iueill secorme u musician
Tf I be Cone musican,thent will be hagpy. thereire
ifr will not be hapay thent did inot try hard orI
not haVe talent
piItoy bard. Symbalicform
2is hare talont
r! I i becsme musiian
I will be happy
aae atgunent is jnvalide

Quantfers
[umiversal Existenttal
-> deno ted by ’ dented by 3)
DTherc esists atst nt
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Date:

pradicatei
s a primee num ber.
Here cabve eanpt thert nogìye pimem number
give ny vanable thats why t is pra dicate

Negation of Qcentified statment

ex Let pC) : e is even

RC,: y. is eveh.
iS Every inteyer a an odd integer

i) Exery eiteger is even or ada prime

ii) The Seii f any t o integers is en odd integer

Negate each otthe -follaing Setettements.

I ) e , lx|=
Ans I- Be,Ix(#x Ans- x, e .

Ngate the tollaing.

i ) t there /s a Yiot, then SontoDe it killed.
Tt is day light and all the poeqple are aniten
Ah ttis not the case thatll (| - dnd ii
 Page Na 128

Date

Pelatins &fenctins

ex-) Let
A=2C ), C,3), (4), (2, ), (2, 4), C44)}
2. 3 4
Rony Column
2
Cai,aj
3 1 Ci<) =1

2) If A={l,3, 4, 5, 6 o aRb f adiides b for ab EA fnd

matrix,

6X6

Relationmatrx qelation -
if A

AG
A.B
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Date

eN) A= L, 3, 4, 5, 6and a Rb if alb la diviedes b).

draw diagrarn
(2,6), Cs), c3, 6), (4. ) Cs, s), C6, 6)3

Special types of Relatin

in verseLcoerse relatiar CR/R)
Sjap i lnese
>Complement relation CR (R')

A=fci, a), (2,a), (2, a), ( 4,a)3.

Snd
R= {lyb), C2y b), 0,b), (, 6) 3
S = { C,a), lI,b),c'ya), (2sb)}

Rus =Ct,a), C2,a), (yb), (3,b, (4, b)}.(I, b)3

te Relatian CR,aLR, R)
Composi
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Tyre reatians
Reflexive elation
ex- Let A= Sl, 1, 3, 43

- Hert R is eflexive lation be Case C, 12 C2,4)

- Here R is not tflexiye nlation bÇcause there not

c4,4).

2
Ireflexive velaton -
ex

-Here R is not imeflexive becuuse cyi, Ca,2) Ca)

-Here R is irreflexiye becauje C 2), (23).

3)9 symmetdc relatin

Ro (1, ), C2,2), C4t), (34)3

- ere Rs is Symme tric helaue C4, 2) (2,)
Hert Re is natymmetric because thehe not Ca, (b,a)
4 D Antiymmetric elatian i
eye- Relatin R=[,), C2,)g on set is antisy mmetm
c beceuse C2,lD is in R bt CI,) s not in Rz
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Date T

S TaNitive rlation -
Re=C4, 1), C3!), C3, 2), l4,4) isa ttansitive becase
C3, 2), C2,1) and C3, l) are there in Rr
Rg =C2,D, C,D}not transiiye as (21)and ClsJJ
am there in Rg but there isno Ce)in relation Rg

6) Asymnetric relatiami
ex A y , 3, 43
Ri= C, 1), Cy2), (,3)jis hot as asymetric ie latios

Ri>li,2), Cl), ( 2y3). s asymmetic relatim: beo lu