Properties of Concrete as a

Construction Material
Engr. Sam Olarte, CE
Content
• Topic 01: Definition of
Terms

• Topic 02: Properties of

Concrete

• Topic 03: Other Properties

of Concrete

• Topic 04: Composition of

Concrete
Concrete is one of the major construction materials of today, as most
of the structures, building or non – building is constructed with
concrete because of its durability and ease of installation and
manufacturing. In this Learning Packet the students shall learn the
basic knowledge on Reinforced Concrete Design.

Concrete is a mixture of water, cement, sand, gravel, crushed stones,

or other aggregates. The aggregates are held together in a rocklike
mass with a paste of cement and water.
Concrete Proportions
Proportions of materials for concrete shall be established to provide:
a. workability and consistency to permit concrete to be worked
readily into forms and around reinforcement under conditions of
placement to be employed, without segregation;
b. Resistance to special exposures, and
c. Conformance with strength test requirements

Where different materials are to be used for different portions of

proposed work, each combination shall be evaluated. Concrete
proportions, including water – cement ratio, shall be established
based on field experience and trial mixtures.
STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

1. COLUMN
• Tied Columns
• Spiral Columns

2. BEAM –lateral members that resist vertical loads.

• Singly Reinforced Beams
• Doubly Reinforced Beams
• Deep Beams
• T- Beams
STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
3. WALL – member, usually vertical, used to enclose or separate spaces.

4. SLABS –considered as a wide, shallow, rectangular beam.

• One – way Slabs
• Two – way Slabs

5. FOOTING – structural members used to support columns or walls and

transmit their load to the underlying soils.
• Wall footing
• Isolated footing
• Combined footing
• Mat footing
• Piles
CONCRETE – Mixture of Portland cement or any other hydraulic
cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregates and water, with or without
admixtures.

REINFORCED CONCRETE – concrete reinforced with no less than the

minimum amount required, prestressed or nonprestressed and
designed on the assumption that the two materials act together in
resisting forces.

PLAIN CONCRETE – concrete that does not conform to definition of

reinforced concrete.

PRE-CAST CONCRETE – plain or reinforced concrete element cast

elsewhere that its final position in structure.
LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE – has an air – dry unit weight not exceeding
1900 kg/ cu.m. It is a concrete lighter in weight that ordinary sand – and –
gravel concrete is used principally to reduce dead load, or for thermal
insulation, nailability or fill. Disadvantage of lightweight structural
concrete include higher cost, need for more care in placing, greater
porosity, and more drying shrinkage. For a give percentage of cement,
usually the lighter the concrete, the lower the strength.

HEAVYWEIGHT CONCRETE
Concrete weighing up to about 60.5 kN/m3 can be produced by using
heavier – than – ordinary aggregate. Theoretically, the upper limit can be
achieved with steel shot as fine aggregates and steel punching as coarse
aggregate. The heavy concrete is used principally in radiations shields and
counterweights.
CEMENT – binding agent of concrete primarily or mortar.

AGGREGATE – Granular materials, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, and iron
blast – furnace slag, used with a cementing medium to from concrete or mortar.

**Fine Aggregates – those that passes through sieve No. 4 (about 6mm in size)
**Coarse Aggregate – materials retained from sieve No. 4 (greater than 6mm)
**The nominal maximum sizes of coarse aggregate are specified in Section 5.3.3
of NSCP

• 1/5 of the narrowest dimension between sides of forms

• 1/3 the depth of slabs
• 3/4 the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or
wires, bundles of bars or prestressing tendons or ducts.
WATER – water used in mixing concrete shall be clean and free from injurious
amounts of oils, acids, alkalis, salts, organic materials, orother substances that
may be deleterious

ADMIXTURE – Material other than water, aggregate or cement, used as an

ingredient of concrete and added to concrete before or during its mixing to
modify its properties.
METAL REINFORCEMENT – metal reinforcement in concrete shall be
deformed, except that plain reinforcement be permitted for spirals or
tendons.

PLAIN REINFORCEMENT – reinforcement that does not conform to the

definition of deformed reinforcement

DEFORMED REINFORCEMENT – deformed reinforcing bars, bar mats,

deformed wire, welded plain wire fabric and welded deformed wire fabric.

SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT – continuously wound reinforcement in the form

of a cylindrical helix.
STIRRUPS – Reinforcement used to resist shear and torsion stresses in a
structural member.

TIE – loop of reinforcing bar or wore enclosing longitudinal

reinforcement.

TENDON – steel element such as wire, cable, bar, rod, or strand or a

bundle of such elements, used to impart prestress to concrete.

EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF SECTION – distance measured from extreme

compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement.
FORCES AND LOADINGS

LOADS – the most important and most critical task of an engineer is

the determination of the loads that can be applied to a structure during
its life, and worst possible combination of these loads that might occur
simultaneously. Loads on a structure may be classified as dead loads
or live loads.
DEADLOAD – dead weight supported by a member. Loads of
constant magnitude that remain in one position. This consists mainly
of the weight of the structure and other permanent attachments to the
frame.

LIVELOAD – loads that may change in magnitude and position. Live

loads that move under their own power are called moving loads.
Other live loads are those caused by wind, rain, earthquakes, soils
and temperature changes.
LATERAL LOADS – winds and earthquake loads.
FACTORED LOAD – load multiplied by appropriate load
factors, used to proportion members by the strength design
method.
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY – ratio of normal stress to corresponding
strain for tensile or compressive stresses below proportional limit.
**According to NSCP (Section 5.8.5), modulus of Elasticity for concrete
for values of weight between 1500 to 2500 kg/cu.m may be taken as

Ec = wc1.5 0.043 f′c (MPa)

Where f’c is the 28-day compressive strength of concrete in MPa.

**For normal weight concrete: Ec = 4700 f′c

**Modulus of elasticity of steel for non-prestressed reinforcement is

200,000 MPa
NOMINAL STRENGTH – strength of a member or cross-
section before application of any strength reduction factors.

REQUIRED STRENGTH – strength of a member or cross

section required to resist factored loads or related internal
moments and forces in such combinations.
PROPERTIES OF
CONCRETE
A. Compressive Strength

- Strength denoted by fc' - compressive strength of test

cylinder 6" diameter by 12" high at 28 days
- Affected by water-cement ratio
- For normal weight concrete, cylinder strength is
approximately 80% of 150mm (6") cube strength & 83%
of 200mm (8") cube strength
B. Tensile Strength
- Determined using the split cylinder test
- Computed Stress:
𝟐𝑷
𝝅𝒅𝑳
- Approximately 10%-15% of the compressive strength
- Tensile strength for normal weight concrete:

𝒇𝒄𝒕 = 𝟔 𝒇𝒄′ 𝒕𝒐 𝟕 𝒇𝒄′

C. Tensile Strength in Flexure (Modulus of
Rupture)
- Determined by beam test
- Computed stress:
𝑴𝑪
𝑰
- Modulus of rupture:
𝒇𝒓 = 𝟕. 𝟓 𝒇𝒄′
D. Modulus of Elasticity
- Varies with strength
- Initial Modulus, Tangent Modulus, & Secant Modulus
- Secant Modulus at from 25% to 50% of the compressive strength is
considered to be the modulus of elasticity
- For many years was approximated as 1000*fc'

- 𝐸𝑐 = 33 ∗ 𝑤 1.5 𝑓𝑐′

- For normal weight concrete:

English : 𝐄𝐜 = 𝟓𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒄′

SI : : 𝐄𝐜 = 𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒄′
E. Creep
- Is a continued deformation with
time under sustained loads at
unit stresses within an accepted
elastic range (below 0.5*fc')
- Total magnitude may be several
times as large as short-time
elastic deformation
Factors affecting creep:

- Composition and fineness of cement, admixtures, size,

grading,, and mineral content of the aggregates
- Proportions such as water content and water-cement ratio
- Curing temperature and humidity
- Relative humidity during period of use
- Age at loading
- Duration of loading
- Magnitude of stress
- Surface-volume ratio of the member
- Slump
 • Creep Coefficient

𝑡 0.6
𝐶𝑡 = 0.6
∗ 𝐶𝑢
10 + 𝑡
𝑡 = 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝐶𝑢 = 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑝 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
Average value of Cu = 2.35 for standard conditions (4 inch or less
slump, 40% relative humidity, moist cured, loading age or 7
days)
Shrinkage – volume change unrelated to load application
𝑡
𝑒𝑠ℎ = ∗ 𝑒𝑠ℎ , 𝑢
35 + 𝑡
𝑡 = 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝑖𝑛
𝑒𝑠ℎ , 𝑢 = 800 𝑥106 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑖𝑛
Other Properties of Concrete
• Fire Protection
• Corrosion Protection
COMPOSITION OF
CONCRETE
A.Cement - ASTM C150
• TYPE I – ordinary construction where special properties are not
required
• TYPE II – ordinary construction when moderate sulfate resistance
or moderate heat of hydration is desired
• TYPE III - when high early strength is desired; has considerably
higher heat of hydration than type I cement
• TYPE IV – when low heat of hydration is desired
• TYPE V – when high sulfate resistance is desired
B. Aggregates – Specs: ASTM C33
• [Test Procedure: ASTM C136]
• Maximum aggregate size
• Gradation
• Quality of aggregates
C. Admixture
• Air-Entraining Admixtures
Causes air in the form of minute bubbles to be dispersed throughout the
concrete mix to increase workability and resistance to deterioration
• Accelerating Admixtures
• Water- Reducing & Set-Controlling Admixtures
Water reducing admixtures are finely divided materials including pozzolans
such as fly-ash, slag, and micro-silica.
Set-retarding admixtures are used primarily to offset the accelerating and
damaging effects of high temperature
• Admixtures for Flowing Concrete
Flowing concrete – “concrete that is characterized as having a slump
greater than 7-1/2 in (190mm) while maintaining a cohesive nature”
• Type I – Plasticizing admixture
• Type II – Plasticizing & retarding admixture
• Miscellaneous Admixtures
Gas-forming, grouting, expansion-producing, bonding, pumping aids,
coloring, flocculating, fungicidal, germicidal, insecticidal, damp-proofing,
permeability-reducing, admixture to reduce alkali- aggregate expansion,
corrosion-inhibiting.
Reinforced Concrete in
the Context of
Structural Analysis
Engr. Sam Olarte, CE
CONCRETE REINFORCING STEEL
Proportional limit

In a stress-strain curve, stress and

strain follow a relationship this is
known as Hooke’s law.
Proportional limit is observed
along the graph that shows stress
directly followed the strain. This
means ratio of stress and strain
remains constant.
Deformed Bar Designation Numbers, Nominal weights, Nominal Dimensions, and Deformation Requirements, (English)S

Nominal Dimensions A Deformation Requirements, in

Bar Cross
Nominal sectional Maximum Minimal Maximum Gap (Chord of
Designatio Diameter Perimeter
Weights Lb/ft area Average Average 12.5% of
n No. in. in.
Spacing Height nominal Parimeter)
(sq. in)
3 0.376 0.375 0.11 1.178 0.262 0.015 0.143
4 0.668 0.500 0.20 1.571 0.350 0.020 0.191
5 1.043 0.625 0.31 1.963 0.437 0.028 0.239
6 1.502 0.750 0.44 2.358 0.525 0.038 0.288
7 2.044 0.876 0.60 2.749 0.612 0.044 0.334
8 2.670 1.000 0.79 3.142 0.700 0.050 0.383
9 3.400 1.128 1.00 3.544 0.790 0.058 0.431
10 4.303 1.270 1.27 3.990 0.888 0.064 0.487
11 5.313 1.410 1.56 4.430 0.987 0.071 0.540
14 7.65 1.693 2.25 5.32 1.185 0.085 0.648
18 13.60 2.257 4.00 7.09 1.58 0.102 0.864
Deformed Bar Designation Numbers, Nominal weights, Nominal Dimensions, and Deformation Requirements,
(SI Units)
Nominal Dimensions A Deformation Requirements, in
Maximum
Bar Nominal Cross Gap
sectional Maximum Minimal
Designati Weights Diameter Perimeter (Chord of
area Average Average
on No. kg/m mm. mm. 12.5% of
Spacing Height
(sq. mm) nominal
Parimeter)
10 0.785 11.3 100 35.5 7.9 0.45 4.4
15 1.570 16.0 200 50.3 11.2 0.72 6.3
20 2.355 19.5 300 61.3 13.6 0.98 7.7
25 3.925 25.2 500 79.2 17.6 1.26 9.9
30 5.495 29.9 700 93.9 20.9 1.48 11.7
35 7.850 35.7 1000 112.2 25.0 1.79 14.0
45 11.775 43.7 1500 137.3 30.6 2.20 17.2
55 19.625 56.4 2500 177.2 39.4 2.55 22.2
Criteria of a Good Reinforcing Steel Bar:

• Surface of the bar is provided with lugs or protrusions

(deformations)
• Tensile Properties Requirement
• Bend-Test Specimen shall stand being bent around a
pin without cracking on the outside of the bent portion.
c. Weldability

- Steels with carbon contents less than 0.35% are

considered to be readily weldable
- AWS D1.4: Carbon content for #7 (22mm) bars and
larger should be less than 0.45% and for #6 (19mm) and
smaller should be less than 0.55% in order to weld them.
- If the carbon content exceeds the above values, the
bars must be preheated
STRUCTURAL LOADINGS
Gravity Loads
Gravity Loads are the vertical forces applied to a structure.
These loads are either in placed or moving. It is a critical task
for an engineer to determine all possible loads that may
affect the structure.

Loads and appropriate load combination is to be determine

to be used together for strength design and allowable stress
design
Typical Load
According to NSCP:

MATERIAL DEAD LOAD MATERIAL DEAD LOAD

CONCRETE, 23.56 KN/CU.M CONCRETE, 23.56
REINFORCED REINFORCED KN/CU.M
MASONRY 2.50 – 2.84 KPA MASONRY (FULL 2.50 – 2.84
(FULL GROUT) GROUT) KPA
CEMENT FINISH 1.53 KPA. CEMENT FINISH 1.53 KPA.
(25MM) (25MM)
Allowable Stress Design (ASD) is a method of proportioning and
designing structural members such that elastically computed stresses
produced in the members by nominal loads do not exceed specified
allowable stress. It is also known as working stress design.

Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) is a method of

proportioning and designing structural elements using loads and
resistance factors such that no applicable limit state is reached when
the structure is subjected to all appropriate load combination. This is
mostly used in the design of steel structures.
Dead Loads are loads of constant magnitude that remain in one position.
This consists of the weights of all materials and fixed equipment
incorporated into the building or other structure.

Live Loads are those loads produced by the use and occupancy of the
building or other structure and do not include dead load, construction
loads or environmental loads.

Factored Load is the product of a load specified in Sections 204 through

208 of the NSCP, and a load factor.
Risk Categories for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE 7)
I. Buildings and other structures that represent a “low hazard to human
life in the event of failure”, such as agricultural facilities, certain temporary
facilities, and minor storage facilities.
II. Buildings and other structures that do not fall into categories I, III, IV
III. Buildings or other structures that represent a substantial hazard to
human life in the event of failure, such as assembly occupancies, schools,
and detention facilities.
IV. Buildings and other structures designated as essential facilities, such
as hospitals, fire and police stations, communication centers, and power-
generating stations and facilities; Buildings that contain sufficient quantity of
highly toxic or explosive substance that pose a significant threat to the
public if released.
2.3 Occupancy Categories according to NSCP

I. ESSENTIAL FACILITIES
• Occupancies having surgery and emergency treatment areas
• Fire and police stations
• Garages and shelters for emergency vehicles and emergency aircraft
• Structures and shelters in emergency preparedness centers
• Aviation control towers
• Structures and equipment in communication centers and other facilities required for
emergency response
• Facilities for standby power-generating equipment for Category I structures
• Tanks or other structures containing housing or supporting water or other fire-
suppression material or equipment required for the protection of Category I, II, III, IV, and V
structures
• Public school buildings
• Hospitals
• Designated evacuation centers
• Power and communication lines (from Cat III to Cat I)
II. HAZARDOUS FACILITIES
• Occupancies and structures housing or supporting toxic or
explosive chemicals or substances
• Non-building structures storing, supporting or containing
quantities of toxic or explosive substances

III. SPECIAL OCCUPANCY STRUCTURES

• Buildings with an assembly room with an occupant capacity of
1,000 or more
• Educational buildings such as museums, libraries, auditorium with
a capacity of 300 or more occupants
• Buildings used for college or adult education with a capacity of 500
or more occupants
• Institutional buildings with 50 or more incapacitated patients,
but not included in Category I
• Mental hospitals, sanitariums, jails, prisons and other buildings
where personal liberties or inmates are similarly restrained
• Churches, mosques, and other religious facilities
• All structures with an occupancy of 5,000 or more persons
• Structures and equipment in power-generating stations, and
other public utility facilities not included in Category I or II, and
required for continued operations
IV. STANDARD OCCUPANCY STRUCTURES
• All structures housing occupancies or having functions not
listed in Category I, II or III, and Category V

V. MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES
• Private garages, carports, sheds, and fences over 1.5m high
Combinations of Loads

Buildings, towers and other vertical structures and all portions thereof
shall be designed to resist the loads combination specified in this module.
The most critical effect can occur when one or more of the contributing
loads are not acting. All applicable loads shall be considered, including
both earthquake and wind, in accordance with the specified load
combination
D Dead Load
E Earthquake load
Em Estimated maximum earthquake force that can be developed in the structure.
F Loads due to fluids with well – defined pressures and maximum heights
H Load due to lateral pressure of soil and water in soil
L Live Load, except roof live load, including any permitted live load reduction
Lr Roof live load
P Ponding load
R Rain Load on the undeflected roof
Self – straining force and effects arising from contraction or expansion
resulting from temperature change, shrinkage, moisture change, creep in
T
component materials, movement due to differential settlement, or
combination
W Wind Load
 Load Combination Primary Loads
1.4 D D
1.2 D + 1.6 L + 0.5 (LR or R) L
1.2 D + 1.6 (LR or R) + 1.0
LR or R
(L or 0.50 W)
1.2 D + 1.0 W + 1.0 L + 0.50
W
(LR or R)
1.2 D + 1.0 E +1.0 L E
0.90 D + 1.0 W W
0.9 D + 1.0 E E
 Dead Load, D 1.2
Live Load, L 1.6
Earthquake, E 1.0
Wind Load, W 1.0
Lateral Pressure, H 1.6
Other Loads, P 1.2
Dead Loads

Dead loads consist of the weight of all materials of

construction incorporated into the building or other
structure, including but not limited to walls, floors, roofs,
ceilings, stairways, built-in partitions, finishes, cladding and
other similarly incorporated architectural and structural
items and fixed service equipment, including the weight of
cranes.
** see Table 204 – 2 of NSCP 2015 for other Materials
Live Loads
Live loads shall be the maximum loads expected by the intended use or purpose of
the structure, that shall be not less than the loads required by Section 205 of NSCP
2015.

Floor Live loads

Floors shall be designed for the unit live loads according to the NSCP. Those loads
shall be taken as the minimum live loads of horizontal projection to be used in the
design of buildings for the occupations listed, and loads at least equal shall be
assumed for uses not listed in Section 2 of the NSCP but that can accommodate
similar loadings.

Concentrated Loads
Floors shall be designed to support safely the uniformly distributed live loads
prescribed in Section 2 of NSCP, whichever produces the greatest load effects.

Note: see Table 205-1 Minimum Uniform and Concentrated Live Loads, NSCP 2015
STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR ϕ
Tension Controlled Section 0.90
Compression Controlled Sections
• Members with spiral reinforcement 0.75
• Other reinforced members 0.70

Shear and Torsion 0.85

Bearing on Concrete 0.70
Post-Tensioned Anchorage Zones 0.80