Matrix Operations

Numerical Solutions to CE Problems

 Learning Outcomes
After completing this lesson, students will be able to:

Demonstrate an understanding of the structure and terminology of

matrices.

Perform computations involving matrix operations accurately.

 Matrix
A rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns denoted as m x n
within a bracket.

Parts of a Matrix
Order/Size of a Matrix
The dimensions of a matrix, expressed as rows (m)
a 11 a 12 a 1n
x columns (n).
a 21 a 22 a 2n
Row Index (i) – first subscript of element m
Column Index (j) – second subscript of element a ij
Elements a m1 a m2 a mn
The individual numbers in a matrix, represented by ,
where m is the row number and n is the column
number. n
 TYPES OF MATRICES
1. Vector Matrix
𝑎11
1.1 Column Vector or Column Matrix- is a matrix with only 𝑎21
m rows and one column (m x 1) 𝑎31

1.2 Row Vector or Row Matrix- is a matrix with only one 𝑎12 𝑎12 𝑎13
row and n columns (1 x n)

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

2. Square Matrix- is a matrix whose number of rows m is 𝑎11 𝑎12
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
equal to the number of columns n. 𝑎21 𝑎22
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
 TYPES OF MATRICES

2.1 Triangular Matrix

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
2.1.1 Upper Triangular Matrix- is a square matrix in which 0 𝑎22 𝑎23
all elements below the main diagonal are equal to zero. 0 0 𝑎33
𝑎11 0 0
2.1.2 Lower Triangular Matrix- is a square matrix in which 𝑎21 𝑎22 0
all elements above the main diagonal are equal to zero. 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

2.2 Diagonal Matrix- is a square matrix in which every element 𝑎11 0 0

not on the principal diagonal is zero 0 𝑎22 0
0 0 𝑎33
 TYPES OF MATRICES
5 0 0
2.2.1 Scalar Matrix- is a diagonal matrix where all entries 0 5 0
along the principal diagonals are all equal. a11=a22=ann 0 0 5

2.2.1.1 Identity Matrix - is a scalar matrix whose elements 1 0 0

0 1 0
along the principal diagonal are all equal to 1 0 0 1

2.3 Symmetric Matrix- is a square in which all entry on one 𝑎11 1 2

side of the principal is equal to the symmetrically loaded 1 𝑎22 3
entry of the other side of the principal diagonal. 2 3 𝑎33

3. Null or Zero Matrix – is a matrix whose elements are 0 0 0

all equal to zero. 0 0 0
0 0 0
Matrix Operations: ADDITION/SUBTRACTION OF MATRICES
The sum of matrices is obtained by adding or subtracting the corresponding
entries of two matrices which have the same size.

Addition/Subtraction of Matrices is COMMUTATIVE

A+B=B+A

Addition/Subtraction of Matrices is ASSOCIATIVE

A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C = (A + C) + B
 Matrix Operations: SCALAR MULTIPLICATION

Let A = [ A ij ] and k be a scalar, then

kA = [ kA ij ]

Example:

1 -2 3 -6
A= , scalar k = 3 k A=
3 0 9 0
Matrix Operations: MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
Multiplication of a matrices A (m x p) and B (p x n) can be done only if the
number of columns A is equal to the number of rows B (conformable).

A x B = (m x p) (p x n) = (m x n)

It is not commutative: AB BA

It is associative: (AB)C = A(BC)

It is distributive: A(B + C) = AB + AC
Example Find the size of each product when product is define:

1 (2 x 4)(4 x 5)

2 (2 x 3) (3 x 1)

3 (5 x 2)(5 x 1)

4 (6 x 6)(4 x 4)
Example Find the size of each product when product is define:

1 (2 x 4)(4 x 5) (2 x 5)

2 (2 x 3) (3 x 1)

3 (5 x 2)(5 x 1)

4 (6 x 6)(4 x 4)
Example Find the size of each product when product is define:

1 (2 x 4)(4 x 5) (2 x 5)

2 (2 x 3) (3 x 1) (2 x 1)

3 (5 x 2)(5 x 1)

4 (6 x 6)(4 x 4)
Example Find the size of each product when product is define:

1 (2 x 4)(4 x 5) (2 x 5)

2 (2 x 3) (3 x 1) (2 x 1)

3 (5 x 2)(5 x 1) not conformable

4 (6 x 6)(4 x 4)
Example Find the size of each product when product is define:

1 (2 x 4)(4 x 5) (2 x 5)

2 (2 x 3) (3 x 1) (2 x 1)

3 (5 x 2)(5 x 1) not conformable

4 (6 x 6)(4 x 4) not conformable

 Matrix Operations: MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
Given: Solution:
A x B = C 11 C 12 C 13
A = a 11 a 12 a13 C21 C 22 C 23
a 21 a22 a 23
C 11 = a 11 b 11 + a12 b21 + a13 b 31
C 12 = a 11 b 12 + a12 b22 + a13 b 32
B= b 11 b 12 b 13 C 13 = a 11 b 13 + a12 b23 + a13 b 33
b 21 b22 b23 C 21 = a 21 b 11 + a22 b21 + a23 b 31
b 31 b 32 b33 C 22 = a 21 b 12 + a22 b22 + a23 b 32
C 23 = a 21 b 13 + a22 b23 + a23 b 33
 Let’s Practice
Given:

A= 1 2 0 B = 1 -1 1 C= 1 1 D= 2 4 1
3 -1 4 2 -4 0 2 -2 -5 -1 4
3 -3 2 5 3

Solve for the following:

1 A-C 4 BxA

2 A + 2D 5 B x 2C

3 AxB 6 BxC+C
 Let’s Practice
Given:

A= 1 2 0 C= 1 1
3 -1 4 2 -2
5 3

Solve for the following:

1 A-C
 Let’s Practice
Given:

A= 1 2 0 C= 1 1
3 -1 4 2 -2
5 3

Solve for the following:

1 A-C matrix A = (2 x 3)
Different size of matrices
matrix C = (3 x 2)
 Let’s Practice
Given:

A= 1 2 0 C= 1 1
3 -1 4 2 -2
5 3

Solve for the following:

1 A-C matrix A = (2 x 3)
Different size of matrices
matrix C = (3 x 2)

Therefore, Not conformable / Undefined

 Let’s Practice
Given:

A= 1 2 0 D= 2 4 1
3 -1 4 -5 -1 4

Solve for the following:

2 A + 2D
 Let’s Practice
Given:

A= 1 2 0 D= 2 4 1
3 -1 4 -5 -1 4

Solve for the following:

matrix A = (2 x 3)
2 A + 2D
matrix D = (2 x 3)
 Let’s Practice
Given:

A= 1 2 0 D= 2 4 1
3 -1 4 -5 -1 4

Solve for the following:

matrix A = (2 x 3)
2 A + 2D Same size of matrices
matrix D = (2 x 3) Therefore, conformable
 Let’s Practice
Given:

A= 1 2 0 D= 2 4 1
3 -1 4 -5 -1 4

Solve for the following:

matrix A = (2 x 3)
2 A + 2D Same size of matrices
matrix D = (2 x 3) Therefore, conformable

A= 1 2 0 2D = 2(2) 2(4) 2(1) 5 10 2

+ ; A + 2D = -7 -3 12
3 -1 4 2(-5) 2(-1) 2(4)
 Let’s Practice
Given:

A= 1 2 0 B = 1 -1 1
3 -1 4 2 -4 0
3 -3 2
Solve for the following:

3 AxB
 Let’s Practice
Given:

A= 1 2 0 B = 1 -1 1
3 -1 4 2 -4 0
3 -3 2
Solve for the following:
matrix A = (2 x 3)
3 AxB n columns of A = n rows of B
matrix B = (3 x 3) Therefore, conformable
 Let’s Practice
Given:

A= 1 2 0 B = 1 -1 1
3 -1 4 2 -4 0
3 -3 2
Solve for the following:
matrix A = (2 x 3)
3 AxB n columns of A = n rows of B
matrix B = (3 x 3) Therefore, conformable

A x B = 1(1) + 2(2) + 0(3) 1(-1) + 2(-4) + 0(-3) 1(1) + 2(0) + 0(2)

3(1) - 1(2) + 4(3) 3(-1) - 1(-4) + 4(-3) 3(1) - 1(0) + 4(2)

AxB= 5 -9 1
13 -11 11
 Let’s Practice
Given:

A= 1 2 0 B = 1 -1 1
3 -1 4 2 -4 0
3 -3 2

Solve for the following:

4 BxA
 Let’s Practice
Given:

A= 1 2 0 B = 1 -1 1
3 -1 4 2 -4 0
3 -3 2

Solve for the following:

4 BxA
matrix B = (3 x 3)
matrix A = (2 x 3)
 Let’s Practice
Given:

A= 1 2 0 B = 1 -1 1
3 -1 4 2 -4 0
3 -3 2

Solve for the following:

4 BxA
matrix B = (3 x 3)
n columns of B n rows of A
matrix A = (2 x 3)

Therefore, Not conformable / Undefined

 Let’s Practice
Given:
B = 1 -1 1 C= 1 1
2 -4 0 2 -2
3 -3 2 5 3

Solve for the following:

5 B x 2C
 Let’s Practice
Given:
B = 1 -1 1 C= 1 1
2 -4 0 2 -2
3 -3 2 5 3

Solve for the following:

matrix B = (3 x 3)
5 B x 2C
matrix C = (3 x 2)
 Let’s Practice
Given:
B = 1 -1 1 C= 1 1
2 -4 0 2 -2
3 -3 2 5 3

Solve for the following:

matrix B = (3 x 3)
n columns of B = n rows of C
5 B x 2C
Therefore, conformable
matrix C = (3 x 2)

B= 1 -1 1 2C = 2(1) 2(1)
2 -4 0 x 2(2) 2(-2)
3 -3 2 2(5) 2(3)
 Let’s Practice
Given:
B = 1 -1 1 C= 1 1
2 -4 0 2 -2
3 -3 2 5 3

Solve for the following:

matrix B = (3 x 3)
n columns of B = n rows of C
5 B x 2C
Therefore, conformable
matrix C = (3 x 2)

B x 2C = 1(2) - 1(4) + 1(10) 1(2) - 1(-4) + 1(6)

B= 1 -1 1 2C = 2(1) 2(1) 2(2) - 4(4) + 0(10) 2(2) - 4(-4) + 0(6)
2 -4 0 x 2(2) 2(-2) ; 3(2) - 3(4) + 2(10) 3(2) - 3(-4) + 2(6)
3 -3 2 2(5) 2(3)
B x 2C = 8 12
-12 20
14 30
 Let’s Practice
Given:

B = 1 -1 1 C= 1 1
2 -4 0 2 -2
3 -3 2 5 3
Solve for the following:
6 BxC+C
 Let’s Practice
Given:

B = 1 -1 1 C= 1 1
2 -4 0 2 -2
3 -3 2 5 3
Solve for the following:
matrix B = (3 x 3)
6 BxC+C
matrix C = (3 x 2)
 Let’s Practice
Given:

B = 1 -1 1 C= 1 1
2 -4 0 2 -2
3 -3 2 5 3
Solve for the following:
matrix B = (3 x 3)
6 BxC+C n columns of B = n rows of C
Therefore, conformable
matrix C = (3 x 2)

BxC= 1(1) - 1(2) + 1(5) 1(1) - 1(-2) + 1(3) BxC= 4 6

2(1) - 4(2) + 0(5) 2(1) - 4(-2) + 0(3) -6 10
3(1) - 3(2) + 2(5) 3(1) - 3(-2) + 2(3) 7 15
 Let’s Practice
Given:

B = 1 -1 1 C= 1 1
2 -4 0 2 -2
3 -3 2 5 3

Solve for the following:

6 BxC+C BxC= 4 6 matrix B x C = (3 x 2)
-6 10
7 15 matrix C = (3 x 2)
 Let’s Practice
Given:

B = 1 -1 1 C= 1 1
2 -4 0 2 -2
3 -3 2 5 3

Solve for the following:

6 BxC+C BxC= 4 6 matrix B x C = (3 x 2)
Same size of matrices
-6 10
Therefore, conformable
7 15 matrix C = (3 x 2)

BxC= 4 6 C= 1 1 BxC+C= 5 7
-6 10 + 2 -2 ; -4 8
7 15
5 3 12 18
Any Questions?
Assignment Given the following matrices:

#1 1

Do the following operations:

1. E – A 4. A x 2G

2. 3 (B + 2F) 5. D x B

3. C x H 6. 2C x (G x F)
Assignment
Format 1

✓ 0.5 inch border

✓ A4 type writing

✓ Engineering lettering

Surname, First Name, M.I. Date

Course – Year & Section Assignment # 1
Thank You!