Object-Oriented Programming

• Object-Oriented Programming
• Class and Objects
• Access Modifiers
• Constructors
Agenda • Inheritance
• Types of Inheritance
• Methods Overloading
• Methods Overriding

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 Object-Oriented Programming

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 Object-Oriented Programming
• OOP is about creating objects that contain both data and methods.
• Increases the flexibility and maintainability of programs.
• Provides clear structure for the programs.

OOPs

Abstraction Encapsulation Inheritance Polymorphism

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 Classes and Objects

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 Class
• A group of objects which have common properties.
• A template or blueprint from which objects are created.
• Class can't be physical and it’s a logical entity.
• A class in Java can contain:
▪ Fields
▪ Methods
▪ Constructors
▪ Blocks
▪ Nested class and interface

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 Objects
• An entity that has state and behavior is known as an object e.g., chair, bike, etc.
• Can be physical or logical (tangible and intangible).
• An object has three characteristics:
▪ State
▪ Behavior
▪ Identity

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 Classes and Objects

Vehicle
Class

Car Truck Cycle

Objects

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 Encapsulation

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 Encapsulation
• A process of wrapping code and data together into a single unit.
• For example, a capsule which is mixed of several medicines.
• Prevents outer classes from accessing and changing methods of a class.
• This also helps in achieving data hiding.
• Makes the code cleaner and easy to read.
Fields

Class
Methods

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 Abstraction

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 Abstraction
• Hides the implementation details and showing only functionality to the user.
• Shows only necessary details to the user and hides the internal details.
• For example, sending SMS where you type the text and send the message.
• You don't know the internal processing about the message delivery.
• Lets you focus on what the object does instead of how it does it.

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 Access Modifiers

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 Access Modifiers

Default • Accessible only within the package.

Public • Widest scope and is accessible everywhere.

Private • Accessible only within the class.

Protected • Accessible only within and outside the package through

inheritance.

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 Access Modifiers

Modifier Class Package Subclass World

Public YES YES YES YES
Protected YES YES YES NO
No modifier YES YES NO NO
private YES NO NO NO

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 this keyword

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 this keyword
• A reference variable that refers to the current object.
• Can be used to refer current class instance variable.
• Can also be used to invoke current class method and current class constructor.
• Can be used to return the current class instance from the method.

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 Constructors

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 Constructor
• A block of codes similar to the method.
• Called when an instance of the class is created.
• At the time of calling constructor, memory for the object is allocated in the memory.
• Everytime an object is created using new keyword, atleast one constructor is called.

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 How does a constructor work?
The moment an object of a class is created, the constructor of a class is called which
initializes the class attributes.

new
Class Object Constructor
default

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 Types of Constructors

Constructors

Default Constructor: Parameterized Constructor:

does not have any having a specific number of
parameter. parameters.

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 Constructor Overloading
• Refers to the use of more than one constructor in an instance class.
• Each overloaded constructor must have different signatures.
• For the compilation to be successful, each constructor must contain a different list of
arguments.

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 Constructor Chaining
• Process of calling one constructor from another with respect to the current object.
• The real purpose is to pass parameters through a bunch of different constructors.
• Occurs through inheritance.
• Can be done in two ways:
▪ within same class
▪ from base class

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 Inheritance

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 Inheritance
• In this, one object acquires all the properties and behaviors of a parent object.
• You can create new classes that are built upon existing classes.
• Represents the IS-A relationship which is also known as a parent-child relationship.
• When you inherit from an existing class, you can reuse methods and fields of the
parent class.

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 Inheritance

Vehicle

Bikes Cars Buses Trucks

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 Type of Inheritance

Single Hierarchical Multilevel

Inheritance Inheritance Inheritance

A
Super
A A B
Class

B Sub
C
Class
A

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 IS-A Relationship

Inheritance is used in Java for:

Method Overriding
(To achieve run time Code Reusability
polymorphism)

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 Aggregation (HAS-A Relationship)
• Also known as composition.
• Used for code reusability in Java.
• An instance of one class has a reference to an instance of another class or an other
instance of the same class.

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 Polymorphism

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 Polymorphism
• A concept by which we can perform a single action in different ways.
• We can perform polymorphism in java by method overloading and method overriding.
• There are two types of polymorphism in Java:
compile-time polymorphism and runtime polymorphism.

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 Method Overloading
• A class has more than one method with same name but having different signature.
• Adds or extends the behavior of an existing method.
• An example of compile time polymorphism since actual method calling is resolved at
compile time.

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 Method Overriding
• A derived class have the same methods with exactly the same signature as base class.
• Change the behavior of an existing method in the base class.
• Methods must have same access modifiers:
public, protected and internal and not private
• Example of run time polymorphism since actual method calling is resolved at runtime.

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 THANKS
Any Questions?

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