Week -1

1
106 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

Week
Similarly, we-1can define another

z z b g OPQ
c
d
LM
N
b

a
f x , y dx dy

For continuous function f (x, y), we have

zz R
b g
f x , y dx dy =
LM OP LM
z MNz PQ z MNz
b g
b

a
d

c
f x , y dy dx =
d

c
b

a
O
b g PP
f x , y dx dy
Q
If f (x, y) is continuous on a bounded region S and S is given by
S = {(x, y)/a ≤ x ≤ b and φ1 (x) ≤ y ≤ φ2 (x)}, where φ1 and φ2 are
two continuous functions on [a, b] then
LM O
zz z z
bg
b g PP
φ2 y

b g
b
y

MN
y = B2 (x)
f x , y dx dy = f x , y dy dx
S a φ1 xbg Q
The iterated integral in the R.H.S. is also written in
the form S

z z
bg
φ2 x

b g
b

dx f x , y dy y = B1(x)

a bg
φ1 x

x
Similarly, if S = {(x, y)/c ≤ y ≤ d a b
and φ1 ( y) ≤ x ≤ φ2 ( y)}

zz zz
Fig. 3.1

b g d LM bg
φ2 y O
f b x , y g dx P dy
then
S
f x , y dx dy =
c N φ b yg
1 Q
If S cannot be written in neither of the above two forms we divide S into finite number of sub-
regions such that each of the subregions can be represented in one of the above forms and we get
the double integral over S by adding the integrals over these subregions.

WORKED OUT EXAMPLES

1. Evaluate: I = zz
1 2
xy 2 dy dx.

z z
0 0

1
LM xy dyOP dx
2

N Q
2
Solution I =
0 0

= z0
1 LM xy OP dx
N3Q
3 2
(Integrating w.r.t. y keeping x constant)

z
0

1 1
= 8 x dx
3 0

1 LM 8x OP 2 1
=
4
⋅
N2Q
=
3 0
3
2
INTEGRAL CALCULUS 107

2. Evaluate:
Week
zz
1 -12

0 1
xy dy dx.
Solution. Let I be the given integral

Then, I = z RST z
0
1
x
2

1
y dy dx
UV
W
z LMN OPQ z
2
1 y2 3 1 3
= x⋅ dx. = x dx =
0 2 1
2 0 4·
3. Evaluate the following:

(i) zz
2 3
e x + y dy dx (ii) zz
1 x
dy dx

zz zz
1 2 0 x2
2 3y π cos θ
(iii) ( x + y ) dx dy (iv) r sin θ dr dθ
1 y 0 0
Solution. Let I be the given integral. Then

(i) I = z z
2
ex
FG
H
3
e y dy dx
IJ
K
z
1 2

2 3
= ex e y dx

z d
1 2

i
2
= e x e 3 − e 2 dx

z
1

de i e dx
2
3 x
= – e2
1

= de 3
–e i e 2 x 2
1

I = de 3
– e ide – e i ·
2 2 1

(ii) I = z z
1
RS dyUV dx
T W x2
x

z z
0

y dx = d x − x i dx
1 x 1
2
= x2
0 0

LM x − x OP
2 3 1
=
N2 3Q 0

1 1 1
= – =
2 3 6

(iii) I = z RSTz b
1
2 3y

y
x + y dx dy g UVW
z LMN OP x =3y
2 x2
+ xy
Q
= dy
1 2

z
x=y
2 2
= 6 y 2 dy = 2 y 3 = 14
1 1
3
108 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

R| r dr U| dθ
(iv)
Week -1
I = z0
π
sin θ S|
T
V|
W z
cos θ

z L r O dθ cos θ

sin θ M P
π 2

N2Q
=
0

z
0

1 π
= sin θ ⋅ cos2 θ dθ
2 0
where cos θ = t
– sin θ dθ = dt
∴ sin θ dθ = – dt

=
1 π 2
2 0 z
t ⋅ – dt b g
–1 LM t OP
3 π
=
2 N3Q 0

–1 π
= cos θ 0
6

=
–1
6
1
–1 − 1 = ⋅
3
b g
4. Evaluate: zz 1

0 0
1+x 2 dy dx
1 + x2 + y2
⋅

Solution I = z z0
1 |RS
|T 0
1 + x2 dy
1 + x2 + y2
dx
|UV
|W
where a2 = 1 + x2 or a = 1 + x2

R| U|
zz
1 a

= S| dy
dx V|
0 T 0
a + y2
2
W
= z LMN
0
1 1
a
tan –1
yO
a PQ
a
dx

z z
0
1 1 π π 1 dx
= ⋅ dx =
0 a 4 4 0
x2 + 1
π LM { x + 1}OP 1

N
log x +
Q
2
=
4 0

log e 2 + 1j
π
=
4
π LM RS UVOP 1
π
sin h −1 x
1 π
sin h −1 1 bg
Note :
4 N T
log x + x 2 + 1
WQ 0
=
4 0
=
4

4
INTEGRAL CALCULUS 109

z z zd
Week c-1 b a

5. Evaluate: i
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 dz dy dx.
– c –b – a

z z zd
c b a

Solution I = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 dz dy dx i
x = – c y = –b z = – a

Integrating w.r.t. z, x and y – constant.

z z LM x z + y z + z OP dy dx
c b a
3
2 2
=
x = – c y = –b N 3Q z =–a

z z LMx ba + ag + y ba + ag + F a + a I OP dy dx
c b

GH 3 3 JK PQ
3 3
2 2
=
x = – c y = –b MN
z z F 2ax + 2ay + 2a I dy dx
c b

GH 3 JK
3
2 2
=
x = – c y = –b

Integrating w.r.t. y, x – constant.

z LM2ax y + 2ay + 2a yOP dx

c b
3 3
2
=
x=–c N 3 3 Q y = –b

z LM2ax bb + bg + 2a db + b i + 2a bb + bgOP dx
c 3
2 3 3
=
x=–c N 3 3 Q
z LM4ax b + 4ab + 4a b OP dx
c 3 3
2
=
x=–c N 3 3 Q

LM4ab F x I + 4ab b xg + 4a b b xgOP c

MN GH 3 JK 3
3 3 3
=
3 PQ –c

4ab G
F 2c I + 4ab ⋅ b2cg + 4a b b2cg
H 3 JK 3
3 3 3
=
3

8abc 3 8ab 3c 8a 3bc

= + +
3 3 3

I =
8abc 2
3
d
a + b 2 + c2 ⋅ i

zz z
a x x+y
6. Evaluate: e x + y + z dz dy dx.
0 0 0

zzz
a x x+y

Solution I = e x + y ⋅ e z dz dy dx
x = 0 y =0 z = 0
5
110 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

zz
Week -1 a x
x+ y
= e x+ y ⋅ ez dy dx
0
x = 0 y =0

=
zz d i
a

x = 0 y =0
x
e x + y e x + y – 1 dy dx

= z zd
a

x = 0 y =0
x

i e 2 x ⋅ e 2 y – e x ⋅ e y dy dx

R| L O U|
z |T N Q V|W
a x

= S M P e2 x
e2 y
2
– ex ey
x

0
dx
x =0 0

z RST d i d iUVW
a
e2 x 2 x
= e − 1 − e x e x − 1 dx
x =0
2

z FGH I
a

=
x =0
JK
e4 x 3 2 x
2
− e + e x dx
2

LM e 4x
−
3e 2 x
+ ex
OP a

=
N8 4 Q 0

Fe I F1 3 I
+ e J – G − + 1J
GH 8
4a
3e 2 a
−
K H8 4 K
a
= 4

e 4 a 3e 2 a 3
= – + ea –
8 4 8

I =
1 4a
8
d
e – 6e 2 a + 8e a – 3 ⋅ i
7. Evaluate: z zz
log 2 x x + log y
ex + y + z dz dy dx.

z z z
0 0 0

log 2 x x + log y
Solution I = ex + y. ez dz dy dx
x =0 y =0 z=0

= zx=0
log 2
zx

y=0
ex + y ez
x + log y

0
dy dx

= zx=0
log 2
zx

y=0
e x + y e x + log y − 1 dy dx

But
=

elog y = y
zx=0
log 2
z x

y=0
e x + y e x ⋅ e log y – 1 dy dx

∴ I = zx=0
log 2
z d
x

y=0
e 2 x ⋅ y ⋅ e y – e x e y dy dx i
6
INTEGRAL CALCULUS 111

Week -1
= zx=0
log 2
d
e2 x y e y – e y – e x e y i
x

y=0
dx

= zx=0
log 2
e2x {d x e x
i b g}
– e x – 0 – 1 – e x e x – 1 dx d i
= zx=0
log 2
dx e 3x
– e 3 x + e 2 x – e 2 x + e x dx i
= z log 2

x =0
dx e 3x
– e 3 x + e x dx i
LM x . e – e 3x 3x
e 3x
+ ex
OP log 2

N 3 9 Q
= –
3 0

LM x e – 4 e 3x 3x
+ ex
OP log 2

N 3 9 Q
=
0

LM log 2 . e OP 4 de3 log 2

3 log 2
i d
– 1 + e log 2 – 1 i
N 3 Q 9
= –0 –

– b8 – 1g + b2 – 1g
8 log 2 4
=
3 9
8 log 2 28
= – +1
3 9
8 log 2 19
Thus, I = – .
3 9

8. Evaluate:
zz
a

0 0
a2 – y2
a 2 – x 2 – y 2 dx dy.

Solution I = zz
0
a R|
S|
T 0
a2 – y2
da 2
i
– y 2 – x 2 dx dy
U|
V|
W
= zz
0
a
RS
T 0
b
b 2 – x 2 dy
UV
W
where b2 = a2 – y2

z LMN OP dy b
a x b2 x
b2 – x 2 + sin –1
= 0 2 2 b Q 0

= z0
a b π 2
. dy =
2 2
π
4 z0
a
da – y i dy
2 2

π 2 y3 LM OP a

=
πa 3
N Q
= a y–
4 3 0
6
7
112 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

Week -1
EXERCISE 3.1
I. Evaluate the following double integrals:

1. zz
3

0
2

1
b
xy x + y dy dx g Ans. 24 2. z z
π

0
2
π

0
2
b g
sin x + y dy dx Ans. 2

3. zz
1

0
x2

0
ce y dy dx
LM Ans. 1 e − 1OP
N 2 Q 4. zz
1

0
1– x

0
xy dy dx
LM Ans. 1 OP
N 24 Q
5. zz b
1

0
1– x

0
x+y g 2
dy dx
LMAns. 1 OP
N 4Q 6. zz
1

0
y2

0
e x / y dx dy
LMAns. 1 OP
N 2Q
LMAns. a OP
7. zz
a

0 0
a2 – x2
2
x y dy dx
N 15 Q
5

8. zz
∞

0
∞

y
x e– x
2
/y
dx dy
LMAns. 1 OP
N 2Q
9. zz
4a

0
2 ay

y 2 /4a
dx dy
LM Ans. 16 a OP
N 3 Q
2

LMAns. a FG π − 1IJ OP
10. z z
π

θ=0
2
r =0
a cos θ

a –r
ar
2 2
dr dθ
N H 2 KQ
2

II. Evaluate the triple integrals:

1. zzz
2

0
3

1
2

1
xy 2 z dz dy dx Ans. 26 2. z zzb
3

–3
1

0 1
2
g
x + y + z dx dy dz Ans. 12

3. zzz
1

0
1

0
y

0
xyz dx dy dz
LM Ans. 1 OP
N 16 Q 4. zz z
1

0
1

y 2
1– x

0
x dz dx dy
LM Ans. 4 OP
N 35 Q
5. zzz
1

0
1

0
2

x2 + y2
L 3O
xyz dz dy dx M Ans. P
N 8Q 6. zz z
4 2 z 4 z – x2
dy dx dz Ans. 8π

z zz b
0 0 0

x + y + zg dy dx dz
1 z x+z
7. Ans. 0
–1 0 x–z

LMAns. 5πa OP
z z z ea j 3
π a sin θ 2
– r 2 /a
r dr dθ
N 64 Q
2
8.
0 0 0

9. zz z
1

0
1– x

0
1– x – y

0
dz dy dx
b1 + x + y + zg 3
LM Ans. 1 FG log 2 − 5IJ OP
N 2H 8K Q

LMAns. a OP
zz z
6
a a2 – x2 a2 – x2 – y2
10.
0 0 0
xyz dz dy dx
N 48 Q
8
INTEGRAL CALCULUS 113

Week -1of a Double Integral by Changing the Order of Integration

3.3.1 Evaluation
In the evaluation of the double integrals sometimes we may have to change the order of integration
so that evaluation is more convenient. If the limits of integration are variables then change in the
order of integration changes the limits of integration. In such cases a rough idea of the region of
integration is necessary.

3.3.2 Evaluation of a Double Integral by Change of Variables

Sometimes the double integral can be evaluated easily by changing the variables.
Suppose x and y are functions of two variables u and v.
i.e., x = x (u, v) and y = y (u, v) and the Jacobian
∂x ∂x
b g
∂ x, y ∂u ∂v
J =
b g
∂ u, v
=
∂y ∂y
≠ 0

∂u ∂v
Then the region A changes into the region R under the transformations

zz zz
x = x (u, v) and y = y (u, v)

Then b g
f x , y dx dy = b g
f u, v J du dv
A R

If x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ
∂x ∂x
b g=
∂ x, u ∂r ∂θ cos θ – r sin θ
∂ b r , θg
J = = = r
∂y ∂y sin θ r cos θ
∂r ∂θ

∴ zzA
b g
f x , y dx dy =
zz
R
b g
F r , θ r dr dθ. ...(1)

3.3.3 Applications to Area and Volume

1. zz
R
dx dy = Area of the region R in the Cartesian form.

2. zz
R
r ⋅ dr dθ = Area of the region R in the polar form.

3. zzz V
dx dy dz = Volume of a solid.

4. Volume of a solid (in polars) obtained by the revolution of a curve enclosing an area A about
the initial line is given by

V= zzA
2πr 2 sin θ ⋅ dr dθ.
9
114 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

5. If z =Week
f (x,-1y) be the equation of a surface S then the surface area is given by

zz F ∂z I F ∂z I 2
1+ G J + G J
2

A
H ∂x K H ∂y K dx dy

Where A is the region representing the projection of S on the xy-plane.

WORKED OUT EXAMPLES

Type 1. Evaluation over a given region

1. Evaluate zz
R
xy dx dy where R is the triangular region bounded by the axes of coordinates

x y
and the line + = 1.
a b
x y
Solution. R is the region bounded by x = 0, y = 0 being the coordinates axes and + = 1
a b
FG 0, b FG1 – x IJ IJ
being the straight line through (0, a) and
H H aKK
F xI
when x is held fixed and y varies from 0 to b GH 1 – JK x y
a —+—=1
a b
x y
∴ + = 1
a b
y x
⇒ = 1–
b a
F xI
O (a, 0)

b G1 – J
⇒ y =
H aK Fig. 3.2

R| FGH IJK U|
zz z z
x

|S xy dy|V dx
b 1–
a a

∴
|| ||
xy dx dy =

T W
R x=0 y=0

FG IJ
z L y O H K
x
a b 1–

x⋅M P
2 a

N2Q
= dx
0 0

z R|x ⋅ b FG1 – x IJ U| dx
a

S| 2 H a K V|
2 2

T W
=
0

=
b F
2 H
2 a

z
0
G x–2
x
a
x I
+ J dx
a K
2 3

b Lx x O
a

M P
2 2 3 4
2x
+
2 N2 4a Q
= – 2
3a 0 10
INTEGRAL CALCULUS 115

Week -1
LM
b2 a 2 2 2 1 2
– a + a
OP
=
2 2 3 4 N Q
a 2b 2
=

zz
24
2. Evaluate xy dx dy over the area in the first quadrant bounded by the circle x2 + y2 = a2.

LM OP R|3 x + y = a
z z
2 2 2

zz
a a2 – x2

MM xy dy P dx S|⇒ y = a – x
2 2 2

PQ
xy dx dy =
N
Solution
x =0 y=0
|T y = a – x 2 2

z L y O dx
a a2 – x2

x⋅M P
2
=
0 N2Q 0 Y

z F a – x I dx
a
xG
H 2 JK
2 2 2 2 2
x +y =a
=
0

z
a

=
1
2
da x – x i dx 2 3
O (a, 0)
X

1L x x O
a

M – P
2 4
2
2N 4Q
= a
2 0
Fig. 3.3

1 La a O
M – P =
4 4 4
a
2N2 4Q
= .
8

3. Evaluate zzR
x dx dy where R is the region bounded by
x2 y2
+
a 2 b2
= 1 and lying in the first

quadrant.
Solution. From the ellipse
Y
x2 y2
+ = 1 2 2
a 2 b2 x y
—2 + —2 = 1
y2 x2 a b
= 1 –
b2 a2 X
O (a, 0)
b
y = a2 − x2
a
b
x changes from 0 to a and y changes from 0 to a2 – x2
a
R| U|
zz z z
b
a2 – x2 Fig. 3.4
a

S| x dy V dx
a

x dx dy =
|T ||
R x=0 y=0
W 11
116 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

Week -1

z
a b
a2 – x2
a
= x y 0
dx
0

z FGH IJ
a
b
=
0
x
a
a 2 – x 2 dx
K
Putting x = a sin θ, dx = a cos θ dθ

a 2 – x 2 = a cos θ
∴ θ varies from 0 to π/2

z
π2
b
= a sin θ ⋅ a cos θ ⋅ a cos θ dθ
a
0

z
π2
2
= a b sin θ cos2 θ dθ
0

1 a 2b
= a b× = ⋅
2

zz
3 3
4. Evaluate xy dx dy where R is the region in the first quadrant included between
R

x2 y2 x y
2
+ 2 = 1 and + = 1. Y
a b a b
x y
Solution + = 1 (a, b)
a b
FG x IJ
⇒ y = b 1–
H aK X

ba – xg
O
b (a, 0)
=
a x y
—+— =1
2 2 a b
x2 y2 x y
+ = 1 —2 + —2 = 1
a 2 b2 a b

y2 x2
⇒ = 1 – Fig. 3.5
b2 a2
b
y = a2 – x2 (Œ y ≥ 0)
a
R| U|
zz z z
b
a2 – x2
a

S| xy dy V dx
a
∴ xy dx dy =
R 0
|T y=
b
a
b g ||W
a–x
12
INTEGRAL CALCULUS 117

z
Week -1
Ly O
b
a a2 – x2

xM P
2 a

N2Q b g
= dx
b
0 a–x
a

z
Lb b O
a – x g P dx
a
x M da – x i –
2 2
1 b 2 2 2
=
2 Na
0
2
a Q 2

z
a

d2ax – 2 x i dx
2
b 2 3
= 2
2a 0

b2 LM
x3 x4 OP a

N Q
= 2 a –
2a 2 3 2 0

b2 LM 2a 4
a4 OP = a 2 b2
⋅
N3 Q
= –
2a 2 2 12

5. Evaluate zz
R
xy 2 dx dy where R is the Triangular region bounded by y = 0, x = y and

x + y = 2.
Solution. Given
y = 0, x = y, x + y = 2
where y = 0, y + y = 2
⇒ 2y = 2
⇒ y = 1 Y

where x = y, x = 2 – y (1, 1)
∴ y varies from 0 to 1
x varies from y to 2 – y x=2–y

zz zz
x=y
1 2– y
xy 2 dx dy = xy 2 dx dy
R y=0 x=y

z LMN OPQ
1 2–y X
2 x2 O (2, 0)
= y dy
y=0
2 x= y Fig. 3.6

z {b g
1

=
1
2
y2 2– y
2
– y 2 dy }
0

z b g
1
1
= y 2 4 – 4 y dy
2
0

1 4 3 LM OP 1
1
=
2 3 N
y – y4
Q 0
=
6
.
13
118 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

Week -1
6. Evaluate zz R
b g
xy x + y dx dy over the region between y = x2 and y = x.

Solution. The bounded curves are y = x2 and y = x. The

common points are given by solving the two equations. Y
So, we have 2
y=x
2
x = x = x (x – 1) = 0 y=x
⇒ x = 0 or 1
when x = 0, we have y = 0 and
when x = 1, y = 1 (from y = x)

zz z z b g
1 x

∴ b g
xy x + y dx dy = xy x + y dy dx
X
R x = 0 y = x2

z LMN OP
O
1 x
xy 2 y 3
+
Q
= x dx Fig. 3.7
2 3 x2
0

z R|S|T FGH I F I U|V dx

1

=
0
x x JK GH
x2 x4
2
–
2
+
x3 x6
3
–
3 JK |W
z FGH x I
1

3 JK
6 7
5 x 4
= x – – dx
6 2
0

LM 5 x – x – x OP
5 7 8 1
=
N 6 5 14 24 Q 0

1 1 1 3
= – – = .
6 14 24 56

7. Evaluate zz R
xy dx dy where R is the region bounded by the x-axis, ordinate at x = 2a and

x2 = 4ay. Y
Solution
When x = 2a and x2 = 4ay
2
∴ 4a2 = 4ay x = 4ay

⇒ y = a (2a, 0)

∴ The point of intersection of

x = 2a and x2 = 4ay is (2a, a)

zz zz
x2 X
2a 4a (2a, 0)
Now xy dx dy = xy dy dx
R x =0 y=0 Fig. 3.8
14
INTEGRAL CALCULUS 119

Week -1

z LMN OP
x2
2a 2
y 4a

Q
= x dx
2 0
0

z LM x OP
2a 2a
x5 6
a4
dx = =
N 32a × 6 Q
=
0
32a 2 2
0
3

Type 2. Evaluation of a double integral by changing the order of integration

zz
a 2 ax
1. Change the order of integration and hence evaluate x 2 dy dx.
0 0

Solution y = 2 ax
⇒ y2 = 4ax
when x = a on y2 = 4ax, y2 = 4a2
⇒ y = ± 2a

So, on y = 2 ax , y = 2a when x = a
The integral is over the shaded region.
Y Y
2
y
x= —
y = 2 ax 4a

(a, 2a)

X
X
O

Fig. 3.9 Fig. 3.10

zz z z
a 2 ax 2a a
2
x dy dx = x 2 dx dy (By changing the order)
0 0 y=0 y2
x=
4a

z LM x OP
2a a
3

N3Q
= dy
y2
0
4a
15
120 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

z F a – y I dy
Week -1 2a

GH 3 192 a JK
3 6
= 3
0

LM a y – y OP
3 7 2a

N 3 192a × 7 Q
= 3
0

2a 4 27 a 4
= –
3 192 × 7
FG 2 – 2 IJ 4 4
H 3 21K =
4
= a a .
7

zz
1 2 – x2
x
2. Change the order of integration and hence evaluate dy dx .
0 x x + y2
2

Solution y= 2 – x2
Y
⇒ y2 = 2 – x2
(0, 2 ) y=x
⇒ x2 + y2 = 2 (1, 1)
This circle and y = x meet if x2 + x2 = 2
∴ 2x2 = 2 ⇒ x = 1
2 2
x +y =2
So, (1, 1) is the meeting point. X
O

zz
1 2 – x2
x
Now I= dy dx
0 x x2 + y2

zz
2 bg
φ y
x
= dx dy
y=0 x=0 x2 + y2

R
where φ ( y) = S
y for 0 ≤ y ≤ 1
Fig. 3.11

T 2 – y 2 for 1 ≤ y ≤ 2
(Note that x = φ ( y) is the R.H.S. boundary of the shaded region)
So, the required integral is

zz z z
1 y 2 2 – y2
x x
I= dx dy + dx dy
y=0 x=0 x +y
2 2
y =1 x=0 x + y2
2

= z1

0
x2 + y2
0
y
dy + z
2

1
LM
N x2 + y2 OP
Q 0
2 – y2
dy

ze ze
1 2
= 2 y – y dy + j 2 – y dy j
0 1

16
INTEGRAL CALCULUS 121

Week -1
LMe j OPQ + LMN 2 y – y2 OPQ
y2
1 2 2

N
= 2 –1
2 0 1

2 –1 F 2 1I
+ 2 e 2 – 1j – G – J
=
2 H 2 2K
1
= 1– .
2

zz
∞ ∞
e–y
3. Change the order of integration and hence evaluate dy dx.
y
0 x

Solution. The region of integration is the portion Y

of the first quadrant between y = x and the y-axis. So,
by changing the order of integration.

zz zz
y=x
∞ ∞ ∞ y
e– y e– y
dy dx = dx dy
x =0 y =
y y
x y =0 x =0

z
∞
e– y y
= x 0
dy
y O
0

z
X
∞

= e – y dy
0

y ∞
= – e– = 1. Fig. 3.12
0

z zb
4– y

g
3
4. Change the order of integration and hence evaluate x + y dx dy.
y = 0 x =1

Solution x= 4 – y ⇒ x+ y= 4 Y
Limits for x are from 1 to 4 – y
when x = 1 on x + y = 4
(1, 3)
we have 1+y= 4 ⇒ y = 3

z zb z zb
3 4– y 4–x

g g
4

So, x + y dx dy = x + y dy dx
x+y=4
0 1 x =1 0

by changing the order of integration.

z LMxy + y OP dx 4– x
X
4 2 O (4, 0)
=
1 N 2Q 0
Fig. 3.13
LM OP
z x b4 – xg +
b4 – x g
4 2

=
1
MN 2 PQ dx
17
122 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

z FGH IJ
Week -1 4
1 2
=
1
8–
2
x dx
K
LM8x – x OP 3 4
=
27
=
N 6Q 1
2
·

z zb
4– y

g
3

5. Change the order of integration and hence evaluate x + y dx dy.

0 1

Solution x = 4– y (0,4) (1,3)

⇒ 2
x = 4–y
y = 4 – x2, a parabola. y=4–x
2

Here, the limits 1 and 4 – y are for x, 0 and

3 are for y.
O (1,0) (2,0)
When x = 1, on y = 4 – x2, y = 3

z zb z zb
4– y 4 – x2

g g
3 2

Now, x + y dx dy = x + y dy dx
y=0 x =1 x =1 y = 0

(By changing the order of integration) Fig. 3.14

z
2
4 – x2
= xy + y 2 2 dx
0
1

z FGH I
2

=
1
4x – x3 + 8 – 4x2 +
2JK
x4
dx

LM2 x 2 x4 4
+ 8x – x 3 +
x5 OP 2

N Q
= –
4 3 10 1

15 28 31 241
= 6– +8– + = ·
4 3 10 60

Type 3. Evaluation by changing into polars

zz
∞∞
1. Evaluate e−
cx 2
+ y2 h dx dy by changing to polar coordinates.
0 0

Solution. In polars we have x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ

∴ x2 + y2 = r2 and dx dy = r dr dθ
18
INTEGRAL CALCULUS 123
Week -1
Since x, y varies from 0 to ∞ Y
r also varies from 0 to ∞
In the first quadrant ‘θ’ P (x, y)
varies from 0 to π/2 r

zz
π2 ∞
2
Thus I = e – r r dr dθ
G
θ=0 r=0
O X
dt
Put 2
r = t ∴ r dr =
2 Fig. 3.15
t also varies from 0 to ∞

zz
π2 ∞
dt
I = e –t dθ
2
θ=0 t =0

z
π2
1 ∞
= – e –t dθ
2 0
θ=0

zb
π2

=
–1
2
0 – 1 dθ g
0

z
π2
1
= + 1 . dθ
2
0

+1 π2 +1 π π
= θ 0 = ⋅ = ⋅
2 2 2 4

z z
a a2 – y2

2. Evaluate y x 2 + y 2 dx dy by changing into polars.

0 0

z z
a a2 – y2

Solution I = y x 2 + y 2 dx dy
y =0 x=0

x= a 2 − y 2 or x2 + y2 = a2 is a circle with centre origin and radius a. Since, y varies from 0 to a

the region of integration is the first quadrant of the circle.
In polars, we have x = r cos θ, y = r sinθ
∴ x2 + y2 = r2
i.e., r 2 = a2
⇒ r = a
Also x = 0, y = 0 will give r = 0 and hence we can say that r varies from 0 to a. In the first
quadrant θ varies from 0 to π/2, we know that dx dy = r dr dθ

19
124 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

zz
Week -1 a π2

∴ I = r sin θ r r dr dθ
r =0 θ=0

zz
a π2

= r 3 sin θ dr dθ
r =0 θ=0

zb g
a
π2
= r 3 – cos θ 0
dr
r =0

z b Lr O a

0 – 1g dr = M P
a 4
a4
3
=
N4Q
= –r
0
4
0
4
a
I = .
4
Type 4. Applications of double and triple integrals
1. Find the area of the circle x2 + y2 = a2 by using double integral.
Solution
Since, the circle is symmetric about the coordi- Y

nates axes, area of the circle is 4 times the area OAB

2 2
as shown in Figure. B y= a –x
Q
For the region OAB, y varies from 0 to
a – x 2 and x varies from 0 to a.
2

z z
a a2 – x2 X
O p A
y=0
∴ Area of the circle = 4 dy dx
0 y =0

z
a
a2 – x2
= 4 y y=0
dx
0

z
a

= 4 a 2 – x 2 dx Fig. 3.16
0

LM x a2 – x2 +
a2
sin –1
x OP a

= πa2 sq. units

= 4
N2 2 a Q 0

2. Find by double integration the area enclosed by the curve r = a (1 + cos θ) between

zz
θ = 0 and θ = π.

Solution Area = r dr dθ
where r varies from 0 to a (1 + cos θ) and θ varies from 0 to π

z a2 − x2 =
x 2
2
a − x2 +
a2
2
sin −1
x
a

20
INTEGRAL CALCULUS 125

z z
Week -1
π b
a 1 + cos θ g
i.e., A = r dr dθ
θ=0 r =0

z LMN OPQ
π b
a 1 + cos θ g
r2
= dθ
2 r=0
θ=0

z b g
π
1 2
= a 2 1 + cos θ dθ
2
0

z RST FGH IJK UVW

π 2
a2 θ
= 2 cos2 dθ
2 2
0

z FGH IJK
π
θ
= 2a
2
cos4 dθ
2
0

Put θ/2 = φ, dθ = 2dφ

and φ varies from 0 to π/2

z
π2
∴ A = 2a 2
cos4 φ ⋅ 2dφ
0

z
π2

= 4a 2 cos4 φ ⋅ dφ
0

3 1 π
= 4a 2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (by the reduction formula)
4 2 2
Area, A = 3πa2/4 sq. units.

3. Find the value of zzz z dx dy dz where V is the hemisphere x2 + y2 + z2 = a2, z ≥ 0.

zzz
Solution

Let I = z dx dy dz
V

z z z
a a2 – x2 a2 – x2 – y2

= z dz dy dx
x = –a y = – a2 – x2 z=0

z z LM z OP
a a2 – x2 a2 – x2 – y 2
2

=
x = –a y = – a2 – x2
N2Q 0
dy dx

θ
1 + cos θ = 2 cos2
2
21
126 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

z zd
Week -1
a a2 – x2

=
1
2
a 2 – x 2 – y 2 dy dx i
x = –a y = − a2 – x2

z LMda OP
a a2 – x2

=
1
2 N
2
–x 2
i y–
y3
3 Q
dx
x = –a y = – a2 – x2

zd
a

=
1 4
.
2 3
a2 – x2 i 32
dx
–a

zd
a

=
2
3
.2 a2 – x2 i 32
dx
0

Put x = a sin θ
dx = a cos θ dθ
θ varies from 0 to π/2

zd
π2

=
4
3
a 2 cos2 θ i 32
a cos θ dθ
θ=0

z
π2
4a 4
= cos4 θ dθ
3
0

4a 4 3 1 π
= . . . (By applying reduction formula)
3 4 2 2

πa 4
=
4

πa 4
Thus, I = ·
4

x2 y2 z2
4. Using multiple integrals find the volume of the ellipsoid + + = 1.
a 2 b2 c2
Solution

zzz
The volume (V ) is 8 times in the first octant (V1)

i.e., V = 8V1 = 8 dz dy dx

x2 y2
z varies from 0 to c 1 – –
a2 b2
22
INTEGRAL CALCULUS 127

Week -1
y varies from 0 to (b/a) a2 – x2
x varies from 0 to a

x2 y2

z z z
c 1– –
a a2 – x2 a 2 b2

V = 8V1 = 8 dz dy dx
x=0 y =0 z=0

z z
a bb/ a g a2 – x2
x2 y2
= 8 c 1– – dy dx
x=0 y =0
a 2 b2

z z R|ST| F I U|V – y
a bb / a g a2 – x2

= 8c
x=0 y=0
1 2
b
x2
b 1– 2
a
GH JK W| 2
dy dx

We shall use
z α 2 – y 2 dy =
y α2 – y2
2
+
α2
2
sin –1
y
α
FG IJ
H K
where α2 = b2 {1 – x2/a2} = b2 (a2 – x2)/a2

zz
a α
8c
∴ V = α 2 – y 2 dy dx
b x =0 y=0

LM
z MN FG IJ OP
α
a
8c y α 2 − y2 α 2 y
=
b x=0
2
+
2
sin –1
α H K PQ 0
dx

z bg bg
a
8c α2
= 0+ sin –1 1 – sin –1 0 dx
b x =0
2

z
a

=
8c
b
π 1 b2 2
2
.
2 a 2
a – x 2 dx d i
x =0

2bcπ LMa x – x OP
2
3
a

=
a2 N 3Q 0

2bcπ 2a 3 4π abc
= 2
. =
a 3 3
4 πabc
Thus the required volume (V ) = cubic units.
3
23
128 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II

Week -1
EXERCISE 3.2

1. Evaluate zz xy 2 dx dy over the region bounded by y = x2, y = 0 and x = 1.

LM Ans. 1 OP
N 24 Q
zz
R

2. Evaluate b g
xy x + y dx dy taken over the region bounded by the parabolas y2 = x and
R
LM Ans. 3 OP
y = x. 2
N 28 Q
3. Evaluate zz x 2 y dx dy over the region bounded by the curves y = x2 and y = x. L Ans. 1 O
MN 35 PQ
zz
R

4. Evaluate xy dx dy where R is the region in the first quadrant bounded by the line
R

LM Ans. 1 OP
x + y = 1.
N 6Q
Evaluate the following by changing the order of integration (5 to 9)

LMAns. a + a OP
z zd
x
a 3

i
a
x +y
N 28 20 Q
2 2
5. dy dx.
0 x
a

LMAns. 4a OP
zz
a 2 ax 4

6.
0 0
x 2 dx dy.
N 7Q
LMAns. πa OP
z zb
a2 − x2 3

g
a

7.
–a 0
a − x dy dx.
N 2Q
LMAns. πa OP
zz
a a 2
y 2 dy dx
8.
0 ax y4 – a2 x2
.
N 6Q
LMAns. 3a OP
zz
a 2a − x 4

9.
0 x2
xy dy dx.
N 8Q
a

z z LMAns. 5πa OP
2a 2 ax − x 2 4

N 8 Q
2
10. Evaluate x dy dx by transforming into polar coordinates.

LMAns. 3π a OP
0 0
2
11. Find the area of the cardioid r = a (1 + cos θ) by double integration.
N 2 Q
12. Find the volume of the region bounded by the cylinder x2 + y2 = 16 and the planes z = 0
and z = 3. Ans. 48π
24