•

•
•

•
•
 σ𝑥 σ 𝑓𝑋
𝑥ҧ = 𝑥ҧ =
𝑛 𝑛
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑓 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦,
𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓respondents 𝑋 = 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
Class limits
Class limits
 𝑛+1
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 =
2
 𝑁
− 𝑐𝑓
𝑀𝑑 = 𝐿𝐵𝑀𝑑 + 2 𝑖
𝑓
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝐿𝐵𝑀𝑑 = 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑁 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑐𝑓 = 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑓 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑖 = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
Class limits
Class limits
 ∆1
𝑀𝑜 = 𝐿𝐵𝑀𝑜 + 𝑖
∆1 + ∆2
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝐿𝐵𝑀𝑜 = 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
∆1 = 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
∆2 = 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑖 = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
Class limits
▪

▪
Range of Group A Range of Group B
𝑅 = 𝐻𝑆 − 𝐿𝑆 𝑅 = 𝐻𝑆 − 𝐿𝑆
𝑅 = 35 − 10 𝑅 = 30 − 10
𝑅 = 25 𝑅 = 20
Analysis: The range of Group A = 25 which is
greater than the range of Group B = 15. The
implication of this is that the scores in group A
are more spread out than the scores in group B
or the scores in group B are less scattered than
the scores in group A.
 𝑹 = 𝑯𝑺𝑼𝑩 – 𝑳𝑺𝑳𝑩
𝑹 𝑯𝑺𝑼𝑩

𝑳𝑺𝑳𝑩
Solution:
𝐿𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑆 = 25
𝐿𝑆𝐿𝐵 = 25 − .05
= 24.5
𝑈𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐻𝑆 = 97
𝐻𝑆𝑈𝐵 = 97 + .05
= 97.5
𝑹 = 𝑯𝑺𝑼𝑩 – 𝑳𝑺𝑳𝑩
𝑅 = 97.5 − 24.5
𝑅 = 73
 σ 𝑥−𝜇
𝑀𝐷 =
𝑁
𝑥 = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
𝜇 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
N = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠
Analysis: The mean deviation of the 10
scores of students is 6.04. This means that
on the average, the value deviated from
the mean of 21.2 is 6.04.
 σ 𝑓 𝑋 − 𝑥ҧ
𝑀𝐷 =
𝑁
𝑓 = 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑋 = 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑥ҧ = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
N = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠
Find the mean deviation of the given scores below.
Analysis: The mean deviation of the 40 scores of
students is 10.63. This means that on
the average, the value deviated from the mean
of 33.63 is 10.63.
 2 σ 2
σ 𝑥 − 𝜇 2
𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ
2 𝑠 =
𝜎 =
𝑁 𝑛−1
𝑥 = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
𝜇 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑥ҧ = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
N = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 n = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠
 2 σ 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ 2
σ 𝑥−𝜇
𝜎= 𝑠=
𝑁 𝑛−1
𝑥 = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
𝜇 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑥ҧ = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
N = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 n = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠
 2 σ 2
σ 𝑓 𝑋 − 𝜇 2
𝑓 𝑋 − 𝑥ҧ
2 𝑠 =
𝜎 =
𝑁 𝑛−1
𝑥 = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
𝜇 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑥ҧ = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
N = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 n = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝑓 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
 2 σ 𝑓 𝑋 − 𝑥ҧ 2
σ𝑓 𝑋 − 𝜇
𝜎= 𝑠=
𝑁 𝑛−1
𝑥 = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
𝜇 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑥ҧ = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
N = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 n = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝑓 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
 μ
σ

𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
Analysis: Since the z-scores for calculus is larger,
her relative position in calculus is higher than
that of history.
 A student scored 45 in an Art test with a
mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 5. The same
student scored 55 in a Music test with a mean of 60
and a standard deviation of 6.

Analysis: The student’s performance in the Music

test (z≈−0.833) was slightly better relative to peers
than the Art test (z=−1.0), though both scores are
below the mean.
▪ Percentiles are the values of the variable that
divide a set of observations into 100 equal
parts. Each set of observations has 99
percentiles and are denoted by 𝑃1 , 𝑃2 , … , 𝑃99
▪ A percentile is a value in the data set.
▪ A percentile rank of a given value is a percent
that indicates the percentage of data is smaller
than the value.
The 𝑘𝑡ℎ percentile, 𝑃𝑘 is a value such that 𝑘% of
the observations are smaller than or
equal to 𝑃𝑘 and (100 − 𝑘)% of the observations
are larger than 𝑃𝑘 . For example, if a value is
located at the 80th percentile, it means that 80%
of the values that fall below the value
and 20% of the values fall above it.
▪

𝑫𝟏
𝑫𝟐 , 𝑫𝟑 , … , 𝑫𝟗
▪ 𝑫𝟏
𝑫𝟏
𝑫𝟏
▪ 𝑫𝟐

𝑫𝟐
𝑫𝟐
▪ 𝑫𝟏 = 𝑷𝟏𝟎 𝑫𝟐 = 𝑷𝟐𝟎 𝑫𝟑 = 𝑷𝟑𝟎 𝑫𝟗
= 𝑷𝟗𝟎
▪ Quartiles are the values of the variable that
divide a set of observations into 4 equal parts.
Each set of observations has 3 quartiles and
they are denoted by 𝑄1 , 𝑄2 , and 𝑄3 .
▪ The first quartile Q1 is a value in the data set
that 25% of the values fall below 𝑄1 and 75% of
the values fall above 𝑄1 .
▪ The second quartile 𝑄2 is a value in the data set that 50%
of the values fall below 𝑄2 and 50% of the values fall
above 𝑄2 .
▪ The third quartile 𝑄3 is a value in the data set that 75% of
the values fall below 𝑄3 and 25% of the values fall above
𝑄3 .
▪ Note: 𝑄1 = 𝑃25 , 𝑄2 = 𝑃50 , 𝑄3 = 𝑃75 .
▪ The 50th percentile, 5th decile and second quartile of a
distribution are equal to the same value and are referred
to as the median. That is, median = 𝑄2 = 𝐷5 = 𝑃50 .
 𝑡ℎ
𝑘(𝑛 + 1)
𝑄𝑘 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑘 = 1, 2, 3
4

𝑡ℎ
𝑘(𝑛 + 1) 𝑘 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
𝐷𝑘 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓
10

𝑡ℎ
𝑘(𝑛 + 1) 𝑘 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … , 99
𝑃𝑘 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓
100
 𝑡ℎ
𝑘(𝑛 + 1) 𝑃80 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 10𝑡ℎ + 0.4 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 11𝑡ℎ − 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 10𝑡ℎ
𝑃𝑘 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓
100 𝑃80 = 87 + 0.4(92 − 87)
𝑡ℎ
80(12 + 1) 𝑃80 = 89
𝑃80 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓
100
𝑃80 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 10.4 𝑡ℎ
 𝑄1

𝑡ℎ
𝑘(𝑛 + 1) 𝑄1 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 3𝑟𝑑 + 0.25 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 4𝑡ℎ − 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 3𝑟𝑑
𝑄𝑘 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓
4 𝑄1 = 65 + 0.25(70 − 65)
𝑡ℎ
1(12 + 1) 𝑄1 = 66.25
𝑄1 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓
4
𝑄1 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 3.25 𝑡ℎ
 𝐷5

𝑡ℎ
𝑘(𝑛 + 1) 𝐷5 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 6𝑡ℎ + 0.5 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 6𝑡ℎ − 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 7𝑡ℎ
𝐷𝑘 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓
10 𝐷5 = 77 + 0.5(79 − 77)
𝑡ℎ
5(12 + 1) 𝐷5 = 78
𝐷5 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓
10
𝐷5 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 6.5 𝑡ℎ
 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝐿𝐵 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦
𝑘𝑛
− 𝑐𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠,
4
𝑄𝑘 = 𝐿𝐵 + 𝑖 𝑘 = 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 1 𝑡𝑜 3,
𝑓 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,
𝑐𝑓 = 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠, 𝑖 = 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
𝑘
𝑄𝑘 = (𝑛 + 1)
4
 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝐿𝐵 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦
𝑘𝑛
− 𝑐𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠,
10
𝐷𝑘 = 𝐿𝐵 + 𝑖 𝑘 = 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 1 𝑡𝑜 9,
𝑓 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,
𝑐𝑓 = 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠, 𝑖 = 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
𝑘
𝐷𝑘 = (𝑛 + 1)
10
 𝑘𝑛
− 𝑐𝑓
100
𝐷𝑘 = 𝐿𝐵 + 𝑖
𝑓
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝐿𝐵 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦
𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠,
𝑘 = 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 1 𝑡𝑜 99,
𝑘 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,
𝐷𝑘 = (𝑛 + 1)
100 𝑐𝑓 = 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠,
𝑖 = 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
 𝑘𝑛
𝑘 − 𝑐𝑓
4
𝑄𝑘 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = (𝑛 + 1) 𝑄𝑘 = 𝐿𝐵 + 𝑖
4 𝑓

1 1(50)
− 10
𝑄1 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = (50 + 1) 4
4 𝑄1 = 40.5 + (8)
5

1 𝑄1 = 44.5
𝑄1 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = (51)
4

𝑄1 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 12.75

𝑄1 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 41 − 48
 𝑘𝑛
𝑘 − 𝑐𝑓
10
𝐷𝑘 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = (𝑛 + 1) 𝐷𝑘 = 𝐿𝐵 + 𝑖
10 𝑓
5(50)
5 − 19
𝐷5 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = (50 + 1) 𝐷 = 56.5 + 10
10 5 (8)
12
250
− 19
5 10
𝐷5 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = (51) 𝐷5 = 56.5 + (8)
10 12
𝐷5 = 60.5
𝐷5 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 25.5

𝐷5 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 57 − 64
 𝑘𝑛
𝑘 − 𝑐𝑓
100
𝑃𝑘 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = (𝑛 + 1) 𝑃𝑘 = 𝐿𝐵 + 𝑖
100 𝑓
82(50)
82 − 37
𝑃82 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = (50 + 1)𝑃 = 72.5 + 100
100 82 (8)
8
4100
− 37
82 100
𝑃82 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = (51) 𝑃82 = 72.5 + (8)
100 8
𝑃82 = 76.5
𝑃82 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 41.82

𝑃82 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 73 − 80