Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics

Vol. 12, No. 3, June 2023, pp. 1248~1255

ISSN: 2302-9285, DOI: 10.11591/eei.v12i3.4522  1248

Arduino-based design and implementation of experimental

rooms with a trombe wall for solar cells applications

Raid W. Daoud, Obed Majeed Ali, Omer Khalil Ahmed, Ihab A. Satam
Department of Electronic, Al-Hawija Technical Institute, Northern Technical University, Mosul, Iraq

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: The simplicity of design and construction following the researcher's or
company's notion is the most typical description of solar panels. There will
Received Aug 18, 2022 be a set of sensors in every design to derive information about the
Revised Sep 30, 2022 environment's shifting seasons and days. Two chambers of 1 m2 and 2 m2 in
Accepted Oct 18, 2022 height were constructed for this study. A solar panel made from a unique
exchangeable material has been installed instead of one of the walls,
allowing a space between them for experimental reasons. Several
Keywords: temperature sensors were mounted inside and outside the chamber, as well
as on the surface of the solar panel and within the air openings, in this work
Arduino to record the temperature readings in various places. The used controller, an
Performance enhancement Arduino, is in charge of several operations, including controlling the solar
Solar panels panel's cooling device, reading and recording sensor data and storing it in
Trombe wall RAM, controlling the orientation of the solar panel, controlling the vacuums,
and regulating the on-off time of the motors. The findings show that by
using sensor data, the system can keep the temperature constant when it is
turned on. Additionally, the battery life will be preserved to the greatest
extent feasible thanks to the well-balanced regulation of the loads.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Raid W. Daoud
Department of Electronic, Al-Hawija Technical Institute, Northern Technical University
Mosul, Iraq
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
In tropical places, where sunlight is copious, solar panels can produce enough electricity for lighting
systems [1]. The efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) cells has significantly increased in recent years, increasing
the attraction of solar energy for both residential and commercial structures [2]. The PV effect is used by solar
panels to harness solar energy for electricity production. When there is no sun irradiation, this can serve as a
reliable power source [3]. Solar energy is the main energy source and is regarded as fuel for the majority of
renewable energy (RE) systems [4]. The panels are constructed using ineffective silicon and germanium
semiconductor materials [5]. The best method for increasing efficiency is thought to use solar trackers [6]. An
improvement is gained by keeping the solar panels aligned with the sun [7]. Buildings in the US use 40% of all
primary energy and 76% of all electricity, according to estimates [8]. Its percentage of the nation's yearly
power usage has increased significantly from 25% in the 1950 s to 40% in the early 1970 s to more than 76%
in 2012 [9]. To obtain the highest interior comfort with the least amount of energy usage, smart building
management becomes crucial [10]. The PV-Trombe wall (PV-TW) proposed design is shown in Figure 1. The
other three sides will be ordinary walls; just one of the four sides will resemble the image.
Through the efficient control of key building elements like heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and
lighting systems, smart buildings have the potential to save 34.78% more energy than traditional ones [11].

Journal homepage: http://beei.org

Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285  1249

Recent years have seen an increase in the use of TW systems for passive heating/cooling in buildings. There
are many different types and classifications of TW systems in the literature; writers have presented an in-
depth analysis of these systems in references [12]–[14]. Khalifa and Abbas [15] put a TW system to the test
using a huge concrete, paraffin wax, and hydrated salt wall. The results demonstrated that the hydrated salt
functioned at its peak when coupled with concrete and paraffin wax. Research by Yu et al. [16], an
experimental and numerical investigation of the effectiveness of a traditional TW system was carried. When
compared to a typical room, the experimental and numerical findings demonstrated significant energy
savings and great agreement. The traditional TW technology's functionality has recently been improved. A
TW system was created by Wu et al. [17] to purify the air and chill the space. The technology produced
power and improved system efficiency when a solar system and a typical TW were combined. This technique
has far more potential for energy savings and health benefits than the conventional approach [18].
The photocatalytic-PV-TW (PC-PV-TW) is a new, multi-purpose passive solar wall that concurrently
generates heat, energy, and fresh air. It was first introduced in [19]. The effectiveness of the PC-PV-TW was
then evaluated using a multi-physical fields coupling model (velocity, temperature, and concentration fields).
The performance of the PC-PV-TW, integrated PV-TW, and PC-TW under various solar radiation intensities
and ambient temperatures were then evaluated. The author of this work develops a flexible, wall-based
paradigm that is quite powerful. A high-end passive refugee home described by [20] that is suited for the
climate in Sweden uses three passive heating and cooling technologies: the earth air heat exchanger, the TW,
and the green wall. The home uses RE sources to meet its energy demands while being built to create 180
kWh/m2/year of extra energy. For budgetary considerations, this project aims to build a better TW utilizing a
range of materials. According to Li et al. [21], comparative tests were carried out in a hot and humid region of
China throughout the summer to assess the phase change material (PCM) TW-system (TWS) thermal
performance. The PCM cold storage plate released its chilling capacity during the day at a peak heat flow rate
of -25.1 w/m2, while it accumulated cold energy at a peak heat flow rate of 20.1 w/m2 during the night.
Research by Zhang et al. [22] uses numerical analysis to investigate the upgraded TW's thermal
properties. The improved TW outperformed a regular TW in terms of average air temperature at the top vent,
average air velocity at the top vent, heating capacity, and overall thermal efficiency by 1.9 °C, 30.4%, 57.1%,
and 55.7%, respectively. The restored TW's temperature and flow fields were likewise much superior to
those of the original Trombe. According to a comparison of the heating characteristics of improved TWs with
various air channel thicknesses ranging from 50 to 130 mm, the best heating characteristics of the improved
TW with a height of 2.7 m could be achieved when the air channel thickness ranged from 70 to 80 mm. The
thermal performance of a TW is improved in the current study by the employment of phase change materials
and an outside insulation component [23]. First, a heating maintenance design strategy must be chosen. Using
this model, the thermal performance of the outer insulation component's design features is assessed. The
working medium of the heat exchanger in the PV/TW was water nano-fluid (Al2O3) [24]. For different
coolant flow rates and design configurations, two concentrations of the nano-particles (0.1% and 0.5%) were
taken into consideration. It has been shown that at a nanofluid concentration of 0.5%, solar cells and interior
parts suffer the greatest temperature reduction. The interior space temperature and the solar cell temperature
had the largest reductions, 9 °C, and 14.4 °C, respectively. The system's maximum electrical and thermal
efficiencies at operational settings (with Fan+300 L/day+Nano 0.5%) were 9.2% and 62.99%, respectively.
Studies are done and solutions are suggested [25] to minimize the discrepancy between a 150 m2
single-family home's electrical demand and RE output. Two examples of RE are micro-wind turbines and PV
technologies. Although the essay ends with a discussion of grid feed-in, it also offers a brief economic analysis
that concentrates on the scenario in which grid feed-in is absent. The goal of the current work is to use a porous
material to improve the performance of a hybrid PV/TW system [26]. This article's experimental setup was
developed to investigate the effects of a porous material, a DC fan, and a glass cover on PV performance. In
addition to the storage of electrical energy, this work proposes a ground-breaking energy approach for the
creation of thermal energy, hydrogen fuel, and electricity [27]. The system consists of an organic ranking cycle
(ORC), a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), a parabolic trough collector (PTC), an electrolyzer a
thermoelectric generator (TEG). The pumped hydro-compressed air (PHCA) combination technology is used
for electricity storage. The suggested system's conceptual design takes two distinct eventualities into account
(based on the production of energy and hydrogen fuel). The solar collector is necessary for energy generation in
both cases. Additionally, around 3.4 kg/day of hydrogen gas is produced in the second scenario. To accomplish
this, a cooling system that comprises fans, sprinklers, and wipers was designed and built [28]. Its purpose is to
remove additional heat from solar panels when temperatures are at their highest. Sprinklers and wipers can help
keep solar panels clean because dust is a problem that reduces their ability to produce electricity. A
microcontroller that was created using Proteus 8, Arduino, and MATLAB 2016 controls the cooling system.
This energy can be used to generate electricity while also being consumed by a PV-thermal (PVT) system [29].
In contrast to conventional systems, the collector in this instance is external to the PV panel and is linked
through pipes. To track and store system characteristics received from the PV-TEG source in large memory
Arduino-based design and implementation of experimental rooms with a trombe … (Raid W. Daoud)
1250  ISSN: 2302-9285

storage, a data acquisition system (DAQ) for a hybrid PV-TEG was designed [30]. The 200 W panels and 192
TEG are coupled in series and parallel on the hybrid system to maximize output power. For data gathering, the
technology transforms the original data into digital input and saves it on a secure digital card (SD card). The
rising temperature of solar panels is one factor that lowers the effectiveness of solar systems [31]. To avoid this,
a cooling fan can be mounted on the back of the solar panel. Efficiency rose by around 4.7% when the full
system was built and tested [32]. A simple pipe was used as a spiral heat exchanger for active cooling on a PV
module. The technique may also be readily extended to large-scale systems.
In this experiment [33] perforated aluminum plates were used as a passive cooling technique to
decrease excessive heat in solar panels and boost the output power produced by the 100 Wp monocrystalline
solar panel. Hammoumi et al. [34] presents an experimental examination of small-scale floating photovoltaic
systems (FPVS). It was designed with study and demonstration in mind and is the first attempt to test this
idea under operational circumstances in Morocco. To gather experimental data for thermal and electrical
modeling, a test bench for PV-T panels must be built [35]. A self-developed open-source system built on the
Arduino platform is used to monitor data from the test bench's multiple sensors and actuators. The primary
objective of this research is to increase PV panel efficiency while maximizing energy output to lower panel
temperature [6]. For small solar systems to work well, both careful hardware and software development is
required. The goal of this study [18] is to create an autonomous, intelligent TW system that can adapt to keep
a room's temperature constant despite abrupt changes in the weather. A DAQ device based on Arduino has
been developed, constructed, and tested in this work to monitor the PV system characteristics of the solar
home systems (SHS) prototype [36]. A signal processing module, such as an Arduino Mega board with an
ATmega 2,560 chip microcontroller, sensor modules (such as the voltage, current, temperature, and
humidity), a storage module using an SD card shield with an embedded real-time clock of DS1307, and a
liquid crystal display (LCD) 20×4 display module make up the DAQ device.

Figure 1. Proposed design for the PV-TW for experimental issues

2. METHOD
The idea of this work is based on the observation of several projects by previous researchers and the
problems they have to record the data, control the coolness of the room as well as choose the right load.
Many efforts were achieved to get standard data of any application for the PV Trumbe wall. Time reduction
and fewer efforts are the main goals for the proposed work.

2.1. General structure

This work adopts the traditional measurements of the previous works with dimensions of 1*1*2. As
this is the basis for most of the experiments and research in this field. The main idea of this proposal is to
implement the principle of an ideal, smart, clean room that uses only solar energy to adapt to most traditional
home uses in addition to thermal insulation by choosing the optimal type of walls.

2.2. Solar panels

The solar panels are placed on one of the four walls of the room and fixed in such a position that
there is a space between them and the inner wall of the room to allow researchers to place a phase-changing
substance or a specific gas or leave it filled with air, depending on the chosen application. The benefits of PV
are electric power generation, water heating, and room conditioning through heat exchange. If the work is
applied to a larger area and more attachments, either, the number of panels will be or the panel size will be
increased according to the choice. The use of panels in experiment rooms based on the TW is completely
different from those used in solar energy systems that are used to generate electrical power only, as it is
controlled by determining the optimal angle for the cells to make the most of the sunlight with the necessary
cooling for the cells. In the case of a TW, the direction of the board is only vertical, so the difference in
angles is compensated by attaching mirrors to increase the focus of the rays.

Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 12, No. 3, June 2023: 1248-1255
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285  1251

2.3. Arduino
Arduino Uno is what was used in this work to control the workflow in the proposed rooms for
laboratory experiments and researchers' projects related to the uses of solar panels and TWs or performance
improvements. Arduino layout with the most used pins and input/output ports is shown in Figure 2. In the
previous controllers, to change a certain element within the circuit of control we have to repeat the entire
program. The programming process does not take a lot of time. It only requires accumulated experience using
programming in general with how to prepare conditional functions and deal with the outside world, as the
principle of the controlling work is a function (if), through the values of variables obtained through sensors or
through mathematical equations that It also depends on the sensor values.

Figure 2. Arduino UNO parts and i/o pins

The Arduino is programmed to record the readings of the sensors after connecting them to a single
line and through serial data, which in turn serves as a basis for making decisions later and obtaining the best
performance of the work-related system. The process of recording data is by storing it on a fixed memory
inside the Arduino and then it is obtained using an external USB memory whenever the user wants, where the
controller records the readings according to what is programmed on it. For every hour of reading or whatever
the researcher wants in the timing of the recording. In this proposed work, the recording was used on internal
memory, and then the data was pulled from the Arduino memory to external memory, to study the case and
fix the variables in the proposed design by the researchers. It is mentioned that may take 15-25 minutes to
obtain the data, which is a loss in time and inhomogeneity of the recorded readings because there are more
than 10 minutes between the first and last sensors. Through the proposed work, and as mentioned above, after
recording the data, it is withdrawn via USB with the same values and the same degree of accuracy that was
recorded on the sensor without any significant error rate. In order not to lose the ability of the Arduino, the
limit did not stop at recording the readings only but also went beyond the work to control the operation of
cooling systems, air vacuums, and the loads associated with the proposed work. For example, in the process
of cooling the solar panel, researchers used to operate the air fans in the back space of the panel to work on
discharging the hot air and replacing it with cold air, as the fans were working constantly and at the same
speed. In this work, the Arduino was programmed to control the speed of the fans as it gives them differently
depending on the recorded temperatures of the slab. In the same way, the fans are controlled, and the water
motor is dedicated to cooling the cell. The heating of the water was also controlled, as it was programmed to
work according to the temperatures generated by the panel, i.e. it pushes varying amounts of water during the
day, meaning that at high temperatures it increases the thrust to get More hot water and more cooling for the
cell, and vice versa. One of the things that are also controlled is the process of controlling the loads, and the
time allotted to them. The purpose of that is to save the efficiency of the solar panel, or the capacity of the
battery that stores energy, as the Arduino turns on and off the load only when reading the variables associated
with the type of study and separates the load after it.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The proposed work was run according to the standard data mentioned earlier. One of the important
things in the process of operating such types of projects is the rate of power generated in the solar panel, the
amount of heat applied to the panel, and the electric current. The model's response was accurately corrected
during the timely data collection, and the multi-control objectives were met.

3.1. Temperatures
The second matter, which is no less important than the first, is the recording of temperatures for the
various parts of the work, which is necessary for solar panel projects associated with electrical energy
applications, as high temperatures harm the efficiency of the solar panel. The work contains more than 40
Arduino-based design and implementation of experimental rooms with a trombe … (Raid W. Daoud)
1252  ISSN: 2302-9285

sensors, as mentioned previously, which must be taken periodically at the same time to study the response to
the various areas of the project. In this proposal, the Arduino controller is used to collect these readings
through a complex of signals from all sensors and connect them to a single line to the Arduino using the
sequential data theory. A program has been developed to work so that the time is fixed by the researcher in
the project under work and according to what he wants to time between reading and another. For example,
every hour the sensor readings are recorded and stored on the internal memory via a USB memory stick.
Previously, by the traditional method, the authors take approximately 15-20 minutes to obtain the readings,
which negatively affects the case study due to the timing discrepancy between the first and last sensors,
Figure 3, an example of power records. In addition, the Arduino takes temperature values from the sensor
with instant accuracy and with the standard installed in the program, meaning that the data does not enter into
an intermediate stage to find the temperature value from the resistance value generated by the sensor. The
record for the proposed model is more than 40 and Figure 4 shows the temperature for the PV on a given day.
Other records for the inside room are fixed for the same day and shown in Figure 5.

Power Generated in 7/9/2021

Corresponding Values

40
30
20
10 Voltage
0
Current
Power
Time

Figure 3. Generated power from PV on one day of the year

PV surface Temp. in 7/9/2021

60
Temperature °C

40
20 PV-1
0
PV-2
PV-3

Time

Figure 4. Temperature record for a given day as Arduino read

In-side room Temp. 7/9/2021

60
Temperature °C

40 inside room 1
20
0 inside room 2
inside room 3
inside room 4
Average
Time

Figure 5. Inside room temperature for one day

Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 12, No. 3, June 2023: 1248-1255
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285  1253

3.2. Loads and cooling

Also, controlling the loads is one of the factors affecting the efficiency of the batteries first, and the
solar panel used to generate electrical energy second. It is known that the electrical voltage generated by the
solar panel and the energy stored in the batteries is somewhat limited and cannot be exploited continuously at
the maximum load. Solutions to this issue have been developed within the Arduino program to control loads
through software instructions, which turn off and operate the cooling fans according to the need of the board
and according to the temperature recorded on its surface. As it is known for the topics of solar panels and
their use for more than one purpose (electrical power generation and water heating), the maximum electrical
voltage of the solar panel must be loaded to measure its efficiency and bearing loads.
In this work, more than part of the loads were connected to monitor changes in the project, loads
from 50 watts to 80 watts were connected. According to the size of the board, of course, where the controller
turns on the load before the date of recording the readings specified by the user and then turns it off after only
five minutes, to preserve the battery level from loss and continue to work without causing any problems. By
the same mechanism, the controller controls the work of the DC motor, which in turn is a load and cooling
for the solar panel at the same time, as it pumps water along the back of the panel to absorb the heat
generated as a result of converting solar energy to electric. If the engine continues to work, it will not be
enough for an hour or two, but if the controller is present, there will be a working program, which is pumping
water in a programmatic way that depends on the temperature of the panel and the daily timing between day
and night. In this way, we achieve the principle of cooling the cell and getting its best performance with hot
water on demand. The cooling diagram is shown in Figure 6 which illustrates the mechanism of the water
flow through the controlled operated motor and then to PV and how to get hot water. The interfacing display
for the Arduino gives messages for the instantaneous operation, recording data, the load is ON, fan is OFF
and others, see Figures 7 and 8.

Arduino
signal PVT
Cold
water
Motor Hot water

Figure 6. Cooling diagram for the proposed experimental module

Figure 7. The water pump is ON Figure 8. Module setting is ok

4. CONCLUSION
The used controller, an Arduino, is in charge of several operations, including controlling the solar
panel's cooling device, reading and recording sensor data and storing it in RAM, controlling the orientation of
the solar panel, controlling the vacuums, and regulating the on-off time of the motors. The findings show that

Arduino-based design and implementation of experimental rooms with a trombe … (Raid W. Daoud)
1254  ISSN: 2302-9285

by using sensor data, it is possible to keep the temperature constant during on-time while simultaneously
preserving as much battery life as is practicable. The suggested module is an experimental workbench where
authors and students can conduct several projects. In order to maintain the generated energy at specific times,
the quantity of hot water and electricity may be simply determined. This module may be used to improve and
regulate TW and PV system efficiency. Additional points may be involved in the proposed module, such as an
online decision maker, automatic on-off door, and time schedule for the loads or pumps; all of the mentioned
points can execute in future work. Long battery life, continuous hot water, improved PV efficiency, and simple
data collection are the most important practical and satisfying goals of the proposed work.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Raid W. Daoud received the Engineer degree in techniques of computer

Engineering from Technical College/Mosul-Northern Technical University, Iraq in 2003.
He received his Master's degree from Technical College/Mosul-Northern Technical
University, Iraq in 2008. Currently, he is a lecturer at Al-Hawija Technical Institute and a
researcher in the optimization and artificial intelligence field. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Obed Majeed Ali obtained a Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (Hons) in

2000 and a Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering in 2002 from the Department of
Mechanical Engineering/College of Engineering at Mosul University, Iraq. Dr. Obed
Majeed Ali obtained his Doctor of Philosophy in Mechanical Engineering (Internal
Combustion Engine and Alternative Fuels) in 2014 from University Malaysia Pahang,
Malaysia. After finishing his Ph.D., he worked as a senior lecturer at the Faculty of
Mechanical Engineering-University Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia. He can be contacted at
email: [email protected].

Omer Khalil Ahmed obtained a Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering in 1999

and a Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering in 2001 from the Department of
Mechanical Engineering/College of Engineering at Tikrit University, Iraq. Dr. Omer Khalil
Ahmed obtained his Ph.D., in Mechanical Engineering (Thermal Engineering) in 2006 from
Al-Nahrain University, Iraq. He has many scientific projects, academic research, and
patents in the field of renewable energies, as well as supervising graduate students locally
and internationally on renewable energy subjects and heat transfer. He can be contacted at
email: [email protected].

Ihab A. Satam Mechatronics-Engineering College University of Mosul, Iraq.

M.Sc MechatronicsAlkhwarizmi Engineering College University of Baghdad, Iraq.
Lecturer-Northern Technical University, Iraq. Research interest: robotics-neural network-
control-autopilot. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Arduino-based design and implementation of experimental rooms with a trombe … (Raid W. Daoud)