THE ASIAN SCHOOL

KINGDOM OF BAHRAIN

GRADE: 10 SUBJECT: COMPUTER SCIENCE

CHAPTER 4 -INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)

Artificial Intelligence is made up of two words. As you know, Artificial refers to something which is made or
produced by human beings rather than occurring naturally, especially as a copy of something natural.
Intelligence refers to the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills. Nowadays we have
smartphones, smart televisions, smart calendars, smart cards etc. These appliances basically work on
technology which is a part of Artificial Intelligence.

Artificial intelligence is the capability of a computer to perform tasks that generally require human
intelligence or human assistance. But can computers be intelligent? If yes, how can we define intelligence?
Let us understand this with the help of an example.

Suppose you put a utensil on the gas burner to boil water and when the water gets boiled, you directly
touch the utensil to put it down from the gas burner. You get unpleasant results of this action, i.e. burning
your hand. Now imagine, after a few days, you put the utensil again and boil the water. What would you do
this time? Touch the hot utensil directly or you put it down from the gas burner using a piece of cloth or a
kitchen pincers? You will use the kitchen pincers because you remember burning your hand last time.

Using the kitchen pincers is an example of intelligence and the human ability to apply intelligence and skills,
In this example, remembering that your hand can be burnt the first time isnot considered intelligence.
Remembering the first incident and ~~ Using Kitchen Pincers to taking action based on that is intelligence.
Avoid Hand Burning

Intelligence is the ability to learn and to deal with new situations. When a computer or a robot solves a
problem or uses language, it may seem to be intelligent. However, this type of intelligence is different from
human intelligence. It is called artificial intelligence, or Al.
WHO COINED THE WORD ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?

It is very important to point to remember Artificial Intelligence coined by John McCarthy, who is one of the
“founding fathers” along with Alan Turing, Marvin Minsky, Allen Newell, and Herbert A. Simon.

John McCarthy is one of the “founding fathers” of artificial intelligence, together with Alan Turing, Marvin
Minsky, Allen Newell, and Herbert A. Simon.

McCarthy coined the term “artificial intelligence” in 1955 and organized the famous Dartmouth
Conference in Summer 1956. This conference started AI as a field.

DEFINITION OF AI:

AI can be defined as the ability of computer systems i.e. hardware and software, to do tasks that normally
required human beings to use intelligence.

APPLICATIONS OF AI IN OUR DAILY LIFE

There are numerous things in our daily life today, those are influenced by AI. A few of them are:

Smartphones

The smartphone has many applications that running and provided services with the help of AI. Ex. Google
Assistant, Alexa, Apple Siri, etc.

Social media

Social media websites like Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, or Snapchat sending notification and managing
timelines by AI. AI takes all your past behavior, web searches, interactions, and everything else that you do
when you are on these websites and tailors the experience just for you.

Music and media streaming

Apps like Spotify, NetFlix, or Youtube AI is making a decision for the users. AI records playlist history and
generating some recommendations for watching or playing songs.

Video games
Video games companies are most earlier adopters of AI. AI generate random levels in video games. In many
games, AI defeated world champions. PUBG, Dota 2, Fortnite all are AI integrated games.

Smart home
Many smart home devices use AI to learn the behavior of the members of the family and can adjust
settings accordingly. Smart voice assistants playing a vital role in smart homes. Smart thermostats used to
adjust the temperature based on the user’s preferences. Smart lights change the color and intensity of
lights based on time and much more.An ice breaker activity is given in the activity section for the chapter
Excite Artificial Intelligence to draw a layout for your dream smart home.
Security and surveillance

Thousands of cameras keep monitoring at the same time by AI only. Object recognition and face
recognition getting better and better day by day.

STRONG AI VS. WEAK AI

AI can be categorized as weak or strong.

Weak AI, also known as narrow AI, is designed and trained to complete a specific task. Industrial robots and
virtual personal assistants, such as Apple's Siri, use weak AI.

Strong AI, also known as artificial general intelligence (AGI), describes programming that can replicate the
cognitive abilities of the human brain. When presented with an unfamiliar task, a strong AI system can use
fuzzy logic to apply knowledge from one domain to another and find a solution autonomously. In theory, a
strong AI program should be able to pass both a Turing test and the Chinese Room argument.

REASONING PROCESSES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Reasoning is the process of deriving logical conclusions from the available beliefs, facts and knowledge and
making predictions. In simple words, it is a process of thinking to come to conclusions with logic and
rationality.

The reasoning is very important in artificial intelligence so that the computer or machines can think
rationally, come to logical conclusions and perform actions like humans.

There are six types of reasoning in artificial intelligence.

1. Deductive Reasoning: Deductive reasoning comes to a conclusion on the basics of the facts that
you already know.
2. Inductive Reasoning: Inductive reasoning comes to a conclusion on the basics of l imited facts and
generalises the prediction.
3. Abductive Reasoning: Abductive reasoning comes to a conclusion on the basics of or multiple facts
and reaches the most likely prediction.

4. Common Sense Reasoning: Common sense reasoning comes to a conclusion that ‘not based on
facts but gained through experiences.

5. Monotonic Reasoning: Monotonic reasoning comes to a conclusion based on existing facts or data.
After reaching the conclusion, even if more facts or data is added the prediction will not change.

6. Non-Monotonic Reasoning: Non-monotonic reasoning comes to a conclusion that je. based on

ADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

1. Reduction in Human Error

One of the biggest benefits of Artificial Intelligence is that it can significantly reduce errors and increase
accuracy and precision. The decisions taken by AI in every step is decided by information previously
gathered and a certain set of algorithms. When programmed properly, these errors can be reduced to null.

Example:

An example of the reduction in human error through AI is the use of robotic surgery systems, which can
perform complex procedures with precision and accuracy, reducing the risk of human error and improving
patient safety in healthcare. 2. Zero Risks

Another big benefit of AI is that humans can overcome many risks by letting AI robots do them for us.
Whether it be defusing a bomb, going to space, exploring the deepest parts of oceans, machines with
metal bodies are resistant in nature and can survive unfriendly atmospheres. Moreover, they can provide
accurate work with greater responsibility and not wear out easily.

Example:

One example of zero risks is a fully automated production line in a manufacturing facility. Robots perform
all tasks, eliminating the risk of human error and injury in hazardous environments.

3. 24x7 Availability

There are many studies that show humans are productive only about 3 to 4 hours in a day. Humans also
need breaks and time offs to balance their work life and personal life. But AI can work endlessly without
breaks. They think much faster than humans and perform multiple tasks at a time with accurate results.
They can even handle tedious repetitive jobs easily with the help of AI algorithms.

Example:

An example of this is online customer support chatbots, which can provide instant assistance to customers
anytime, anywhere. Using AI and natural language processing, chatbots can answer common questions,
resolve issues, and escalate complex problems to human agents, ensuring seamless customer service
around the clock.

4. Digital Assistance

Some of the most technologically advanced companies engage with users using digital assistants, which
eliminates the need for human personnel. Many websites utilize digital assistants to deliver user-requested
content. We can discuss our search with them in conversation. Some chatbots are built in a way that makes
it difficult to tell whether we are conversing with a human or a chatbot.

Example:

We all know that businesses have a customer service crew that must address the doubts and concerns of
the patrons. Businesses can create a chatbot or voice bot that can answer all of their clients' questions
using AI.

5. New Inventions

In practically every field, AI is the driving force behind numerous innovations that will aid humans in
resolving the majority of challenging issues.

For instance, recent advances in AI-based technologies have allowed doctors to detect breast cancer in a
woman at an earlier stage.

Example:

Another example of new inventions is self-driving cars, which use a combination of cameras, sensors, and
AI algorithms to navigate roads and traffic without human intervention. Self-driving cars have the potential
to improve road safety, reduce traffic congestion, and increase accessibility for people with disabilities or
limited mobility. They are being developed by various companies, including Tesla, Google, and Uber, and
are expected to revolutionize transportation.

6. Unbiased Decisions
Human beings are driven by emotions, whether we like it or not. AI on the other hand, is devoid of
emotions and highly practical and rational in its approach. A huge advantage of Artificial Intelligence is that
it doesn't have any biased views, which ensures more accurate decision-making.

Example:

An example of this is AI-powered recruitment systems that screen job applicants based on skills and
qualifications rather than demographics. This helps eliminate bias in the hiring process, leading to an
inclusive and more diverse workforce.

7. Perform Repetitive Jobs

We will be doing a lot of repetitive tasks as part of our daily work, such as checking documents for flaws

and mailing thank-you notes, among other things. We may use artificial intelligence to efficiently automate

these menial chores and even eliminate "boring" tasks for people, allowing them to focus on being more

creative. Example:

An example of this is using robots in manufacturing assembly lines, which can handle repetitive tasks such
as welding, painting, and packaging with high accuracy and speed, reducing costs and improving efficiency.

8. Daily Applications

Today, our everyday lives are entirely dependent on mobile devices and the internet. We utilize a variety of
apps, including Google Maps, Alexa, Siri, Cortana on Windows, OK Google, taking selfies, making calls,
responding to emails, etc. With the use of various AI-based techniques, we can also anticipate today’s
weather and the days ahead.

Example:

About 20 years ago, you must have asked someone who had already been there for instructions when you
were planning a trip. All you need to do now is ask Google where Bangalore is. The best route between you
and Bangalore will be displayed, along with Bangalore's location, on a Google map.

9. AI in Risky Situations

One of the main benefits of artificial intelligence is this. By creating an AI robot that can perform perilous
tasks on our behalf, we can get beyond many of the dangerous restrictions that humans face. It can be
utilized effectively in any type of natural or man-made calamity, whether it be going to Mars, defusing a
bomb, exploring the deepest regions of the oceans, or mining for coal and oil.

Example:
For instance, the explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power facility in Ukraine. As any person who came
close to the core would have perished in a matter of minutes, at the time, there were no AI-powered
robots that could assist us in reducing the effects of radiation by controlling the fire in its early phases.

10. Medical Applications

AI has also made significant contributions to the field of medicine, with applications ranging from diagnosis
and treatment to drug discovery and clinical trials. AI-powered tools can help doctors and researchers
analyze patient data, identify potential health risks, and develop personalized treatment plans. This can
lead to better health outcomes for patients and help accelerate the development of new medical
treatments and technologies.

DISADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

1. High Costs

The ability to create a machine that can simulate human intelligence is no small feat. It requires plenty of
time and resources and can cost a huge deal of money. AI also needs to operate on the latest hardware
and software to stay updated and meet the latest requirements, thus making it quite costly.

2. No Creativity

A big disadvantage of AI is that it cannot learn to think outside the box. AI is capable of learning over time
with pre-fed data and past experiences, but cannot be creative in its approach. A classic example is the bot
Quill who can write Forbes earning reports. These reports only contain data and facts already provided to
the bot. Although it is impressive that a bot can write an article on its own, it lacks the human touch
present in other Forbes articles.

3. Unemployment

One application of artificial intelligence is a robot, which is displacing occupations and increasing
unemployment (in a few cases). Therefore, some claim that there is always a chance of unemployment as a
result of chatbots and robots replacing humans.

For instance, robots are frequently utilized to replace human resources in manufacturing businesses in
some more technologically advanced nations like Japan. This is not always the case, though, as it creates
additional opportunities for humans to work while also replacing humans in order to increase efficiency.

4. Make Humans Lazy

AI applications automate the majority of tedious and repetitive tasks. Since we do not have to memorize
things or solve puzzles to get the job done, we tend to use our brains less and less. This addiction to AI can
cause problems to future generations.
5. No Ethics

Ethics and morality are important human features that can be difficult to incorporate into an AI. The rapid
progress of AI has raised a number of concerns that one day, AI will grow uncontrollably, and eventually
wipe out humanity. This moment is referred to as the AI singularity.

6. Emotionless

Since early childhood, we have been taught that neither computers nor other machines have feelings.
Humans function as a team, and team management is essential for achieving goals. However, there is no
denying that robots are superior to humans when functioning effectively, but it is also true that human
connections, which form the basis of teams, cannot be replaced by computers.

7. No Improvement

Humans cannot develop artificial intelligence because it is a technology based on pre-loaded facts and
experience. AI is proficient at repeatedly carrying out the same task, but if we want any adjustments or
improvements, we must manually alter the codes. AI cannot be accessed and utilized akin to human
intelligence, but it can store infinite data.

Machines can only complete tasks they have been developed or programmed for; if they are asked to
complete anything else, they frequently fail or provide useless results, which can have significant negative
effects.

Bibliography:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence https://youtu.be/urHNsHKY5Ss?

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