Lecture : 01

Md. Shahid Uz Zaman

Dept. of CSE
 What is a Computer?
 What is inside a computer?
 Programming languages
 What does it take to become a programmer?
 It is an electronic device that stores and
process data.
 It is all around us
 It consists
◦ Hardware
 Example: Motherboard, mouse, keyboard, CPU & etc.
◦ Software
 Example: Window XP, MS Word…
 beads on rods to count and calculate
 still widely used in Asia!

Learn more: Click Here

 Napier’s Bones
◦ John Napier invented
logarithms in 1917,
which allows
multiplication to be
performed via addition
◦ The Napier’s Bones were
invented to ease the
calculation
◦ Napier’s Bones led Napier’s Bones
directly to the invention
of slide rule (1632).
◦ Slide rule also used in
Mercury, Gemini and
Apollo space program
by NASA
Slide Rule
 first stored program -
metal cards
 first computer
manufacturing
 still in use today!
 Difference Engine c.1822
◦ huge calculator, never
finished
 Analytical Engine 1833
◦ could store numbers
◦ calculating “mill” used
punched metal cards for
instructions
◦ powered by steam!
◦ accurate to six decimal
places
 First Generation Electronic
Computers used Vacuum
Tubes
 Vacuum tubes are glass tubes
with circuits inside.
 Vacuum tubes have no air
inside of them, which protects
the circuitry.
 first fully electronic
digital computer built
in the U.S.
 Created at the
University of
Pennsylvania
 ENIAC weighed 30
tons
 contained 18,000
vacuum tubes
 Cost a paltry
$487,000
 Programmed UNIVAC
 Recipient of Computer
Science’s first “Man of
the Year Award”
 1956 – Computers began to incorporate
Transistors
 Replaced vacuum tubes with Transistors
 Third Generation Computers used Integrated
Circuits (chips).
 Integrated Circuits are transistors, resistors, and
capacitors integrated together into a single “chip”
 1964-1971
 Integrated Circuit
 Operating System
 Getting smaller, cheaper
 The 4004 had 2,250 transistors
 four-bit chunks (four 1’s or 0’s)
 108Khz
 Called “Microchip”
 Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSIC)
◦ Transistors, resistors, and capacitors
 4004 had 2,250 transistors
 Pentium IV has 42 MILLION transistors
◦ Each transistor 0.13 microns (10-6 meters)
 MICROCHIPS!
 Getting smaller and smaller, but we are still
using microchip technology
 256 byte memory
(not Kilobytes or
Megabytes)
 2 MHz Intel 8080
chips
 Just a box with
flashing lights
 cost $395 kit,
$495 assembled.
 IBM-Intel-Microsoft joint
venture
 First wide-selling personal
computer used in business
 8088 Microchip - 29,000
transistors
◦ 4.77 Mhz processing speed
 256 K RAM (Random Access
Memory) standard
 One or two floppy disk drives
 Founded 1977
 Apple II released 1977
◦ widely used in schools

 Macintosh (left)
◦ released in 1984, Motorola
68000 Microchip processor
◦ first commercial computer
with graphical user interface
(GUI) and pointing device
(mouse)
 First Second Third Fourth Gen.
Generation Gen. Gen.
Technology Vacuum Transistors Integrated Microchips
Tubes Circuits (millions of
(multiple transistors)
transistors)
Size Filled Whole Filled half a Smaller Tiny - Palm
Buildings room Pilot is as
powerful as
old building
sized
computer
 UNIVAC Mits IBM PC Macintosh Pentium
(1951-1970) Altair (1981) (1984) IV
(1968 vers.)
(1975)
Circuits Integrated 2 Intel Intel 8088 Motorola Intel P-IV
Circuits 8080 Microchip 68000 Microchip
Microchip -Transistors
29,000 - 7.5 million
transistors
RAM 512 K 265 Bytes 256 KB 256 MB
Memory
Speed 1.3 MHz 2 KHz 4.77 MHz 3200 MHz
= 3.2 GHz
Storage 100 MB 8” Floppy Floppy Floppy Hard
Hard Drive Drive Drive Drives Drive,
Floppy,
CD-Rom
Size Whole Briefcase Briefcase Two Small
Room (no monitor) + Monitor shoeboxes Tower
(integrated
monitor)
Cost $1.6 million $750 $1595 ~$4000 $1000 -
$2000
 Early 1990s began penetration of computers
into every niche: every desk, most homes, etc.
 Faster, less expensive computers paved way for
this
 Windows 95 was first decent GUI for “PCs”
 Macs became more PC compatible - easy file
transfers
 Prices have plummeted
◦ $2000 for entry level to $500
◦ $6000 for top of line to $1500
 Great increases in speed, storage, and
memory
 Increased networking, speed in Internet
 Widespread use of CD-RW
 PDAs
 Cell Phone/PDA
 WIRELESS!!!
 Hardware
◦ Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Intel Duo Core, AMD& etc
◦ Memory
 Hard disc, RAM
◦ Storage Devices
 Pen Drive, CD, DVD, Diskert
◦ Input Devices
 Key Board, Mouse, Scanner…
◦ Output Devices
 Monitor, projector, speaker…
◦ Communication Devices
 Modem, Wireless card, Switches and Hub, router…
Computer Parts
 There are many
parts that work
together to make a
computer work.
Hardware
 Physical parts of the
computer, including
processor and
memory chips,
input/output
devices, tapes,
disks, modems,
cable, etc.
CPU
 The Central
Processing Unit
Processor
 The CPU – The chip
or chips that
interpret and
execute program
instructions and
manage the
functions of input,
output, and storage
devices.
Computer Case
 Contains the major
components of the
computer. It helps
protect them.
Front of the Computer Case
Inside the Computer Case
Monitor
 A display screen to
provide “output” to
the user. It is
where you view the
information your are
working on.
Video Card
 Connects the computer
to the monitor. It is a
circuit board attached
to the motherboard that
contains the memory
and other circuitry
necessary to send
information to the
monitor for display on
screen.
Keyboard
 Used to enter
information into the
computer and for
giving commands.
Mouse
 An input device
operated by rolling its
ball across a flat
surface. The mouse is
used to control the on-
screen pointer by
pointing and clicking,
double-clicking, or
dragging objects on the
screen.
Touchpad
 A pressure-sensitive
and motion sensitive
device used in place
of a mouse.
CD Rom Drive
 The drive that plays
CDs and reads data
that has been stored
on the CD.
CD
 Compact Disk – A
type of optical
storage device.
Floppy Disk Drive
 A device that holds
a removable floppy
disk when in use;
read/write heads
read and write data
to the diskette.
Hard Disk
 Magnetic storage
device in the
computer.
RAM
 Random Access Memory
RAM is a computer’s
temporary memory,
which exists as chips on
the motherboard near
the CPU. It stores data
or programs while they
are being used and
requires power.
Printer
 An output device
that produces a hard
copy on paper. It
gives information to
the user in printed
form.
Barcode Reader
 An input device that
converts a pattern
of printed bars into
a number that a
computer can read.
They are often used
by businesses to
quickly input price
and product
information.
Scanner
 A device that allows
pictures to be placed
into a computer.
Microphone
 Allows the user to
record sounds as
input to their
computer.
Speakers
 Used to generate or
reproduce voice,
music, and other
sounds.
Sound Card
 Connects the
speakers and
microphone to the
computer.
Modem
 The place where the
computer is
connected to the
phone line.
Network Card
 A circuit board that
connects the
computer to the rest
of the network
usually using special
cables.
Software
 Programs that tell
the computer what
to do. It provides
instructions that the
CPU will need to
carry out.
DOS
 Disk Operating System
This software connects the hardware with the
programs you want to run.

MS-DOS:

Microsoft DOS (Disk Operating System) is a

command line user interface. MS-DOS 1.0
was released in 1981 for IBM computers.
Example of MS-DOS
Windows
 A family of operating
systems developed and
produced by Microsoft
Corp. It provides a
software graphical user
interface (GUI) used on
IBM and compatible
computers.
Example of Windows (GUI)
 Software
◦ Also known as computer programs
◦ A collection of instruction for computer to operate
◦ Can be written in many types of languages
◦ Collections of important program to operate the
basic operation of a computer is Operating System
◦ Example of OS: Microsoft Windows, DOS, OS X
(MAC), UNIX and etc
 A programming language is a machine –
readable artificial language to express
computations that can be performed by a
machine.
 In simple term, the language that can instruct
computer to perform certain operation!
 Memory (RAM)

CPU
Input device Output device
(CU & ALU)
 High Level Language
Low Level Language
Hey, do you
hear me?

Operating System
Human
Low Level Language

Operating System
 Low Level Language

Operating System
•Computer alone  Dead

•Computer+OS  Alive

•Computer+OS+Compiler Interact
 Basically there are 3 types of programming
language:
◦ Machine languages
◦ Assembly languages
◦ High-level languages
 Basically machine cannot understand human
language.
 Computer only understand numbers.(Digital
format)
 Machines languages are machine-
dependents, but it generally consists string of
numbers (eventually will reduce to 1s and 0s)
 Example:
◦ 1000100111 (Binary system)
◦ +130042774
 Machine language is hard to understand and
write.
 An English-like abbreviations formed the
basic languages.
 A translator program called assemblers will
later convert the assembly language to
machine language
 Example of assembly languages syntax:
◦ LOAD
◦ ADD
◦ STORE
 Assembly language is easier to use and learn
compare to machine language, but it is still very
tedious to write a complex program which
involve a lot of operation.
 High-level languages are developed, where
single statements can accomplish substantial
tasks.
 It make programming more easier and fun.
 Translator programs called compiler convert
high-level language to machine language
 Example of High-level language
◦ C, C++, JAVA, FOTRAN, COBOL, PYTHON, PHP….
Computer Languages Sample Translator Program
Machine Languages 10011110010111110 -
11111111101001001
01100001010100100
10111101010111010
10100010101010111
111
Assembly Language LOAD BASEPAY Assembler
ADD OVERPAY
STORE GROSSPAY
High level languages grossPay = basePay + Compiler
OverTimePay
 Graphical-based programming language with
scripts
 Only simple knowledge on logic is needed in
programming
 Example:
◦ Visual .NET (C, C++, C#, Basic)
◦ JAVA
◦ WEB Programming
◦ Multimedia programming (FLASH…)
 Need to know Math?
◦ Yes & No, you only need to know the simple arithmetic
operation. The analytical skill is more important
 The Importance of Design
◦ You need to design a solution for a problem
 Importance of Patience
◦ Programming may be frustrating but very rewarding (in
term of satisfactory and monetary)
 Importance of precision
◦ You need to be able to think logically, precisely and in
rigorous way!
 Framing Problems Correctly
◦ Become a good problem solver, not a problem creator!
 Look at the example code
 After reading it, code it, and run (execute) it,
and then modify it!!
 Write your own code ASAP!!
 Seek out more sources
 Mr A just move to a new house, when his
friend ask him what is his house number, he
just tell his friend the range of housing
number at his residential area is between 3
and 85, and 3 questions below:
◦ Guess if his house number is smaller than 39?
◦ Guess if the number can be perfectly divided by 4?
◦ Guess if the number can be square rooted?
 Out of the 3 questions, only one answer
should be “NO”. Find Mr. A’s house.
 If the first answer is “NO”, than Mr. A’s
number will be greater than 39 and smaller
than 85.
 If the number can be divided by 4, and can be
square rooted.
 Then the only number is 64
 If the answer for second or third question is
no, then there will be more than one possible
answer.
Answer: B
Answer: B
Answer: C
4

Answer: A
5

Answer: B
6. Which part of component controls
each operation of a computer?

A. Input Unit B. CPU

C. RAM D. ROM

Answer: B
7

Answer: B
8. Which component was used in second
generation computer?

A. Transistor B. Vacuum Tube

C. IC D. VLSI

Answer: A
9. First Intel Microprocessor was?

A. 4000 B. 4001
C. 4003 D. 4004

Answer: D
10. Which processor is used in apple
computer?
A. Intel B. IBM
C. Motorola D. AMD

Answer: C
11.All of the following are examples of input
devices except which one of the following ?

A. Printer. B. Keyboard
C. Scanner D Mouse

Answer: B
12 Windows Word is an example of

A. System software. B. Platform software.

C Application software. D. Operating system software

Answer: C
13. Which of the following is the expansion of ALU ?

A . All Loves UPS B. Arithmetic legal unit

C. Additional Language Uninterpreted D. Arithmetic logic unit

Answer: D
14. Who is the father of computer ?

A. Writes brother B. Charles Babbage

C. Denise Ritchie D. Steve Jobs

Answer: B
15. DOS is an Operating system originally designed to be
operated by using which of the following device ?

A. Mouse B. Keyboard
C. JoyStick D. Xbox

Answer: B