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What is
Community
Development?
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Community development is
the planned evolution of all
aspects of community well-
being (economic, social,
environmental and cultural).
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The scope of community
development can vary from
small initiatives within a small
group, to large initiatives that
involve the whole community.
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Community Development is a
“grassroots” process by which
communities:
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“● become more responsible;

● organize and plan together;
● develop healthy options;
● empower themselves;
● reduce ignorance, poverty and suffering;
● create employment and economic
opportunities; and
● achieve social, economic, cultural and
environment goals.
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When does
Community
Development happen?
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1. When it needs to
respond to a
Challenge or
Opportunity
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2. When there is
Community
Awareness — The
Power to Act
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3. When there is the
Desire to Build on
Diversity and Find
Common Ground
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4. When we
understand the need
for change
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Seven Theories for
seven community
developers
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Relationships:
Social Capital
Theory
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● Social relationships is essential
for solidarity building and
successful community
initiatives.
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● Friendships, trust, and the
willingness to share some
resources are integral to
collective action.
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● Equality is considered to be an
important cultural norm that is
high in social capital because it
reaches across political,
economic, and cultural divisions
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● Reciprocity is another cultural

norm that is viewed as part of
social capital.
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Structure:
Functionalism
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● It is important to look at
structure, which underlies
organizational and group
capacity to bring about or stop
change.
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● The theoretical concept
concerned with structure is
known as structural
functionalism. Or it is also called
systems theory, equilibrium
theory
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● Societies contain certain
interdependent structures, each
of which performs certain
functions for societal
maintenance.
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● Structural functionalism is an
important tool for community
development, Functionalist
would build links with broader
social systems that could help
the community to flourish.
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Power: Conflict
Theory
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“
● Power is the third key issue for
community development. Power
is control or access to
resources (land, labor, capital,
and knowledge).
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● According to Foucault, “Power
has fluidity in the sense that it
can be reversed and exists in
different degrees.”
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● Power differences are a reality
of community life and need to
be considered as development
occurs.
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“● Community developers need

conflict theory because it helps
them gain insight into why
specific differences and
competition have developed
among groups and organizations
in a community.
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Shared Meaning:
Symbolic
Interactionism
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● If the field is committed to
building or strengthening
solidarity, then practitioners
must be concerned about the
meaning people give to places,
people and events.
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● Emphasizes the symbolic nature
of human interaction rather
than a mechanical pattern of
stimulus and interaction.
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● Symbolic interactionism is
essential for community
development because it provides
insight into the ways people
develop a sense of shared
meaning, an essential ingredient
for solidarity.
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● Symbolic interactionists probe
into the factors that help
people understand what they
say and do by looking at the
origins of symbolic meanings
and how meanings persist.
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Communication:
Communicative
Action Theory
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● Community development occurs
within the context of democracy
that is deliberative and
participatory.
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● Participation occurs in a setting
where a diversity of voices are
heard in order to explore
problems, test solutions, and
make changes to policies when
the community finds flaws
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● Habermas’s theory of
communicative action is based
on free, open, and unlimited
communication.
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● Community development
involves the participation of
networks, groups, and
individuals whose voices are
part of the lifeworld.
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● While this lifeworld operates

within the context of technical,
political, and market realities
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Motivation:
Rational Choice
Theory
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● The rational economic man
model was proposed by Alfred
Marshall. He believed that
humans were interested in
maximizing their utility,
happiness, or profits.
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● Rational choice theory is
concerned with finding
appropriate rewards and
minimizing risks to individuals
who become involved in
community initiatives.
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Integration:
Giddens's
Structuration Theory
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● The classical theories of
structural functionalism,
conflict theory, and rational
choice theory are essential
concepts for building
community capacity.
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● The fluid contemporary theories
of social capital, communicative
action, and the classical theory
of symbolic interactionism are
important for creating or
strengthening solidarity.
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● Anthony Gidden
offers a
perspective that is
more fluid and
process-oriented.
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● He introduces a third
dimension, or an “in-between”
level of analysis, which is
neither macro nor micro.
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● According to Giddens, normative
patterns of society exist “outside
of time and space” meaning they
are neither properties of the
empirical social system nor of
the individual actors.
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“● Giddens’s structuration theory

suggests that the micro-theories
associated with symbolic
interactionism can influence
cultural and traditional norms
and patterns (modalities) and
vice versa.
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● Structuration theory is especially useful
for community developers because of
the potent role of symbolic norms and
cultural patterns (modalities) in creating
new structures, influencing power
differences, and infusing individual
behavior with a sense of solidarity.
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The classical theories of structural
functionalism, conflict, symbolic
interactionism, and rational choice
can be balanced by the more fluid
and synthesizing theories of social
capital, communicative action, and
structuration.
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These theoretical camps may
be linked in novel ways to
help community developers
become more effective
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Race, Identity and

Community
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● Race refers to how racial
disparities and systemic racism
impact the development and
well-being of communities.
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“● Race is considered a social

construct, meaning it is not
based on biological differences
but rather on socially
constructed categories that can
lead to discrimination and
unequal treatment.
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● Discriminatory practices such as:
○ Redlining
○ Segregation
○ Ageism
○ Sexism
○ Cultural or Religious Racism
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● Identity refers to the shared
sense of belonging and
collective characteristics that a
group of people within a
community identify with.
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● Identifying one’s identity plays a
crucial role in motivating
community engagement,
building social cohesion, and
driving positive change
initiatives.
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● Community refers to a group of
people living in a specific
geographical area or sharing a
common identity, who actively
participate in collective efforts
to improve their quality of life
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In conclusion, a well-
developed community
recognizes racial, cultural
identity, and communities as
sources of strength, not
deficits.