Sys

temat
icQual
it
ati
veAnal
ysi
sofs
impl
eInor
gani
csal
t
Exper
iment Obs
ervat
ion I
nfer
enc
e

Phys
icals
tat
e Crystal
li
ne
soli
d/Amorphous
powder
Col
our
Whi
teorpal
epi
nk
Sol
ubi
li
ty

Sal
t+c
oldwat
er
Sol
ubl
e/i
nsol
ubl
e
Sal
t+di
l.
HCl
Sol
ubl
e

Det
ect
ionofac
idr
adi
cal
s

Det
ect
ionof1stgr
oupac
idr
adi
cal
s

Sal
t+di
l.
H2SO4 Gi
vebri
sk 1stgroupac
idr
adi
calis
2-
ef
fer
vesc
enc
e. presentmaybeCO3

Acol
our
lessgast
urns
l
imewatermil
ky
1stgr
oupacidr
adi
cal
s
areabsent

Nobr
iskef
fer
ves
cenc
e

Det
ect
i 1ndgr
onofI oupac
idr
adi
cal
s

Salt
+conc.
H2SO4i
na a)Reactiontakespl
ac 1ndgr
e I oupac
idr
adi
cal
- -
drytes
ttube i
nc oldwi t
hthe ClorBrmaybe
evoluti
onofagas pr
esent

b)Gi
vescol
ourl
ess
fumi
nggaswhichgives nd
I1 gr
oupac
idr
adi
cal
dens
ewhitefumeswith -
Cli
spres
ent
agasroddi
ppedin
 NH4OH

c)Givesr
edvapours 1ndgr
I oupac
idr
adi
cal
andt hes
olut
iontur
ns -
Brispr
esent
yel
low.

d)Nocharac
ter
ist
ic
obser
vati
on 1ndgr
I oupaci
dradic
al
-
ClandBr-ar
eabsent

Sal
t+conc.
H2SO4 and a)Gi vesreddis
hbr own 11ndgroupaci
dradi
cal
-
addcut urni
ngs(paper fumesandt hes oluti
on NO3i spres
ent
bal
l)
and heats t
ronglyt urnsblue.
inadrytes
ttube
b)Noc harac
teri
s t
ic
11ndgroupaci
dradi
cal
observati
on -
NO3i sabsent

1stand11ndgroupac
idr
adi
cal
sar
eabs
ent
,ther
ef e111rdgr
or oupac
id
radicali
spres
ent

Det
ect
ionof3rd gr
oupac
idr
adi
cal
s

Testforso2-4(
sul
phate)
: Awhi t
epreci
pit
ateis 3rdgroupaci
dradi
cal
2-
-Saltsol
ution+BaCl2 for
medwhi chis SO4 ispres
entand
soluti
on+exc essof i
nsolublei
nexcessof confi
rmed.
dil
.HCl. dil
.HCl
.

Conf
irmat
oryt
estf
orAc
idRadi
cal
s

Conf
irmat
oryt
es orCO32-
tf

Salt+wat
er,
heat Limewaterdoesnot 1stgroupaci
dr adi
cal
2-
str
ongly,
passgas turnsmi
lky CO3 i sc
onf
irmed
throughl
imewater
 -
Conf
irmat
oryt
estf
orc
hlor
ide(
Cl)

nd
1.Chr omylc hlori
det est(onl
yf or AReddishbrown 1I group
wr i
ti
ng) :-
Salt+K2Cr2O7 vapoursof acidradic
al
crystals+con.
H2SO4heat ,passthe chromylchl
ori
de Cl-is
vapour sintot heNaOHs olut
ion. isevol
ved. conf i
rmed

Yel
lowsolut
ioni
s
obt
ained
Yell
ows oluti
on+di
l.
acet
icac
id+l
ead
acetat
es olut
ion Yel
lowprec
ipi
tat
e
i
sobtai
ned
nd
2.Sil
vernit
ratetest
:-Sal
t Ac urdywhite 1I group
soluti
on+dil
.HNO3+AgNO3sol
uti
on precipi
tatei
s acidradic
al
formedwhi c
hi s Cl-is
solubleinNH4OH conf i
rmed
-
Conf
irmat
oryt
estf
orBr
omi
de(
Br)
nd
1.Chlorinewatertest
(onl
yforwri
ti
ng):
- Oranger
ed 1I gr oup
saltsoluti
on+equalvolumeofCl
2 gl
obulei
sfor
med acidr adic
al
wat er+CCl4,
shakeandall
owtosett
le Br -is
conf i
rmed
nd
2.Si
lvernit
ratet
est:
-Sal
t Apaleyell
ow 1I gr oup
s
olution+di
l.
HNO3+AgNO3sol
uti
on preci
pit
ateis acidr adic
al
formedwhichis Br -is
spari
nglysol
ubl
e conf i
rmed
i
nNH4OH

Conf
irmat
oryt
estf
orNi
trat
e(NO3-
)(Br
ownr
ingt
est
)
nd
1.
Sal
tsoluti
on+equalvol
umeoffreshl
y Abrownri
ng 1I group
pr
eparedferr
oussul
phatesol
uti
on,add i
sformedat ac
idradic
al
c
on.
H2SO4f
romt
hei
nners
ideoft
het
est thejunc
tion NO3-is
t
ube oftwoli
quids
.conf
irmed
2-
Conf
irmat
oryt
estf
orSul
phat
e(SO4 )(
onl
yforwr
iti
ng)
rd
Saltsol
uti
on+ac
eti
cac
id+l
ead Whit
epreci
pit
ate I
II groupacid
2-
acetate i
sformed r
adi c
alSO4 i s
c
onf i
rmed

Det
ect
ionofBas
icRadi
cal
s

Det
ect
ionofz
erogr
oupbas
icr
adi
cal
(NH4+)

Tes
tforNH4+:
- Givesapungentsmell
ing Zerogr oupbasic
+
gas which gi
ves denser adi
c al(
NH4 )is
Salt+NaOHs
olut
ion,
white fumes wi th a pr esent .
heat.
glass
rod di
pped i
n Con.
zerogr oupbasic
HCl. +
radi
c al(NH4 )i
s
Nopungentsmell
inggas abs ent

Conf
irmat
oryt
es orNH4+(
tf Nes
sler
’sReagent
)

Saltsol
uti
on+Nes s
ler
’s Abr
ownppti
sfor
med Zerogroupbasic
+
reagent+exc
essofNaOH radi
cal(NH4 )i
s
confi
rmed.

Pr
epar
ati
onofor
igi
nals
olut
ion
Sal
t+wat
er s
olubl
e Or
igi
nals
olut
ion

I
fsalti
sinsol
ubleinwat
er s
olubl
e Or
igi
nals
olut
ion
Sal
t+Dil.
HCl,boi
l

Det
ect
ionofgr
oupofbas
icr
adi
cal
s
st
Ori
ginals
olut
ion Nowhi
tepr
eci
pit
ate I gr
oupbasi
c
+di
l.
HCl r
adicalar
eabsent
nd
Or
igi
nals
olut
ion Nowhi
tepr
eci
pit
ate I
I gr
oupbas
ic
+di
l.
H2S r
adi
calar
eabs
ent
r
d
Ori
ginalsol
ution Agel
ati
nouswhi
te I
II gr oupbasi
c
3+
+NH4Cl(
soli
d)+NH4OH(
exc pr
eci
pit
atei
sfor
med. radic alAl maybe
ess
) pres ent .
rd
I
II groupbas
ic
Nopr
eci
pit
ate
r
adi c
alsar
eabsent

Ori
ginalsol
ution Preci
pit
ateisfor
med. Vthgr
I oupbasi
c
+NH4Cl(
soli
d)+NH4OH(
exc r
adicalispr
esent
.
ess
)+H2S
Whitepreci
pit
ateis Vthgr
I oupbas
ic
obtai
ned. r
adical

Buffcol
oured Zn2+maybepr esent
.
preci
pit
ateisobt
ained.
IVthgroupbas
ic
radical

Mn2+maybe
pr
esent
.

Noprec
ipi
tat
eis
f
ormed. Vthgr
I oupbasic
r
adicalisabs
ent.

Ori
ginalsolut
ion Awhiteprec
ipi
tat
eis Vthgroupbas i
c
2+
+NH4Cl(
soli
d)+NH4OH(
exc obt
ained. radicalBa ,Ca2+or
2+
ess
)+(NH4)2CO3 Sr maybepr esent
.

Nopr
eci
pit
ate Vthgroupbasi
c
radic
alsareabsent
.

Conf
irmat
oryt
estf
orBas
icRadi
cal
s
3+ 3+
Conf
irmat
oryt
estf
orAl Agel
ati
nouswhi
te Al is
pr
eci
pit
atei
sfor
medwhi
ch c
onf ir
med
1.
Ori
ginals
olut
ion+NaOH i
ssolubleinexc
es sof
NaOHt oformclear
sol
uti
on.

3+
Al is
Gelat
inouswhite
confirmed.
Cl
ears
olut
ion+s
oli
dNH4Cl preci
pit
atereappear
s.

3+
Al is
confirmed.
Abluef
loat
ingmas
sis
f
ormed
2.
Or i
ginalsol
ution+dr
opsof
NH4OH+bl uel
itmussol
uti
on.

Conf
irmat
oryt
estf
orgr
oupI
VBas
icRadi
cal
s

1.
Ori
ginals
olut
ion Awhitepreci
pit
atei
sformed Zn2+i
s
+NaOH whic
hissolubl
einexces
sof confi
rmed.
NaOH.

Mn2+is
Awhiteprec
ipi
tat
eisf
ormed conf
irmed.
whic
ht ur
nbrownonexpos
uret
o
ai
r.
Mn2+is
conf
irmed
2.
Salt
+PbO2+Con.HNO3+ Pi
nkcol
our
eds
uper
nat
antl
iqui
d
water
+heatandcool. i
sfor
med.

Conf
irmat
oryt
estf
orgr
oupVBas
icRadi
cal
s

a)Ori
ginals
olut
ion+ac
eti
cac
id+K2Cr
O4 Yel
lowprec
ipi
tat
e Ba2+i
s
sol
uti
on. i
sobtai
ned. confi
rmed.
 2+
b)Ori
ginals
olut
ion+(
NH4)
2SO4 Whit
epr ec
ipi
tat
eis Sr is
sol
uti
on. obt
ained. confir
med

Whit
epr ec
ipi
tat
eis Ca2+i
s
obt
ained. confi
rmed.
C)Ori
ginal
solut
ion+NH4OH+ammoni
um

oxal
ates
olut
ion.

a)Appl
egreen Ba2+i
s
col
ouri
simparted. confi
rmed.
2+
b)Cri
ms onred Sr is
Fl
amet
est
col
ourisimparted. confir
med
Salt
+Con.
HClmakeapast
e,i
gni
teon
C)Br
ickredc
olour Ca2+i
s
plat
inumwir
etothenon-
lumi
nous
i
simpart
ed. confi
rmed.
fl
ame.

Sinc
et hegivenradi
cali
snotpres
enti
nthepr
evi
ousgr
oup,
iti
spr
esenti
n
t
h 2+
theVIgr oup.ItmaybeMg

Conf
irmat
oryt
es orMg2+
tf

Ori
ginal Awhitepr
eci
pit
ate Mg2+is
sol
ution+NH4Cl
(sol
id)
+NH4OH(
exc
ess
) i
sfor
med. conf
irmed
+Na2HPO4.

REPORT

Ac
idr
adi
cal Gr
oup Name For
mul
a

I
I Br
omi
de Br
-

Bas
icRadi
cal 0 Ammoni
um NH4+

Thegi
veni
nor
gani
csal
tisAmmoni
umBr
omi
de(
NH4Br
)