ECN16275

Wireless Communication Network (WCN)

Dr. Dharmendra Dixit

Department: Electronics and Communication Engineering
MNNIT Allahabad, Prayagraj,
U. P., India
 IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs
Part I: Basics

Raj Jain
Professor of Computer Science and Engineering
Washington University in Saint Louis
Saint Louis, MO 63130
[email protected]
Audio/Video recordings of this class lecture are available at:
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-16/
Washington University in St. Louis ©2016 Raj Jain

The slides used in this presentation are adapted from the materials of this course.
 Overview

1. IEEE 802.11 Features

2. IEEE 802.11 Physical Layers
3. IEEE 802.11 MAC
4. IEEE 802.11 Architecture
5. Frame Format
6. Power Management
Note: This is 1st of 2 lectures on WiFi. The 2nd lecture covers
recent developments such as high-throughput WiFi, white
spaces, etc.
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 IEEE 802.11 vs. WiFi
❑ IEEE 802.11 is a standard
❑ WiFi = “Wireless Fidelity” is a trademark
❑ Fidelity = Compatibility between wireless equipment
from different manufacturers
❑ WiFi Alliance is a non-profit organization that does
the compatibility testing (WiFi.org)
❑ 802.11 has many options and it is possible for two
equipment based on 802.11 to be incompatible.
❑ All equipment with “WiFi” logo have selected options
such that they will interoperate.
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 IEEE Standards Numbering System
❑ IEEE 802.* and IEEE 802.1* standards (e.g.,
IEEE 802.1Q-2011) apply to all IEEE 802 technologies:
➢ IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
➢ IEEE 802.11 WiFi
➢ IEEE 802.16 WiMAX

802 Overview and Architecture

802.2 Logical Link Control
802.1 Bridging
802.1 Management
802.10 Security
802.3 802.11 802.17
Ethernet WiFi Resilient
… … …
Packet
Ring (RPR)
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IEEE Standards Numbering (Cont)
❑ IEEE 802.11* (e.g., 802.11i) standards apply to all
WiFi devices but may not apply to ZigBee devices
which are based on 802.15,
❑ Standards with all upper case letters are base
standards, e.g., IEEE 802.1AB-2009
❑ Standards with lower case are
additions/extensions/revisions.
Merged with the base standard in its next revision.
e.g., IEEE 802.1w-2001 was merged with IEEE
802.1D-2004
❑ Standards used to be numbered, sequentially, e.g.,
IEEE 802.1a, …, 802.1z, 802.1aa, 802.1ab, …
❑ Recently they started showing base standards in the
additions, e.g., IEEE 802.1Qau-2010
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 IEEE 802.11 Features
❑ Original IEEE 802.11-1997 was at 1 and 2 Mbps.
Newer versions at 11 Mbps, 54 Mbps, 108 Mbps, 200 Mbps,…
❑ All versions use “License-exempt” spectrum
❑ Need ways to share spectrum among multiple users and
multiple LANs: Spread Spectrum (CDMA)
❑ Three Phys:
➢ Direct Sequence (DS) spread spectrum using ISM band
➢ Frequency Hopping (FH) spread spectrum using ISM band
➢ Diffused Infrared (850-900 nm) bands
❑ Supports multiple priorities
❑ Supports time-critical and data traffic
❑ Power management allows a node to doze off

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 ISM Bands
❑ Industrial, Scientific, and Medical bands. License exempt
From To Bandwidth Availability
6.765 MHz 6.795 MHz 30 kHz
13.553 MHz 13.567 MHz 14 kHz Worldwide
26.957 MHz 27.283 MHz 326 kHz Worldwide
40.660 MHz 40.700 MHz 40 kHz Worldwide
433.050 MHz 434.790 MHz 1.74 MHz Europe, Africa, Middle east,
Former Soviet Union
902.000 MHz 928.000 MHz 26 MHz America, Greenland
2.400 GHz 2.500 GHz 100 MHz Worldwide
5.725 GHz 5.875 GHz 150 MHz Worldwide
24.000 GHz 24.250 GHz 250 MHz Worldwide
61.000 GHz 61.500 GHz 500 MHz
122.000 GHz 123.000 GHz 1 GHz
244 GHz 246 GHz 2 GHz

Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISM_band
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 North American Channels
2.4 GHz Band: 14 5-MHz Channels. Only 12 in USA.
20 MHz: Only 3 non-overlapping channels
Channel 5 Channel 9

Channel 3 Channel 7

2400 Channel 1 Channel 6 Channel 11 2483.5

2402 2412 2422 2432 2442 2452 2462 2472 2482

5 GHz Band: 12 non-overlapping channels
36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64

5150 5180 5200 5220 5240 5260 5280 5300 5320 5350

149 153 157 161

5725 5745 5765 5785 5805 5825

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 IEEE 802.11 Physical Layers
❑ Issued in several stages
❑ First version in 1997: IEEE 802.11
➢ Includes MAC layer and three physical layer specifications
➢ Two in 2.4-GHz band and one infrared
➢ All operating at 1 and 2 Mbps
➢ No longer used
❑ Two additional amendments in 1999:
➢ IEEE 802.11a-1999: 5-GHz band, 54 Mbps/20 MHz,
OFDM
➢ IEEE 802.11b-1999: 2.4 GHz band, 11 Mbps/22 MHz
❑ Fourth amendment:
➢ IEEE 802.11g-2003 : 2.4 GHz band, 54 Mbps/20 MHz,
OFDM

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 Hidden Node Problem





A B C

❑ A can hear B, B can hear C, but C cannot hear A.

❑ C may start transmitting while A is also transmitting
→A and C can't detect collision.
❑ CSMA/CD is not possible
➢ Only the receiver can help avoid collisions
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 4-Way Handshake

Access
Access Mobile
Mobile
Point
Point Node
Node
Ready to send
Clear to send
Data

Ack

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 IEEE 802.11 MAC
❑ Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)
❑ Listen before you talk. If the medium is busy, the transmitter
backs off for a random period.
❑ Avoids collision by sending a short message:
Ready to send (RTS)
RTS contains dest. address and duration of message.
Tells everyone to backoff for the duration.
❑ Destination sends: Clear to send (CTS)
Other stations set their network allocation vector (NAV) and
wait for that duration
❑ Can not detect collision: Each packet is acked.
❑ MAC-level retransmission if not acked.

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 IEEE 802.11 Priorities
DIFS Contention Window
PIFS
Busy SIFS Random Backoff Frame

Carrier Sensed Time

❑ Initial interframe space (IFS)

❑ Highest priority frames, e.g., Acks, use
short IFS (SIFS)
❑ Medium priority time-critical frames use “Point Coordination
Function IFS” (PIFS)
❑ Asynchronous data frames use “Distributed
coordination function IFS” (DIFS)
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 Time Critical Services
Super Frame
Contention-Free Contention
Period Period
PCF Access DCF Access
Beacon Time
❑ Timer critical services use Point Coordination Function
❑ The point coordinator allows only one station to access
❑ Coordinator sends a beacon frame to all stations.
Then uses a polling frame to allow a particular station to have
contention-free access
❑ Contention Free Period (CFP) varies with the load.
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 IEEE 802.11 DCF Backoff
❑ MAC works with a single FIFO Queue
❑ Three variables:
➢ Contention Window (CW)
➢ Backoff count (BO)
➢ Network Allocation Vector (NAV)

❑ If a frame (RTS, CTS, Data, Ack) is heard, NAV is set to the

duration in that frame. Stations sense the media after NAV
expires.
❑ If the medium is idle for DIFS, and backoff (BO) is not already
active, the station draws a random BO in [0, CW] and sets the
backoff timer.
❑ If the medium becomes busy during backoff, the timer is
stopped and a new NAV is set. After NAV, back off continues.
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 IEEE 802.11 DCF Backoff (Cont)
❑ Initially and after each successful transmission:
CW = CWmin
❑ After each unsuccessful attempt
CW = min{2CW + 1, CWmax}
Example: CWmin=3, CWmax=127
3, 7, 15, 31, 63, 127, 127, 127, …

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 Typical Parameter Values
❑ For DS PHY: Slot time = 20 us, SIFS = 10 us, CWmin = 31,
CWmax = 1023
❑ For FH PHY: Slot time = 50 us, SIFS = 28 us, CWmin = 15,
CWmax = 1023
❑ 11a: Slot time = 9 us, SIFS= 16 us, CWmin= 15,
CWmax=1023
❑ 11b: Slot time = 20 us, SIFS = 10 us, CWmin= 31,
CWmax=1023
❑ 11g: Slot time = 20 us or 9 us, SIFS = 10 us, CWmin= 15 or
31, CWmax=1023
❑ PIFS = SIFS + 1 slot time
❑ DIFS = SIFS + 2 slot times

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 Virtual Carrier Sense
❑ Every frame has a “Duration ID” which indicates how long the
medium will be busy.
➢ RTS has duration of RTS + SIF + CTS + SIF + Frame + SIF
+ Ack
➢CTS has duration of CTS + SIF + Frame + SIF + Ack
➢ Frame has a duration of Frame + SIF + ACK

➢ ACK has a duration of ACK

❑ All stations keep a “Network Allocation Vector (NAV)” timer

in which they record the duration of the each frame they hear.
❑ Stations do not need to sense the channel until NAV becomes
zero.

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 DCF Example
❑ Example: Slot Time = 1, CWmin = 5, DIFS=3, PIFS=2, SIFS=1
❑ T=1 Station 2 wants to transmit but the media is busy
❑ T=2 Stations 3 and 4 want to transmit but the media is busy
❑ T=3 Station 1 finishes transmission.
❑ T=4 Station 1 receives ack for its transmission (SIFS=1)
Stations 2, 3, 4 set their NAV to 1.
❑ T=5 Medium becomes free
❑ T=8 DIFS expires. Stations 2, 3, 4 draw backoff count between 0 and 5.
The counts are 3, 1, 2

SIFS Ack CTS Backoff

DIFS
AP Data C A DIFS C A DIFS
S2 R
S3 R D
S4 A R D
T
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
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 DCF Example (Cont)
❑ T=9 Station 3 starts transmitting. Announces a duration of 8 (RTS + SIFS + CTS +
SIFS + DATA + SIFS + ACK). Station 2 and 4 pause backoff counter at 2 and 1
resp. and wait till T=17
❑ T=15 Station 3 finishes data transmission
❑ T=16 Station 3 receives Ack.
❑ T=17 Medium becomes free
❑ T=20 DIFS expires. Station 2 and 4 notice that there was no transmission for DIFS.
Stations 2 and 4 start their backoff counter from 2 and 1, respectively.
❑ T=21 Station 4 starts transmitting RTS

SIFS Ack CTS Backoff

DIFS
AP Data C A DIFS C A DIFS
S2 R
S3 R D
S4 A R D
T
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
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 IEEE 802.11 Architecture

Server
Server
Distribution System
IBSS
Access
Access Access
Access Ad-hoc
Ad-hoc
Point
Point Point
Point Station
Station
Station
Station Ad-hoc
Station Ad-hoc
Station Station
Station Station
Station Station
Station
Basic Service Set 2nd BSS Ad-hoc
network
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 IEEE 802.11 Architecture (Cont)
❑ Basic Service Area (BSA) = Cell
❑ Each BSA may have several access points (APs)
❑ Basic Service Set (BSS)
= Set of stations associated with one AP
❑ Distribution System (DS) - wired backbone
❑ Extended Service Area (ESA) = Multiple BSAs
interconnected via a distribution system
❑ Extended Service Set (ESS)
= Set of stations in an ESA
❑ Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS): Set of computers in
ad-hoc mode. May not be connected to wired backbone.
❑ Ad-hoc networks coexist and interoperate with infrastructure-
based networks
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 Frame Format
Frame Duration/ Seq
Adr 1 Adr 2 Adr 3 Adr 4 Info CRC
Control ID Control
16b 16b 48b 48b 48b 16b 48b 32b

Prot. Type Sub To From More Retry Power More WEP Order
Ver. type DS DS Frag. mgt Data
2b 2b 4b 1b 1b 1b 1b 1b 1b 1b 1b
❑ Type: Control, management, or data
❑ Sub-Type: Association, disassociation, re-association, probe,
authentication, de-authentication, CTS, RTS, Ack, …
❑ Retry/retransmission
❑ Going to Power Save mode
❑ More buffered data at AP for a station in power save mode
❑ Wireless Equivalent Privacy (Security) info in this frame
❑ Strict ordering
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 MAC Frame Fields
❑ Duration/Connection ID:
➢ If used as duration field, indicates time (in s) channel will
be allocated for successful transmission of MAC frame.
Includes time until the end of Ack
➢ In some control frames, contains association or connection
identifier
❑ Sequence Control:
➢ 4-bit fragment number subfield

❑ For fragmentation and reassembly

➢ 12-bit sequence number

➢ Number frames between given transmitter and receiver

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802.11 Frame Address Fields
❑ All stations filter on “Address 1”
4
AP AP
3
2
Source 1
Destination
To From Address Address Address Address
Distribution Distribution 1 2 3 4
System System
1 0 0 Destination Source BSS ID -
Address Address
2 0 1 Destination BSS ID Source -
Address Address
3 1 0 BSS ID Source Destination -
Address Address
4 1 1 Receiver Transmitter Destination Source
Address Address Address Address
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802.11 Power Management
❑ Station tells the base station its mode:
Power saving (PS) or active
❑ Mode changed by power mgmt bit in the frame control header.
❑ All packets destined to stations in PS mode are buffered
❑ AP broadcasts list of stations with buffered packets in its
beacon frames: Traffic Indication Map (TIM)
❑ Subscriber Station (SS) sends a PS-Poll message to AP, which
sends one frame. More bit in the header Þ more frames.
❑ With 802.11e unscheduled Automatic Power Save Delivery
(APSD): SS transmits a data or null frame with power saving
bit set to 0. AP transmits all buffered frames for SS.
❑ With Scheduled APSD mode:AP will transmit at pre-
negotiated time schedule. No need for polling.
❑ Hybrid APSD mode: PS-poll for some. Scheduled for other
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 Summary

1. 802.11 uses Frequency hopping, Direct Sequence

CDMA, OFDM
2. 802.11 PHYs: 802.11, 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g
3. Allows both: Ad-Hoc vs. Infrastructure-based
4. 802.11 supports single FIFO Q. Uses SIFS, PIFS,
DIFS

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 Homework 5
❑ Two 802.11 stations get frames to transmit at time t=0. The 3rd
station (AP) has just finished transmitting data for a long
packet at t=0 to Station 1. The transmission parameters are:
Slot time=1, SIFS=1, DIFS=3, CWmin=5, CWmax=7. Assume
that the pseudo-random number generated are 1, 3. The data
size for both stations is 3 slots. Draw a transmission diagram.
At what time the two packets will get acknowledged assuming
no new arrivals.

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 Reading List
❑ IEEE 802.11 Tutorial,
http://wow.eecs.berkeley.edu/ergen/docs/ieee.pdf
❑ A Technical Tutorial on the IEEE 802.11 Protocol,
http://www.sss-mag.com/pdf/802_11tut.pdf

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 Wikipedia Links
❑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LAN
❑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11
❑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_access_method
❑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-sequence_spread_spectrum
❑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi
❑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_Coordination_Function
❑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_sense_multiple_access
❑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_Access_with_Collision_Avoidance_f
or_Wireless
❑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_frame
❑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11
❑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11_(legacy_mode)
❑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11_RTS/CTS
❑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WLAN_channels
❑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Coordination_Function
❑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_set_(802.11_network)
❑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Alliance
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 Acronyms
❑ Ack Acknowledgement
❑ AP Access Point
❑ APSD Automatic Power Save Delivery
❑ BO Backoff
❑ BSA Basic Service Area
❑ BSS Basic Service Set
❑ BSSID Basic Service Set Identifier
❑ CA Collision Avoidance
❑ CD Collision Detection
❑ CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
❑ CFP Contention Free Period
❑ CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check
❑ CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access
❑ CTS Clear to Send
❑ CW Congestion Window
❑ CWmax Maximum Congestion Window
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 Acronyms (Cont)
❑ CWmin Minimum Congestion Window
❑ DA Destination Address
❑ DCF Distributed Coordination Function
❑ DIFS DCF Inter-frame Spacing
❑ DS Direct Sequence
❑ ESA Extended Service Area
❑ ESS Extended Service Set
❑ FH Frequency Hopping
❑ FIFO First In First Out
❑ GHz Giga Hertz
❑ IBSS Independent Basic Service Set
❑ ID Identifier
❑ IEEE Institution of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
❑ IFS Inter-frame spacing
❑ ISM Instrumentation, Scientific and Medical
❑ LAN Local Area Network
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 Acronyms (Cont)
❑ MAC Media Access Control
❑ MHz Mega Hertz
❑ MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
❑ NAV Network Allocation Vector
❑ OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
❑ PCF Point Coordination Function
❑ PHY Physical Layer
❑ PIFS PCF inter-frame spacing
❑ PS Power saving
❑ QoS Quality of Service
❑ RA Receiver Address
❑ RTS Ready to Send
❑ SA Source Address
❑ SIFS Short Inter-frame Spacing

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 Acronyms (Cont)
❑ SS Subscriber Station
❑ TA Transmitter's Address
❑ TIM Traffic Indication Map
❑ WiFi Wireless Fidelity
❑ WLAN Wireless Local Area Network

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 Related Modules
Introduction to 5G,
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-16/j_195g.htm
Low Power WAN Protocols for IoT,
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-16/j_14ahl.htm

Introduction to Vehicular Wireless Networks,

http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-16/j_08vwn.htm

Internet of Things,
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-16/j_10iot.htm
Audio/Video Recordings and Podcasts of
Professor Raj Jain's Lectures,
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCN4-5wzNP9-ruOzQMs-8NUw
Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-16/ ©2016 Raj Jain
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