LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

QUARTER 2 SEMESTER 1

Name: _______________________________________________ Score: _______

Grade & Section: __________________________ Subject: GENERALPHYSICS 1

Name of Teacher: _________________________________ Date: _____________

I. Title: Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Dynamics

II. Type of Activity: Concept notes with formative activities

LAS for summative assessment ( Written Work Performance

Task)

III. MELC: Calculate the moment of inertia about a given axis of single-object and
multiple-object systems (STEM_GP12RED-IIa-1). Use Newton’s law of gravitation to
infer gravitational force, weight, and acceleration due to gravity (STEM_GP12RED-
IIa-3). Describe rotational quantities using vectors (STEM_GP12RED-IIa-4).
Determine whether a system is in static equilibrium or not (STEM_GP12RED-IIa-5).
Apply the rotational kinematic relations for systems with constant angular
accelerations (STEM_GP12RED-IIa-6). Determine angular momentum of different
systems (STEM_GP12RED-IIa-9). Apply the torque-angular momentum relation
(STEM_GP12RED-IIa-10). Solve static equilibrium in contexts but not limited to see-
saws, cable-hinge-strut-system, leaning ladders, and weighing a heavy suitcase
using a small bathroom scale (STEM_GP12RED-IIa-8).

IV. Learning Objective/s:

● Exploit analogies between pure translational motion and pure
rotational motion to infer rotational motion equations.
● Solve problems on kinematics and dynamics of rotation

● Explain conditions of equilibrium and solve problems using

these conditions
● Appreciate Physics in recreational activities

V. Reference/s:

Print Material/s

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 Esguerra, J.P.H. et al. 2018. General Physics I Learner’s Material First
Edition. Department of Education – BLR, Philippines. Page 34-35..
Silverio, A. 2007. Exploring Life Through Science – Physics, page 169-186

Online Resource/s:

Nave, R. 2020. Basic Rorational Quantities. HyperPhysics. Accessed October

10, 2020 from http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/rotq.html
The Physics Classroom. 2020. Circular Motion and Satellite Motion. Accessed
October 10, 2020 from https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/circle

VI. Concept Notes

A. Kinematics of Rotation

Rotation refers to the motion of a body turning about an axis, where each
particle of the body moves along a circular path. Examples of rotation include the
movement of the hands of the clock, the motion of the blades of an electric fan, and
Earth rotation about its axis.

Physicists use angular quantities to describe rotation. The equations of

kinematics and dynamics of rectilinear motion can be rewritten in terms of angular
quantities. Each of the rectilinear motion quantities has its rotational analog. For the
purpose of distinction, Greek letters are used to represent angular quantities.

Rectilinear Basic Rotational Motion Quantities Equations

Motion
Quantities
Displacement Angular ∆ θ=θ f −θ i, and
(s) displacement (θ ¿
- defined as “the s
θ= where
angle in radians r
(degrees,
revolutions) s = distance travelled
through which a by the body
point or line has
r = radius of the circle
been rotated in a
along which the
specified sense about a specified axis”. It object is moving
is the angle of the movement of a body in
a circular path.
Velocity (v) Angular Velocity (ω ¿ = the rate of Δθ
ω average=
change f angular displacement. Δt
Acceleration Angular Acceleration (α ) = is the time ω f −ωi
(a) rate of change of angular velocity α =
t

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● Recall that Tangential velocity (v) and angular velocity ( ω ) are related as
v=rω.
● Linear acceleration (a) and angular acceleration (α ¿ are also related as a=rα .

Kinematic Equations for Uniformly Accelerated Motion

Translation Rotation
s=v t ∆ θ=ωt
vf + vi ω f +ω i
v= ω=
2 2
v f −vi ω f −ωi
a= α=
t t
2 2 2 2
2 a ∆ s=v f −vi 2 α ∆θ=ω f −ωi

1 2 1 2
Δ s=v i t+ a t Δθ=ωi t+ α t
2 2

B. Moment of Inertia – also known as rotational inertia, is the rotational analog

for mass and is represented by the capital letter I. It is defined as the property
of a rotating body to resist change in its state of rotation. The larger the
moment of inertia, the greater the resistance it offers to angular acceleration.
The S.I. Unit for moment of inertia is kg∙m2.

Moment of Inertia depends on mass, as well as the

distribution of the mass relative to axis of rotation –
largest if the mass is further away from the axis

The moment of inertia (I) of a particle about an axis is

obtained by multiplying the mass (m) by the square of the
distance (r) from the axis.
2
I =m r

For a system made of several particles, the moment of inertia of the system I s
is the sum of the individual moments of inertia.
I s=m1 r 12+ m2 r 22 +…=∑ mi r i2
i

The moments of inertia of composite bodies of simple geometric shapes

about a specified in the figure below:

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C. Parallel Axes Theorem

Often times, we know the moment of inertia of a body about a certain axis and
we want to know its moment of inertia about another axis that is parallel to the
first axis. The moment of inertia (I) at any axis is equal to the moment of
inertia ( I C) about the parallel axis through the center of mass and the product
of mass of the body and the square of the perpendicular distance (d) between
the two axes.
2
I =I c + md

D. Dynamics of Rotation and Torque

NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

APPLIED IN ROTATING BODIES
Newton’s First Law of Motion
A body at rest will not start to rotate nor will a rotating body change its
angular velocity unless acted upon an external unbalanced torque.

Newton’s Second Law of Motion

an unbalanced torque acting on a rigid body produces angular acceleration.
This angular acceleration is directly proportional to and in the same
directional sense as the unbalanced torque and inversely proportional to the
body’s moment of inertia about the axis of rotation. In symbols
τ = Iα

Torque or the moment of force (τ ¿can also be determined by multiplying the

force applied (F) by the perpendicular displacement of its line of action form
the pivot point. This perpendicular displacement is called moment arm or
lever arm represented by r. In symbols,
τ =r × F

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 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
To every action torque, there is an equal but opposite reaction torque

E. Angular Momentum

By analogy of the definition of linear momentum (as the product of mass and
velocity of a body), angular momentum (L) of a body rotating a fixed axis is
defined as the product of its moment of inertia (I) and its angular velocity ( ω ).
In equation,
L=Iω

The SI unit of angular momentum is kg ∙m2/s. Note that the unit radian is
omitted. In the absence of a net external torque, the total angular momentum
of a system is conserved. The initial angular momentum (L 0) of the system is
equal to its final angular momentum (L). In symbols,
I 0 ω0=Iω

F. Rotational Work and Kinetic Energy

Work done in rotation is the product of torque and angular displacement.
Power is work don divided by time.

W =τθ W
P=
t

The kinetic energy of a rotating rigid body (KR) is

1 2
K R= I ω
2

G. Center of Gravity and Center of Mass

Center of gravity of a body is the point where its entire weight may be
assumed to be concentrated. The body’s center of gravity and center of mass
are identical on the assumption that the body is small enough for g not to vary
over its extents. The center of gravity may be inside or outside the body. For a
circular plate, the center of gravity is at the center and is inside it. For the
traditional doughnut, the center of gravity is also at the center but outside the
doughnut.

For a regular-shaped object, the center of gravity is its geometric center. If the
object is irregular in shape, the center of gravity may be determined
experimentally, either by balancing or using the plumb line method.

The terms "center of mass" and "center of gravity" are used synonymously
in a uniform gravity field to represent the unique point in an object or system

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 which can be used to describe the system's response to external forces and
torques.

For multiple masses:

H. Conditions of Equilibrium
Recall that from Newton’s First Law of Motion, the first condition for equilibrium
states that an object that has no net force acting on it is said to be in translational
equilibrium,

Σ F=0 or equivalently Σ F x =0, Σ F y =0, Σ F z=0

A necessary condition for a body to be in rotational equilibrium is that the sum

of the torques about any pivot must be zero.

Σ τ=0

This condition is known as the second condition for equilibrium.

YOU CAN DO THIS!

Task 1. The Analogs of Linear and Rotational Motion. Familiarize yourself with
the analogs of linear and rotational motion by matching Column A with Column B.
Column A Column B
(Linear Motion) (Rotational Motion)
1. Mass/ Inertia (m) A. Angular displacement (θ ¿
2. Velocity (v) B. Angular velocity (ω ¿
3. Acceleration (a) C. Angular momentum ( L ¿

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 4. Displacement (s) D. Moment of Inertia (I)
5. Momentum (p) E. Angular acceleration (α ¿
6. Force (F) F. Torque (τ )

Task 2. Rotational Kinematics Quantitative Problems. Read the following

problems carefully and solve. Refer to the sample problem given below:
Sample Problem: A wheel spins at a constant speed of 24 rad/s. (a) How many
revolutions will the disk go through in 5 minutes? (b) Supposed that the radius of the
wheel is 2.0 meters, how far along the ground will the when travel at this rate in 5
minutes?
Givens: Solution:

ω=24
rad
s (a) θ=ωt= 24( rad
s )( 300 s )=7200 radians

t=5=300 sec 1 Revolution

¿ 7200 radians × =1146 Revolutions
2 π radians
r =2.0 meters

Find: (b) To find linear distance / arc length (S)

S=θr=7200 radians ( 2.0 meters )=14 , 400 meters
(a) θ=?
(b) S=?

1. A disk speeds up from rest at a constant rate of 2.5 rad/s 2. (a) What is the final
angular speed of the disk after 18 seconds? (b) How many revolutions will the
disk go through during this period? (c) What is the linear speed of a point at the
edge of the disk after 18 seconds? The radius of the disk is 50 cm.

2. A disk with diameter of 60 cm speeds up from 20 rad/s to 40 rad/s in 5

seconds. (a) How many revolutions will the disk go through during that time
period? (b) What is the average angular acceleration of the disk? (c) What is
the average linear acceleration of the disk?

3. A wheel with a diameter of 80cm speeds up from 30 rad/s to 80 rad/s. The

linear acceleration at the edge of the wheel is 15 m/s 2. How many revolutions
will the wheel go through during this period?

Task 3. This is the Moment! Calculate the moment of inertia in each of the
situations given below. A sample problem has been illustrated for your reference.

Sample Problem: A tortoise (m1=100 kg) and a donkey (250 kg) are at opposite ends of a
seesaw. What will be the moment of inertia about the pivot point of the seesaw if

a. they are both 5.0 m away from the pivot, and

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 b. the donkey is 1.0 m away while the tortoise is 9.0 m away from the pivot?

Illustration for (a) Illustration for (b)

Givens: Givens:

m1=100 kg (tortoise) m1=100 kg (tortoise)

m2=250 kg (donkey) m2=250 kg (donkey)

r 1=¿ 5.0 meters r 1=¿ 9.0 meters

r 2=¿ 5.0 meters r 2=¿ 1.0 meters

Find: Find:

I =? I =?

Solution: Solution:
2 2
2
I s=m1 r 1 + m2 r 2
2 I s=m1 r 1 + m2 r 2
2 2
2
I s=( 100 kg ) ( 5.0 m) + ( 250 kg )( 5.0 m )
2 I s=( 100 kg ) ( 9.0 m ) + ( 250 kg ) ( 1.0 m )
2
I s=8750 kg ∙m
2 I s=8350 kg ∙m

1. 200-gram ball, m1 and a 100-gram ball, m2, connected by a rod with length of
60 cm. The axis of rotation is located at ball m2. What is the moment of inertia
of the balls. Ignore rod’s mass.

2. A slim rod 2.0 m long has two small 0.50-kg bodies attached at its two ends
and a 0.25-kg body at its midpoint as shown. Find the moment of inertia about
an axis perpendicular to the rod has negligible mass.

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 3. Four identical masses of 2.0 kg each situated at the four corners of a square.
A side of the square measures 3.0 m. Find the moment of inertia about an
axis passing through the center of the square and perpendicular to its plane.

YOU CAN DO MORE!

Task 4. Parallel Axes Theorem. Using the concept of parallel axes theorem, solve
the problems after studying the illustrative example.
Sample Problem: 2-kg masses are attached at the edges of a rectangular with
dimensions 2.0 m x 3.0 m. (a) Find the moment of inertia at the axis passing through
the center and (b) on a perpendicular axis 1m away from the center. Neglect the
mass of the rectangle.
(a) Solving for moment of inertia at axis cm

2 2 2 2 2
I CM =( 2.0 kg ) ( 1m ) + ( 2.0 kg )( 1 m ) + ( 2.0 kg ) ( 1 m ) + ( 2.0 kg ) (1 m ) =8 kg ∙m

(b) Using parallel axes theorem:

2
I =I C + md
2 2 2
I =8 kg ∙ m + ( 8 kg )( 1.0 m ) =16 kg ∙ m

We can check it by using the original equation:

2 2 2 2 2
I =( 2.0 kg )( 0 m ) + ( 2.0 kg )( 0 m) + ( 2.0 kg )( 2.0 m ) + ( 2.0 kg )( 2.0 m ) =16 kg ∙m

Problem 1: Boys are fond of twirling their pens placed between two fingers about an
axis passing through the center of the pen and perpendicular to it. Find its moment of
inertia about the given axis by considering the pen to be a thin rod of length 0.152 m
and mass 0.055 kg. find also the moment of inertia if the axis passing though one
end of the pen and perpendicular to it. (Clue: use the formula for moment of inertia
for slender rods)

Problem 2: Consider a compact disk as thick-walled cylinder of mass 16.0 g, and

with an outer diameter of 11.6 cm and inner diameter of 4.6 cm. Find the (a) moment

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of inertia of the compact disc about an axis passing through its center and (b)
moment of inertia about an axis passing through its edge parallel to the previous
axis.

Task 5. Torque. Using the relationships stated on the concept notes about torque,
read the item carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer. justify your
answers qualitatively or quantitatively on the columns provided.
Questions Letter of Justification
the Correct or Proof
Answer
1. A 5kg ball is tied to the end of a string. The ball
is then swung at a constant angular velocity of 4
rad/s in a horizontal circle of radius 2.0 m. What
is the torque on the stone?
A. 18 Nm
B. 24 Nm
C. 36 Nm
D. zero
2. A mass hanging from the
end of a horizontal bar
which pivots about an
axis through its center
and is initially stationary.
The bar is released and
begins rotating. As the bar rotates from the
horizontal to vertical, the magnitude of the
torque on the bar…
A. Increases
B. Decreases
C. Remains the same
D. Cannot be determined
3. Three forces A, B, C are applied to a rod which
pivots on an axis through its center. Which force
causes the largest magnitude torque?

A. A
B. B

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 C. C
D. All are the same

Task 6. Angular Momentum. Using the concept of Angular Momentum, solve the
problems below. Show your solution.

1. You have two coins; one is a standard 5-peso coin and the other is a coin of
equal mass and size, but with a hole cut out of the center.
a. Which coin has a greater moment of inertia?
b. Which coin would have the greater angular momentum if they both spun at
the same angular velocity?

2. A star is rotating with a period of 10.0 days. It collapses with no loss in mass
to a white dwarf with radius of 0.001 of its original radius.
a. What is its initial angular velocity?
b. What is its angular velocity after collapse?

3. A merry-go-round consists of a uniform solid disk of 225 kg and a radius

of 6.0m. A single 80kg person stands on the edge when it is coasting
at 0.20 revolutions per sec. How fast would the device be rotating after the
person has walked 3.5m toward the center. (The moments
of inertia of compound objects add.)

Need Help? Access website below for more content!

URL: https://www.ck12.org/physics/angular-momentum/lesson/
Angular-Momentum-PPC/?referrer=concept_details

Short URL: http://bit.ly/AngularMomentum

CHALLENGE YOURSELF!
Task 7. Center of Mass/Gravity. Solve the following problems. A sample problems
have been illustrated as your guides.

Sample Problem 1: A 5-kg mass placed at the origin and a 10-kg mass is placed at
x = 9m. Where is the center of mass?
Illustration: Solution:
m1 x 1 +m2 x 2
X cm=
m1 +m2

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 5 kg ( 0 m ) +10 kg ( 9 m )
X cm= =6 m
5 kg +10 kg

This means that the center of mass is at 6m.

Sample Problem 2: The positions of masses, 4 kg, 6 kg, 7kg, and 10 kg are (0,0),
(4,0), (0,5), and (5,6) respectively. Determine the center of mass of the system.
Illustration: Solution:
First, solve for x:
m1 x 1 +m2 x 2+ m3 x 3 +m4 x 4
X cm=
m1 +m2 + m3 +m4

4 kg ( 0 m ) +6 kg ( 4 m ) +7 kg ( 0 m ) +10 kg ( 5 m )
X cm=
4 kg+ 6 kg+7 kg+10 kg
X cm=2.74 m

Then, solve for y:

m1 y 1 +m2 y 2 +m3 y3 + m4 y 4
Y cm =
m1 +m2 + m3+ m4

4 kg ( 0 m )+ 6 kg ( 0 m ) +7 kg ( 5 m ) +10 kg ( 6 m )
Y cm =
4 kg +6 kg +7 kg+10 kg
Y cm =3.52 m

This means that the center of mass is at (2.74, 3.52)

Problems:
1. A 5kg mass placed at the origin and a 9kg mass is placed at x=2m. Where is
the center of mass?
2. An 8kg mass is placed at y=3m. Where should a 10-kg mass be placed along
the y-axis so that the center of mass will be located at y=4.5m?
3. The positions of masses, 2 kg, 4 kg, 4kg, and 10 kg are (0,0), (3,0), (0,7), and
(5,5) respectively. Determine the center of mass of the system.

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Task 8. Facebook Riddles. Briefly and concisely explain your answers to the
following viral physics questions in Facebook. You may prove your answers
qualitatively or quantitatively.

1. Meter stick and clay

2. Rolling Two Balls

3. Rolling Hill

4. A series of wrenches of different lengths is used on a hexagonal bolt, as shown

here. Which combination of wrench length and force applies the greatest torque
to the bolt?

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 5. Why is not possible for a flexible person to bend down and touch her toes
keeping legs straight, while standing with her back against a wall? (Try this!)

Task 9. Equilibrium. Solve the following problems using the concepts of equilibrium.
1. A taho vendor carries a 1.5 m long light plank over his shoulder. At the ends
of the plank are two buckets weighing 40 N and 60 N, respectively. (a) find the
value of the force exerted by his shoulder. Neglect the weight of the plank. (b)
Where should he support the plank for it to be balanced horizontally?

2. A uniform 80.0 N ladder 4.0 m long is placed against a frictionless wall with its
base situated 2.0 m from the wall. Find the forces exerted by the wall and
the ground on the ladder.

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Need more help? Browse the video below for a conceptual discussion.
Youtube Video: Static Equilibrium: Ladder against Wall

By; xmtutor | November 19, 2016 | 4:00 minutes

URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-5FxNPO1H1o

LEVEL UP!
Task 10. Lights, Camera, Act-Sci-On! Below are real-life situations involving
rotational motion concepts. Choose 1 from among the list, demonstrate (whenever
possible), and explain through a 2-3 minute video presentation. You may also
suggest other situations to demonstrate to your teacher and seek his approval before
you proceed with the activity. This activity may be done in groups of 3-5 members.

Real-life situations involving rotational motion concepts:

1. Why do we put our feet under the chair when we stand from it?
2. Why we need to lift with our legs not with our backs?
3. How do heavy trucks must be loaded to avoid loss of balance when turning.
4. How balancing different household materials work.
5. How figure skaters do their spin.
6. How to design a very slow/ very fast rolling object.
7. How do gears work.
8. Why doorknobs are located at the edge of the door and not its center.
9. The angular speeds of the hands of the clock.
10. Why the leaning tower of Pisa doesn’t topple?
11. The Physics of making burnay.
12. Finding the center of mass of clearing mop.
13. The best way to flip your phone into the air which guarantees the best chance
of catching it.
14. Why water inside the bucket doesn’t fall when you spin it.
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 15. Why a hardboiled egg stands when you spin it.

Task 11. Open-Ended Laboratory. Use your creativity in performing the task below.
It can be done in groups of 3-5 members.
Plan an experiment to analyze changes to a system’s angular momentum. Choose
a system capable of rotational motion such as lazy Susan, merry-go-round, fidget
spinner. Predict how the angular momentum of this system will change when you
add an object to the lazy Susan or jump onto the merry go round. What variables
can you control? What are you measuring? In other words, what are your
independent and dependent variables? Are there any independent variables that
would be useful to keep constant (angular velocity, perhaps?). Collect data in
order to calculate or estimate the angular momentum of your system when in
motion. What do you observe? Collect data in order to calculate the change in
angular momentum as a result of the interaction you performed.
Using your data, how does the angular momentum vary with the size and location
of an object added to the rotating system?

Task 12. Concept Map. Make a concept map of the topics under kinematics and
dynamics of rotational motion.

VII. Notes to Teachers:

● Guide student through conceptual understanding.

Scoring Rubrics for Task 8

Scoring Rubrics for Task 10

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Scoring Rubrics for Task 11

Scoring Rubrics for Task 12

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Sample Output:

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