Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

CE-5115
Advance Design of Reinforced
Concrete Structures
By:
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali
Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar

[email protected]
www.drqaisarali.com

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 1
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Grading Policy

Breakdown of Grading
Weightage

Exam Class Participation

80% 20%

Mid Term Final Term Assignments (3) Quizzes (3) Term Project
30% 50% 5% 5% 10%

NOTE:
• Attendance of 75 % is must to pass the course.
• Final term exam will also include the course taught before midterm exam.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 2
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Teaching Plan

Week Lectures Assessments

Lecture 01_Introduction to Advance Design of Reinforced

01
Concrete Structures
02 Lecture 02_Materials
Lecture 03 Part-I_Design of RC Members for Flexure and
03 Assignment #1
Axial Loads
Lecture 03 Part-II_Design of RC Members for Flexure
04
and Axial Loads
05 Lecture 04_Design of RC Members for Shear and Torsion Quiz #1
Lecture 05_Serviceability Requirements & Development
06
of Reinforcement
07 Lecture 06_Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs Assignment #2
Mid Term Examination

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 3
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Teaching Plan

Week Lectures Assessments

Lecture 07_Idealized Structural Modeling of RC
08
Structures
09 Lecture 08_Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Structures Quiz #2
Lecture 09_Introduction to Earthquake Resistant Design
10
of RC Structures
Lecture 10_Design of Beam-Column Connections in
11 Assignment #2
Monolithic RC Structures

12 Lecture 11_Slenderness Effects in RC Structures

13 Lecture 12_Design of RC Shallow Foundations Quiz #3

14 Term Presentations
Final Term Examination

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 4
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Lecture Availability

 You can access previous versions of lectures on my website at the

following link :

https://drqaisarali.com/lectures/.

 Updated lectures upon completion will be uploaded on website as well

as on Google Classroom.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 5
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Lecture 01

Introduction

By:
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali
Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar

[email protected]
https://drqaisarali.com

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 6
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Learning Outcomes

 At the end of this lecture, students will be able to;

 Explain the historical development of cement and reinforced
concrete and the significance of building codes, including the ACI
Code.

 Classify concrete structural systems.

 Recognize limit states and basic design relationships.

 Illustrate the concept of structural safety by employing probabilistic

computations, considering load considerations, and implementing
strength reduction factors.

 Understand ACI Code's design procedure and adhere to

customary dimensions and construction tolerances.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 7
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Lecture Contents

 Historical Development of Cement and Reinforced Concrete

 Building Codes and the ACI Code

 The Design Process and Design Team

 Concrete Floor Systems

 Limit States

 Design Approach

 Probabilistic Calculation of FOS

 Design Procedure of the ACI Code

 References

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 8
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Historical Development of Cement and

Reinforced Concrete

 Cement
 In 1824, Joseph Aspdin mixed limestone and clay and heated them in
a kiln to produce cement.

 The commercial production started around 1880.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 9
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Historical Development of Cement and

Reinforced Concrete

 Reinforced Concrete
 Joseph Monier, owner of a French
nursery garden began experimenting (in
around 1850) on reinforced concrete tubs
with iron for planting trees.

 The first RC building in the US was a

house built in 1875 by W. E. Ward, a
mechanical engineer.

 Working Stress Design Method,

developed by Coignet in around 1894
was universally used till 1950.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 10
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Historical Development of Cement and

Reinforced Concrete

 Historical Evolution of Concrete

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 11
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Building Codes and the ACI Code

 General Building Codes

 Cover all aspects of building design and construction from
architecture to structural to mechanical and electrical etc. UBC, IBC
and Euro-code are general building codes.

 Seismic Codes
 Cover only seismic provisions of buildings such as SEAOC and
NEHRP of USA, BCP-SP 07 of Pakistan.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 12
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Building Codes and the ACI Code

 Material Specific Codes

 Cover design and construction of structures using a specific
material or type of structure such as ACI, AISC, AASHTO etc.

 Other Codes Such as ASCE

 Cover minimum design load requirement, Minimum Design Loads
for Buildings and other Structures (ASCE 7-16).

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 13
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Building Codes and the ACI Code

 New Building Design Codes

FEMA P-1050 UBC 97 ASCE 7 IBC BCP SP 07

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 14
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Building Codes and the ACI Code

 Existing Buildings Design/Evaluation Codes

FEMA P-154 ASCE 41 IEBC ATC 20

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 15
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Building Codes and the ACI Code

 General Building Codes in USA

 The National Building Code (NBC)
 Published by the Building Officials and Code Administrators International,
was used primarily in the northeastern states.

 The Standard Building Code (SBC)

 Published by the Southern Building Code Congress International, was
used primarily in the southeastern states.

 The Uniform Building Code (UBC)

 Published by the International Conference of Building Officials, was used
mainly in the central and western United States.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 16
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Building Codes and the ACI Code

 General Building Codes in USA

 The International Building Code (IBC)
 Published by International Code Council ICC for the first time in 2000,
revised every three years.

 The IBC has been developed to form a consensus single code for USA.

 Currently IBC 2021 is available.

 UBC 97 is the last UBC code and is still existing but will not be updated.
Similarly, NBC, SBC will also be not updated.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 17
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Building Codes and the ACI Code

 Seismic Codes in USA

 National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP)
 Recommended Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations
for New Buildings developed by FEMA (Federal Emergency
Management Agency.

 The NBC, SBC and IBC have adopted NEHRP for seismic design.

 Structural Engineers Association of California (SEAOC)

 Its seismic provisions are based on the Recommended Lateral Force
Requirements and Commentary (the SEAOC “Blue Book”) published by
the Seismology Committee of SEAOC.

 The UBC has adopted SEAOC for seismic design

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 18
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Building Codes and the ACI Code

 Building Code of Pakistan

 Building Code of Pakistan, Seismic Provision BCP SP-07 has
adopted the seismic provisions of UBC 97 for seismic design of
buildings.

 IBC 2000 could not be adopted that time because some basic input
data required by IBC for seismic design did not exist in Pakistan.

 However, in 2022, BCP SP-07 was replaced by BCP-2021, which

has now adopted IBC 2021.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 19
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Building Codes and the ACI Code

 The ACI MCP

 ACI MCP (American Concrete Institute Manual of Concrete
Practice) contains 150 ACI committee reports; revised every three
years.

 ACI 318: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete.

 ACI 315: The ACI Detailing Manual.

 ACI 349: Code Requirement for Nuclear Safety Related

Concrete Structures.

 Many others.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 20
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Building Codes and the ACI Code

 The ACI 318 Code

 The American Concrete Institute “Building
Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete (ACI 318),” referred to as the
ACI code, provides minimum requirements
for structural concrete design or
construction. Year of publication

Committee
 The term “structural concrete” is used to
refer to all plain or reinforced concrete Organization

used for structural purposes.

 Prestressed concrete is included under

Brief visit to the Code >>
the definition of reinforced concrete.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 21
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Building Codes and the ACI Code

 The ACI 318 Code

 The ACI 318 code has no legal status unless adopted by a state or
local jurisdiction.

 It is also recognized that when the ACI code is made part of a

legally adopted general building code, that general building code
may modify some provisions of ACI 318 to reflect local conditions
and requirements.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 22
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Building Codes and the ACI Code

 The Compatibility Issue in BCP SP-2007

 Building Code of Pakistan, Seismic Provision BCP SP-07 has
adopted the seismic provisions of UBC 97 for seismic design of
buildings.

 As the UBC 97 has reproduced ACI 318-95 in Chapter 19 on

concrete, the load combinations and strength reduction factors of
ACI 318-02 and later codes are not compatible with UBC 97 and
hence BCP SP-07. Therefore ACI 318-02 and later codes cannot
be used directly for design of a system analyzed according to the
seismic provisions of UBC 97.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 23
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Building Codes and the ACI Code

 The Compatibility Issue in BCP SP-2007

 To resolve this issue, BCP SP-2007 recommends using ACI 318-
05 code for design except that load combinations and strength
reduction factors are to be used as per UBC 97.

 The IBC adopts the latest ACI code by reference whenever it is

revised and hence are fully compatible.

 However, the compatibility issue has been rectified in BCP-2021,

which now aligns entirely with ACI 318 Code.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 24
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

The Design Process and the Design Team

 General
 The design covers all aspects of structure, not only the structural
design.

 The structural engineer is a member of a team whose members

work together to design a building, bridge, or any other structure.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 25
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

The Design Process and the Design Team

 Liaison between Engineer and Architect

 Close cooperation with the architect in the early stages of a project
is essential in developing a structure that not only meets the
functional and aesthetic requirements but exploits to the fullest the
special advantages of reinforced concrete.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 26
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

The Design Process and the Design Team

 Objectives of Design
 The four major objectives of design are:

1. Appropriateness 2. Economy

 Functionality, to suit the requirements  The overall cost of the structure should
not exceed the client’s budget.
 Aesthetics, to suit the environment

3. Structural adequacy (safety) 4. Maintainability

 Strength  The structure should be simple so that

it can be maintained easily.
 Serviceability

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 27
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

The Design Process and the Design Team

 Major Phases of Design

1. The client’s needs and priorities

2. Development of project concept

3. Design of Individual systems

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 28
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Concrete Floor Systems

 Selection Criterion
 Depending on structural spans, loading conditions, purpose of
building, availability of formwork, skilled labor and material etc.,
several different structural systems such as flat plate, flat slab, one-
way or two-way joist system etc. are possible.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 29
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Concrete Floor Systems

 Various Types of Concrete Floor System

1. Flat Plate

 A concrete floor directly supported on

columns (with no beams) is called flat
plate.

 Flat plates are economical for

 Short and medium spans (15 ft – 25 ft).

 Moderate live loads.

 Punching shear is a typical problem in flat

plates.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 30
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Concrete Floor Systems

 Various Types of Concrete Floor System

2. Flat Slab

 A flat plate with column capital [1] or drop Drop panel

panel [2] is referred to as a flat slab.

 Economical range: 20 ft. – 30 ft.

 The drop panel and column capital are

intended to reduce the punching shear
problem.

Drop panel
[1] Drop panel is a projection of slab at the vicinity of column.
Column capital
[2] Column capital is a widening of the top of a support column
where it meets the soffit of a slab.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 31
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Concrete Floor Systems

 Various Types of Concrete Floor System

3. One-way Joist System

 Joist construction consists of a monolithic combination of

regularly spaced ribs with clear spacing of 3′ and a top slab
arranged to span in one direction or two orthogonal directions.

 Long spans, economic range: 30 ft. – 50 ft.

Rib
Peshawar University Auditorium

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 32
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Concrete Floor Systems

 Various Types of Concrete Floor System

4. Two-way Joist System

 A two-way joist system, or waffle slab, comprises evenly spaced

concrete joists spanning in both directions and a reinforced
concrete slab cast integrally with the joists.

 Like one-way joist system, a two-way system will be called as

two-way joist system if clear spacing between ribs (dome width)
does not exceed 30 inches.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 33
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Concrete Floor Systems

 Various Types of Concrete Floor System

4. Two-way Joist System

Jamia Darul Uloom Haqqania, Akora Khattak

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 34
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Concrete Floor Systems

 Various Types of Concrete Floor System

5. Beam-supported Slab Systems

 Slab supported on beams on two opposite

sides, or on all four sides is known as
beam-supported slab system.

 Suitable for long spans (up to 30 ft.) and

intermediate and heavy loads.

 Based on the behavior of bending, these

slabs may be One – way slab or Two –
way slab.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 35
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Concrete Floor Systems

 Various Types of Concrete Floor System

6. Beam-and-Girder Floors

 A beam and girder floor consists of a

series of parallel beams supported at their
extremities by girders, which in turn frame
into concrete columns placed at regular
intervals over entire floor area.

 Adapted to any loads and spans. Normal

range of column spacing is 16 to 32 ft.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 36
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Concrete Floor Systems

 Various Types of Concrete Floor System

7. Banded-slab System

 For light loads, a floor system has been

developed in which the beams are omitted
in one direction, the one-way slab being
carried directly by column line beams that
are very broad and shallow.

 These beams, supported directly by the

columns, become little more than a
thickened portion of the slab.

 This type of construction is known as

banded slab construction.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 37
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Concrete Floor Systems

 Various Types of Concrete Floor System

8. Composite Slab

 In this system, columns, beams, and girders consist of structural

steel whereas the floors are reinforced concrete slabs.

 The spacing of beams is usually 6 to 8 ft.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 38
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Concrete Floor Systems

 Various Types of Concrete Floor System

9. Steel Deck RC Slab

 In this structural system, the steel deck serves as stay in place

form and, with suitable detailing the slab becomes composite
with the steel deck, serving as the main tensile flexural steel.

 The spacing of beams is usually 12 ft.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 39
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Concrete Floor Systems

 Various Types of Concrete Floor System

10. Post-tensioned Slab

 In the post-tensioned slab systems, hollow

conduits are provided in slab through which
the tendons are placed. Tendons are
tensioned after the concrete has gained its
strength. Columns and beams are regular
reinforced concrete members.

 Longer spans can be achieved due to pre-

stress, which can be used to counteract
deflections.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 40
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Concrete Floor Systems

 Various Types of Concrete Floor System

11. Precast Slab

 It consists of either precast concrete arched panels, hollow mini-

slabs, or planks that are placed between smaller, more
frequently spaced precast beams or joists that are spanning
between walls or columns.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 41
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Limit States

 Definition
 A limit state is a condition (limit) of a structure beyond which it
ceases to serve its intended purpose.

 Limit state method of design is based on different limit states

i. Ultimate Limit State

ii. Serviceability Limit State

iii. Special Limit State

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 42
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Limit States

1. Ultimate Limit State

 This consists of rupture or collapse of a part of or whole structure..

 Such a limit state should have a very low probability of occurrence,

since it may lead to loss of life and major financial losses.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 43
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Limit States

1. Ultimate Limit State

 Major ultimate limit states are:

Loss of Equilibrium Plastic Mechanism Instability

(Tipping or Sliding) (Rebars yield to form plastic hinges) (Due to deformations e.g., Buckling)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 44
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Limit States

1. Ultimate Limit State

 Major ultimate limit states are:

Rupture Fatigue
(Flexure, shear or combination ) (Failure due to repetitive cyclic loading)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 45
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Limit States

1. Ultimate Limit State

 Major ultimate limit states are:

Progressive Collapse Mechanism

(Failure of structural members one after another)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 46
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Limit States

2. Serviceability Limit State

 These involve disruption of the functional use of the structure, but
not collapse.

 Since there is less danger of loss of life, a higher probability of

occurrences can generally be tolerated than in the case of an
ultimate limit state.

 Examples of serviceability limit state are:

 Excessive deflections

 Undesirable vibrations

 Excessive cracking etc.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 47
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Limit States

3. Special Limit State

 This class of limit state involves damage or failure due to abnormal
conditions or abnormal loadings.

 Special limit state include:

 Damage or collapse in extreme earthquakes.

 Structural effects of fire, explosions, or vehicular collisions

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 48
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Limit States

 Limit States and Design of RC Buildings

RC buildings are designed for

Ultimate Limit States

Checked for

Serviceability Limit States

Rarely Checked for Note: SLS and not ULS may be

governing limit states for retaining
structures and other structures where
Special Limit States
deflection and crack control are
important.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 49
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Approach

 Concept of Demand and Capacity

 Demand: Demand refers to all external actions that act on a
structure.

 Capacity: Capacity is the overall resistance of structure to carry

imposed demand.

 Load Effects: The internal changes produced in a structure due to

demand are called load effects.

 Bending, torsion, shear, axial forces, deflection, vibration etc. are

the example of load effects.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 50
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Approach

 Basic Design Relationship

 A successful structural design should ensure that the structure’s
Capacity exceeds Demand with an appropriate margin of safety
(factor of safety) to meet the conditions of safety, serviceability,
economy, and functionality.

 Capacity < Demand Failure

 Capacity > Demand Success with FOS

 Capacity = Demand Success without FOS

What is "Factor of Safety“ and why

should we incorporate it in design?

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 51
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Approach

 Factor of Safety (FOS)

 Factor of Safety (FOS) is the margin by which the capacity of a
structure or its component exceeds the applied demand.

 There are two main reasons due to which safety factors, such as
load and resistance factors, are necessary in structural design.

1. Variability in Resistance (capacity)

2. Variability in Loads (demand)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 52
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Approach

 Factor of Safety (FOS)

1. Variability in Resistance

 The figure on the right shows Comparison

of measured (Mtest) and computed (Mn)
failure moments for 112 similar RC beams.

 The difference in measured and calculated

failure moments is mainly due to variations
in
 Specified and Actual Strength of materials
Comparison of measured and
 Specified and actual dimensions computed failure moments
(Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics &
Design by James K. Wight, ch#2, pp# 17)
 Simplifying assumptions

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 53
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Approach

 Factor of Safety (FOS)

2. Variability in Loads

 All loadings are variables, especially live loads and environmental

loads due to snow, wind, or earthquakes.

 In addition to actual variations in the loads themselves, the

assumptions and approximations made in carrying out structural
analysis leads to differences between the actual forces and
moments and those computed by the designer.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 54
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Approach

 Factor of Safety (FOS)

2. Variability in Loads

 Fig shows variation of Live loads

in a family of 151sft offices.

 The average (for 50 % buildings)

sustained live load was around
13 psf in this sample.

 1% of measured loads exceeded

44 psf. Frequency distribution of sustained component
of live loads in offices
(Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics & Design by
 Building code specifies 50 psf for James K. Wight, ch#2, pp# 18)

such buildings (ASCE 7-16).

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 55
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Approach

 Factor of Safety (FOS)

 Consequences of Variability

 Due to the variability of resistances and load effects, there is definite

chance that a weaker-than-average structure will be subjected to a
higher-than-average load.

 In extreme cases, failure may occur.

 The load factors and resistance factors are selected to reduce the
probability of failure to a very small level.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 56
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Approach

 Factor of Safety (FOS)

 Incorporation of FOS in Design

 To integrate FOS into the design process, there are two fundamental
approaches available:

1. Working Stress Method

2. Strength Design Method

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 57
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Approach

 Factor of Safety (FOS)

 Incorporation of FOS in Design

1. Working Stress Method

 In this method, the demand is kept the same while the capacity is
divided by 2.

 This method assumes concrete and steel act together elastically

where the relationship between loads and stresses is linear.

 Factor of safety is arbitrary.

 No need to check for serviceability limit states.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 58
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Approach

 Factor of Safety (FOS)

 Incorporation of FOS in Design

2. Limit State Method

 The Limit State Method, also known as "Strength Design Method"

considers both Ultimate and serviceability states.

 This method assumes that both concrete and steel are in their
nonlinear inelastic stages.

 The factor of safety in the strength design method is achieved by

magnifying the demand and lowering the capacity.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 59
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Approach

 Factor of Safety (FOS)

 Incorporation of FOS in Design

2. Limit State Method

 n ∅ = Strength reduction factor

α = Demand amplification factor

𝑛 ⇒ nominal

 𝑢 ⇒ ultimate
𝑠 ⇒ service


 Note that here, the term / represents the Factor of Safety which can
be calculated based on scientific rationale.

How ?

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 60
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Probabilistic Calculation of FOS

 Resistance vs. Load Effects

 R = The distribution of a population

of resistance of a group of similar
structure.

 S = Distribution of the maximum load

effects, S, expected to occur on
those structure during their lifetimes.

 The 45° line corresponds to S = R.

 S > R is failure

 S < R is Safety.

“S vs. R”

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 61
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Probabilistic Calculation of FOS

 Resistance vs. Load Effects

 Safety margin can be represented as

Y=R–S

 Graph shows plot between safety

margin (Y) and frequency of
occurrence (success or failure).

 If Y is greater than 0, then safety

margin exists, and failure is avoided.

Safety margin vs. frequency (success or failure)  Failure will occur if Y is negative,
represented by the shaded area in
figure.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 62
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Probabilistic Calculation of FOS

 Probability of Failure

 The probability of failure, Pf, is the

chance that a particular combination of
R and S will give a negative value of Y.

 In normal distribution curve, Pf is equal

to the ratio of the shaded area to the
total area under the curve in figure.

 From the figure, mean value of Y is

given as Y = 0 + βσY
Safety margin vs. frequency (success or failure)
 Where, σY = Standard Deviation;
β = 1,2,3 …

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 63
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Probabilistic Calculation of FOS

 The Safety Index

 Now larger the distance βσY, the
lesser will be the negative part and
more will be the positive part in the
curve, which means less chance of
failure and more safety. The factor β
is called the safety index.

 More positive part on the curve

means increasing R. But increase in
resistance will require compromise
on economy.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 64
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Probabilistic Calculation of FOS

 Calculation of Pf
 The probability of failure (Pf) which is Probability that (Y = R – S) <
0, can be calculated by converting the normal distribution (which is
function of Y) to standard normal distribution (which is a function of
Z ) and then using standard normal distribution tables to find the
area under the curve.

 From standard statistics tables, the probability of failure for β = 3.5

is P (Z) = 0.0001 = 0.01 % = 1/9091

 It means that roughly 1 in every 10,000 structural members

designed on the basis that β = 3.5 may fail due to excessive load or
under strength sometime during its lifetime.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 65
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Probabilistic Calculation of FOS

 Selection of Pf and
 The appropriate values of Pf and hence of β are chosen by bearing
in mind the consequences of failure.

 Based on current design practice, β is taken between 3 and 3.5 for

ductile failure with average consequences of failure and between
3.5 and 4 for sudden failure or failures having serious
consequences.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 66
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Probabilistic Calculation of FOS

 Selection of Pf and
 In strength design method, we know that:

Let 𝐿 ; then 𝑛

Therefore,

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 67
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Procedure of the ACI Code

 Definition of Strength Design Method

 Design strength of a member and its joints and connections, in
terms of moment, axial force, shear, torsion, and bearing, shall be
taken as the nominal strength multiplied by the applicable
strength reduction factor (ACI 4.6.1).

 Structures and structural members shall have design strength at all

sections, 𝒏, greater than or equal to the required strength
calculated for the factored loads and forces in such combinations
as required by this Code or the general building code (ACI 4.6.2).

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 68
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Procedure of the ACI Code

 Definition of Strength Design Method

 In the AISC Specifications for steel design, the same design
process is known as LRFD (Load and Resistance Factor Design).

 Strength design and LRFD are methods of limit-state design,

except that primary attention is always placed on the ultimate limit
states, with the serviceability limit states being checked after the
original design is completed.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 69
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Procedure of the ACI Code

 Design Loads
 Loads shall include self-weight, applied loads, and effects of
Prestressing, earthquake, constraint of volume change, and
differential settlement (ACI 5.2.1).

 Provisions in the Code are associated with dead, live, wind, and
earthquake loads such as those recommended in ASCE/SEI 7 (ACI
R5.2.1).

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 70
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Procedure of the ACI Code

 Design Loads
 If the service loads specified by the general building code differ
from those of ASCE/SEI 7, the general building code governs.
However, if the nature of the loads contained in a general building
code differs considerably from ASCE/SEI 7 loads, some provisions
of this Code may need modification to reflect the difference (ACI
R5.2.1).

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 71
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Procedure of the ACI Code

 ASCE Recommendations on Loads

 ASCE 7-16 sections 1 to 10 are related to design loads for
buildings and other structures.

 The sections are named as: general, combinations of loads, (dead

loads, soil loads and hydrostatic pressure), live, flood, tsunami,
snow, rain, (reserve for future provisions) and ice loads.

Brief visit of ASCE 7-16

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 72
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Procedure of the ACI Code

 Loads on Structure During Construction

 During the construction of concrete buildings, the weight of the
fresh concrete is supported by formwork, which frequently rests on
floors lower down in the structure.

 ACI 26.11.2.1(c) states that:

“No construction loads shall be placed on, nor any formwork

removed from, any part of the structure under construction except
when that portion of the structure in combination with remaining
formwork has sufficient strength to support safely its weight and
loads placed thereon and without impairing serviceability”.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 73
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Procedure of the ACI Code

 Load Combinations

 The design load combinations as per ACI Code and UBC are:

ACI 318-19 section 5.3 UBC 97 section 1928.1.2.3

 1.4D  1.4D
 1.2D + 1.6L  1.4D + 1.7L
 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L  1.2D + 1.5E + 0.5L
 0.9D + 1.0E  0.9D + 1.5E

Where;

D = dead load, L = live load and E = Earthquake load

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 74
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Procedure of the ACI Code

 Strength Reduction Factors

 The Strength reduction factors, as per the ACI Code and UBC, are
listed in the table below:

Strength Reduction Factors

Actions
ACI 318-19 (21.2) UBC 97 (1909.3.2)

Tension-controlled 0.90 0.90

Shear and torsion 0.75 0.85

Compression-controlled (spiral) 0.75 0.75

Compression-controlled (other) 0.65 0.70

Bearing 0.65 0.70

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 75
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Procedure of the ACI Code

 Customary Dimensions and Construction Tolerance

 The actual as-built dimensions will differ slightly from those shown
on the drawings, due to construction inaccuracies.

 ACI Committee 117 has published a comprehensive list of

tolerance for concrete construction and materials.

 As an example, tolerances for footings are +2 inches and -½ inch

on plan dimensions and -5 percent of the specified thickness.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 76
Updated: Oct 06, 2023 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

References

 Reinforced Concrete - Mechanics and Design (7th Ed.) by James

MacGregor.

 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19)

 Portland Cement Association (PCA 2002)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115: Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 77