CE602 – MODULE 4 For other sections:

HYDRAULICS
𝒗𝒔
𝑴𝑩𝒐 = (𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒄𝒕)
STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES 𝑽𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽

3 TYPES OF STABILITY 𝑰
𝑴𝑩𝒐 = (𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆)
𝑽
1) Neutral Equilibrium (M is at G)

2) Stable Equilibrium (M is above G)

3) Unstable Equilibrium (M is below G)

B = width of the body

D = draft or depth of flotation
V = total volume submerged
G = center of gravity of the body in the upright position
Bo = center of buoyancy of the body in the upright position
Bo’ = center of buoyancy of the body in the tilted position
M = metacenter: point of intersection between the buoyant
force and the tilted axis of the body which determines its
stability.
MG = metacentric height (m); distance between the
metacenter and the center of gravity of the body which
measures its stability.
θ = angle of tilting
v = volume of the wedge of immersion/emersion
Metacentric height: s = horizontal distance between the centroids of “v”
I = moment of inertia of an area which is the top view of the
GM = MBo ± GBo body at the level of the liquid surface with respect to the axis
of tilting
For rectangular sections:

𝑩𝟐
𝑴𝑩𝒐 = [𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽]
𝟏𝟐𝑫
Example 1: The center of gravity of a ship in the
upright position is 11.5m above the center of gravity
of the portion below water, the displacement being
16 MN. The ship tilts 30° causing the center of
buoyancy to shift sidewise 9.2m.
a) Determine the resulting moment (righting or
overturning)
b) Calculate the magnitude of the resulting
moment.

Example 2: A rectangular scow 9m wide, 15m long

and 3.6m high weighs 3304 kN.
a) What is the draft in sweater weighing 10.20
kN/m3?
b) What is the metacentric height if its center of
gravity is 2.7m above the bottom?
c) If the scow tilts until one side is just at the
point of submergence, determine the
righting couple.

Example 3: It is desired to float in fresh water a

wooden cone, 18cm in diameter and 25cm high, with
the apex downward. If the sg of the cone is 0.60:
a) Compute the submerged depth.
b) Compute the distance of the metacenter
from the center of buoyancy.

PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE

1) A flat bottom scow, weighing 227,400 kg has

vertical sides and straight sloping ends. The length
on deck is 25m and on the bottom is 20m. The width
is 6m and its vertical depth is 3.70m. Determine the
metacentric height and stability of this scow when
sailing on seawater. ans. GM =0.98 m, stable

2) The waterline section of a 1,500 kN barge is as

shown. Its center of gravity is 1.5m above the center
of buoyancy. Compute the initial metacentric height
against rolling. ans. 2.925 m
 RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM OF LIQUIDS Example 1: An open tank 3m long, 1.8m wide, and
(MOVING VESSEL) 1.5m high contains water to a depth of 1.2m. It is
moving parallel to a pair of longest sides. Determine
Horizontal Motion the following:
a) Maximum acceleration without spilling any
liquid
b) The unbalanced force causing the
acceleration in the preceding situation.
c) The volume of water spilled if accelerated at
3 m/s2.
d) The volume of water retained when
accelerated at 5.4 m/s2.

Example 2: A closed cylindrical tank 4m long having

𝒂 a radius of 1.5m is fully filled with water is placed on
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 = a car moving at an acceleration of 2.5m/s2. How
𝒈
much force is acting on the back side of the tank?
Inclined Motion
Example 3: An open vessel of water accelerates up a
25° plane at 2.5m/s2.
a) What is the horizontal component of the
acceleration?
b) What is the vertical component of the
acceleration?
c) What is the angle that the water surface
makes with the horizontal?

Example 4: A woman with a glass of water having a

height of 300mm is inside the elevator with a
downward acceleration of 3m/s2. Determine the
pressure at the bottom of the glass.
𝒂𝒙
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 = Example 5: A pressurized cylindrical container 1m in
𝒈 ± 𝒂𝒚 height contains a liquid (sg = 0.80) at a depth of
560mm. It was transported upwards at a constant
Use (+) sign for upward motion and (-) sign for downward acceleration of 1.34 m/s2. What is the pressure at the
motion. bottom of the container if the air in the cylinder has
a gage reading of 10 kPa?
Vertical Motion
PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE

1) A closed cylindrical tank is 2.4 min diameter and

7.5 m long is completely filled with gasoline (sg =
0.90). The tank, with its long axis horizontal, is
pulled by a truck along a horizontal surface.

a) Determine the pressure difference between

the ends (along the long axis of the tank)
when the truck undergoes an acceleration of
1.5 m/s2. ans. 10.125 kPa
b) Determine the force on the front wall.
ans. 47.9 kN
c) Determine the force on the rear wall.
ans. 93.7 kN
𝒂
𝑷 = 𝜸𝒉 (𝟏 ± )
𝒈

Use (+) sign for upward motion and (-) sign for downward
motion. Also note that “a” is positive for acceleration and
negative for deceleration.
 ROTATING VESSEL PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE

1) If the rotational speed of the 3-tube system shown

in figure is ω = 10 rad/s, determine the water heights
in each tube leg. ans. Hmid=6.51 cm, Hright=11.6cm,
Hleft=26.89cm

Slope at the surface of paraboloid at any distance x

from the axis of rotation:
𝝎𝟐 𝒓
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 =
𝒈
2) A small pipe that 0.6m long was filled with water,
capped at both ends was placed in a horizontal
Height of paraboloid:
position, then rotated about a vertical axis 0.3m
𝝎𝟐 𝒓𝟐
𝒉= away from one end to cause a maximum pressure
𝟐𝒈 inside the pipe which is equal to 10 kPa. Find “ω”.
ans. 5.27 rad/s or 50.33 rpm
By squared property of parabola:
3) An open, 0.60-m-diameter tank contains water to
𝒓𝟐 𝒙𝟐 a depth of 1.0 m when at rest. If the tank is rotated
=
𝒉 𝒚 about its vertical axis with an angular velocity of 180
rev/ min, what is the minimum height of the tank
Conversion from rpm to rad/s: walls to prevent water from spilling over the sides?
ans. 1.815m
𝝅
𝟏 𝒓𝒑𝒎 = 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔
𝟑𝟎 4) An open 1 - m diameter tank contains water at a
depth of 0.7 m when at rest. As the tank is rotated
about its vertical axis, the center of the fluid surface
Example 1: An open cylindrical tank 2m in diameter is depressed. At what angular velocity will the
is 6m high and filled with water to a certain depth. bottom of the tank first be exposed? No water is
a) If it is rotated at a speed of 50 rpm about the spilled from the tank.
vertical axis, determine the maximum depth ans. 10.5 rad/sec
of water initially in the tank so that no water
will be spilled out.
b) How much water will be spilled out if it is
rotated at 120 rpm and it was initially full?
c) What will be the pressure at the bottom of
the tank if the vessel is rotated at 90 rpm?

Example 2: A closed cylinder 2m in diameter and 4m

high contains water at a depth of 3m, the remaining
air space being under a pressure of 120 kPa. It is
rotated about its own vertical axis at a constant
angular speed, ω:
a) What is the pressure at the center and
circumference at the bottom of the tank if
ω=12 rad/s?
b) What angular speed ω in rpm will zero the
depth of water at the center?