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Bellman-Ford algorithm

The Bellman-Ford algorithm computes shortest paths from a single source vertex to all other vertices in a weighted graph, accommodating negative edge weights. It iteratively relaxes path estimates to ensure optimized results and can detect negative cycles. The algorithm's complexity varies, with a worst-case time complexity of O(V^3) and is widely applicable in various fields, including computer science and network routing.

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15 views

Bellman-Ford algorithm

The Bellman-Ford algorithm computes shortest paths from a single source vertex to all other vertices in a weighted graph, accommodating negative edge weights. It iteratively relaxes path estimates to ensure optimized results and can detect negative cycles. The algorithm's complexity varies, with a worst-case time complexity of O(V^3) and is widely applicable in various fields, including computer science and network routing.

Uploaded by

mfuad4594
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A Presentation On

Bellman-Ford Algorithm
Presented By

MD.Fuad Khan Fatema Akther Eftiar Alam Patwary


Reg: 2019331513 Reg: 2019331518 Reg: 2019331561
Supervised By
Nayan Kumar Nath
Lecturer [CSE Dept.]
Sylhet Engineering College
AGENDA
What is Bellman-Ford ?

Why do we need to be careful with negative weights?

How Bellman Ford's algorithm works?

What are the steps?

Bellman-Ford Algorithms Psedecode

An Example of Bellman-Ford Algorithm with Debugging

Usages and Drawbacks

Complexity

Conclution
What is Bellman-Ford ?

The Bellman-Ford algorithm is an algorithm that computes shortest paths


from a single source vertex to all of the other vertices in a weighted graph.

The algorithm was first proposed by Alfonso Shimbel in 1955, but is instead
named after Richard Bellman and Lester Ford Jr, who published it in 1958
and 1956, respectively.Edward F.moore also published a variation of the
algorithm in 1959, and for this reason it is also sometimes called the
Bellman Ford-Moore algorithm.
What is Bellman-Ford ?

It is similar to Dijkstra's algorithm but it can work with graphs in which


edges can have negative weights.

Dynamic Programming is used in the Bellman-Ford algorithm. It begins with


a starting vertex and calculates the distances between other vertices that a
single edge can reach. It then searches for a path with two edges, and so on.
The Bellman-Ford algorithm uses the bottom-up approach.
Why do we need to be careful
with negative weights?
Negative weight edges can create negative weight cycles i.e. a cycle that
will reduce the total path distance by coming back to the same point.

Negative edge weights are found in various applications of graphs, hence


the usefulness of this algorithms.If a graph contains a “negative cycle”(a
cycle whose edges sum to a negative value) that is reachable from the
source, then there is no cheapest path: any path that has point on the
negative cycle can be made cheaper by one more walk around the
negative cycle. In such a case, the Bellman-Ford algorithm can detect and
report the negative cycle.
How Bellman Ford's algorithm works

Bellman Ford algorithm works by overestimating the length of the path


from the starting vertex to all other vertices. Then it iteratively relaxes
those estimates by finding new paths that are shorter than the previously
overestimated paths.

By doing this repeatedly for all vertices, we can guarantee that the result is
optimized.
STEPS
1 Make a list of all the graphs edges. This is simple if an adjacnecy list represents the graph.

“V-1” is used to calculate the number of iterations. Because the shortest distance to an
2
edge can be adjusted V-1 time at most, the number of iteration will increase the same
number of vertices.

3 Begin with an arbitrary vertex and a minimum distance of zero. Because you are
exaggerating the actual distance, all other nodes should be assigned infinity.For each
edge u-v, relax the path lengths for the vertices:
If distance[v]=distance[u]+edgeweight [u,v]

4 If the new distance is less than the previous one update the distance for each Edge in
each iteration.The distance to each node is the total distance from the starting node to
this specific node.

To ensure that all possible paths are considered, you must consider alliterations. You will
5
end up with the shortest distance if you do this.
Bellman-Ford Algorithms Psedecode
Function bellmanFordAlgo(G, s)
//G graph and s is the sources vertex
dist[V]<- infinite
dist[s] <- 0
for each vertex(i) V in G
for each edge(j) (u, v) in G
If dist[u]+edgeweight(u, v) < dist[v]
dist[v] <- dist[u]+edgeweight(u,v)
for each edge(U, V) in G
if dis[U] + edgeweight(U, V) < dist[V]
Error: Negative Cycle Exists
Return dist[]
AN EXAMPLE OF BELLMAN-FORD ALGORITHM

Graph

This is the Weighted Graph of 5 Node and 7 Vertices.


No of Iteration = V-1 = 5-1 = 4 times

This is the first iteration Graph for the Bellman-Ford


Algorithm.
Source Vertex DEBUGGING
i = 0|1|2|3|

j = 0/1/2/3/4/5/6|0/1/2/3/4/5/6|
0/1/2/3/4/5/6|0/1/2/3/4/5/6|

dis[0] = INF/0
dis[1] = INF/-1
dis[2] = INF/4/2
dis[3] = INF/-2
dis[4] = INF/1
Initial table:

2nd table:
3rd table:

Final table:
Output for the graph:
USAGES

Examining a In a chemical Identifying Routing is a


graph for the reaction, the most concept used
presence of calculate the efficient in data
negative smallest currency networks.
weight cycles. possible heat conversion
gain/loss. method.
COMPLEXITY
In Summary, Time & Space Complexity for Bellman Ford Algorithm:

Worst Case Time Complexity: O(V3)


Average Case Time Complexity: O(E V)
Best Case Time Complexity: O(E)
Space Complexity: O(V)

where:
V is number of vertices
E is number of edges
DRAWBACKS
The bellman ford algorithm does not produce a correct answer if the sum of
the edges of a cycle is negative. Let's understand this property through an
example. Consider the below graph.

In the above graph, we consider vertex 1 as the source vertex and provides 0
value to it. We provide infinity value to other vertices shown as below:

Edges can be written as:


(1, 3), (1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 2), (4, 3)
CONCLUTION
Bellman-ford algorithm is the most useful algorithm in the graph sector and
computer science. We can solve many problems in computer science and real life
with the bellman-ford algorithm. Aversion of bellman-ford is used in the distance
vector routing protocol. This protocol decides how to route packets of the date on
a network. The distance equation is the number of routers a certain path must go
through to reach its destination. So, Bellman-Ford algorithms are most useful to
solve many real-life problems.

In this presentation, we've discussed the Bellman-Ford algorithm in detail. We’ve


discussed the steps of the algorithm and run the algorithm on two different graphs
to give you a complete understanding. Also, we examined why negative edges are
important to consider. Finally, we analyzed the time complexity of the algorithm.
Thank
you!!

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