State of the Art of Researches and Applications of

MVDC Distribution Systems in Power Grid

Weiwei Li Yan Li Songtao Yu
State Key Laboratory of HVDC State Key Laboratory of HVDC State Key Laboratory of HVDC
Electric Power Research Institute, Electric Power Research Institute, Electric Power Research Institute,
China Southern Power Grid China Southern Power Grid China Southern Power Grid
Guangzhou, China Guangzhou, China Guangzhou, China
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Tianliu Wei Jianfu Chen Yao Liu

State Key Laboratory of HVDC Zhuhai Power Supply Bureau Zhuhai Power Supply Bureau
Electric Power Research Institute, China Southern Power Grid China Southern Power Grid
China Southern Power Grid Zhuhai, China Zhuhai, China
Guangzhou, China [email protected] [email protected]
[email protected]

Shukai Xu
State Key Laboratory of HVDC
Electric Power Research Institute,
China Southern Power Grid
Guangzhou, China
[email protected]
higher reliability, flexibility and interactivity are preferred by
Abstract—Considered as an important option to enhance
power distribution capacity, improve operation flexibility and
consumers. Thus, after a hundred years of infrastructure,
increase power quality in distribution grids, the medium- there is a good reason and opportunity to revisit the dc in
voltage DC (MVDC) technology has gained increasing interests distribution seeking for the potential benefit with it.
in recent years. In this paper, the state of the art of researches There are common benefits of dc when compared with ac
and applications of MVDC distribution system is presented. for all applications. Since most renewable energy generations
Main topics and progresses are explored including planning (REGs), such as PV panels and fuel cells, and modern
and evaluation, main circuits, key equipment, control and electronics loads, such as TVs and EVs, are dc, it is more
protection. The most recent pilot projects around the world are
convenient to integrate the REGs into the dc distribution
introduced among which the Tangjia Bay pilot project with the
largest capacity is illustrated in detail, together with the
rather than the ac one because of the avoided double
practical issues during the design, experiment, and conversions. Energy storage systems such as batteries are dc
commissioning. devices as well. The dc distribution seems a more natural
interface between most dc devices, which allows
Keywords—medium-voltage DC, distribution system, considerable power-conversion stage, loss and cost reduction.
planning and evaluation, main circuits, key equipment, control In fact, the dc has already been successfully used in the
and protection, pilot project
small-scale applications, such as more electric aircraft, ship
I. INTRODUCTION and the dc micro-grid powering the island. However, the
widespread adoption of the medium-voltage DC (MVDC)
Traditionally the distribution system is ac, and the main distribution in power grid is impeded mainly by the market
reason is that it is straight forward extension of the AC traditional thinking of using ac, and the lack of
transmission system, with all the advantage that come with it. standardization, experience, commercially available dc
However, in the last decades, the most significant devices and the effective solution to the dc-distribution
developments regarding dc have been the high-voltage dc control and protection. Therefore, this paper demonstrates
(HVDC) power transmission, which enables the long- the state of the art of the main researches and applications of
distance bulk power transmission in a cost-effective and the MVDC distribution systems, including the planning and
reliable way. Meanwhile, the recent changes in both the evaluation given in Section II, the main circuits in Section III,
generating sources as well as the loads keep accelerating. the key equipment in Section IV, the control and protection
Distributed generations especially solar and small-scale wind in Section V, and the practical applications in Section VI.
are increasing and such resources are basically dc. The
emerging dc loads, such as electric vehicles (EVs) and LED II. PLANNING AND EVALUATION
lights, are becoming widespread in low-voltage dc (LVDC).
Planning and evaluation plays an important role in the
The distribution systems connecting HVDC and LVDC with
preparation of distribution system construction yielding a

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more economical and reliable power grid. The studies on operations at the cost of increased investment, more complex
planning and evaluation of MVDC systems regarding operation modes and higher requirement of control and
voltage levels, grid structure, planning problem and solution, protection. Thus, the reliability and costs should be evaluated
and reliability evaluation are depicted as follows. according to the specific application while choosing an
appropriate grid structure.
A. Voltage Levels
AC DC

Standardized voltage levels pave the foundation of the load load

entire industry chain of MVDC distribution, including AC

DC
AC
DC
DC
DC

manufacturers, design institutes, grid operators and so on.

The studies on voltage level standards for LVDC [1-2] have VSC
AC
VSC
DC
been widely discussed. Researches of voltage levels for DC AC

MVDC distribution systems are mainly focused on the

feasibility analysis referring to AC voltage levels [3-6]. And DC DC

till now, there is no international voltage level standard for

DC DC

MVDC. Some domestic standards for MVDC are under

study or developed, for example China has issued the DC
DC
DC
AC
DC
DC
DC
AC
DC
DC

national standard guideline for standard voltages of medium DC load AC load

PV array Wind power ESS
and low voltage DC distribution system (GB/T 35727-2017).
The standard classifies 3kV~±50kV as medium voltage level, Fig. 3. Ring structure
which is listed in Table I.
C. Planning Problem and Solution
TABLE I. STANDARDIZED MEDIUM VOLTAGE LEVELS
Considering the planning objective and all technical
Preferred 3 restrictions, the planning problems of DC distribution
/ ±35 / ±10 / ±3 systems can be mathematically formulated. Generally, the
Value / kV (±1.5)
Alternative objective aims to minimize total costs including investment
±50 / ±20 / ±6 / / costs and operation costs under structural and technical
Value / kV
restrictions. Objective function of the planning problem can
B. Topology of Grid Network be formulated as [9]:
Similar to the AC distribution systems, the DC T
distribution systems were usually categorized into three min F Cinvestment  ¦ Coperation / (1  r )t (1)
typical structures: radial, hand-in-hand and ring structures [7- t 1
8]. The three typical structures are as follows:
where Cinvestment is the investment cost including cost of MV
DC bus DC DC
load
distribution lines, converter installation cost, cost of circuit
DC
breakers, etc. Coperation is the operation cost which is
DC
DC
DC
ESS calculated into net present value with discount rate r .
DC
AC DC PV The constraints include the bus voltage, feeder current,
array
DC DC
substation capacity and power flow equations.
DC
AC
Wind power
When solving the optimization problem, heuristic
approaches like genetic algorithm or modified algorithms are
DC
AC
MG usually applied [9-10]. Genetic algorithm gradually
approaches to an optimum with fast convergence and high
Fig. 1. Radial structure quality, which is suitable to solve grid planning problems.
VSC VSC D. Reliability Evaluation
AC DC
DC AC Reliability of distribution system is the ability to
consistently provide power to the loads. Reliability
DC DC evaluation of equipment and system is an important part of
DC DC
MVDC distribution system planning. Compared to AC
distribution systems, MVDC distribution systems have three
DC
DC
DC
AC
DC
DC
DC
AC
DC
DC
notable advantages to improve reliability: suitable for closed
DC load AC load PV Wind
operating ring structure, fewer distribution lines and fewer
array Power
ESS
converter links for DC sources and loads. However, the
application of converter stations, solid state transformers and
Fig. 2. Hand-in-hand structure DC circuit breakers leads to the decreased reliability due to
The reliability of the distribution system with the radial relatively higher fault rate at present, which can be improved
structure is relatively low, which are acceptable in LVDC but with the development of mature manufacture.
not suitable for MVDC application [9]. Hand-in-hand and The reliability evaluation of DC distribution systems
ring structures will provide enough reliability and flexible includes reliability modelling of key equipment and

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reliability assessment of the whole system. To establish DC side. Two methods can be used to ground the system,
reliability model of the equipment, two methods have been which are shown in figure 6.
widely adopted [11-12]: 1) for those equipment that have
been maturely applied, reliability parameters can be obtained Since the MVDC distribution systems usually adopt
from statistic operation data; 2) for equipment that have been hand-in-hand or ring structures for the ensured reliability, the
utilized for a short time, reliability parameters can be monopolar symmetric configuration might be a preferred
obtained from similar equipment or predicted based on the choice for MVDC distribution systems considering
component and topological structure. The failure rate of simplicity, cost and flexibility issues.
equipment can be written as [9]: C. Bipolar Structure
1 The typical configuration of bipolar structure is given in
Oe f
(2) figure 7. When single pole fails, the distribution system is
³0 Re (t )dt able to transmit 50% power operating under monopolar
structure, which improves the reliability and flexibility.
where Re (t ) and Oe are reliability function and annual failure There are two grounding options for the bipolar structure:
rate of the equipment. double end grounding and neutral line grounding.

There are mainly two methods to evaluate reliability of

DC distribution systems: analytical methods and simulation VSC VSC
methods [13-14]. One typical simulation method is Monte
Carlo simulation method, which is suitable for complex
systems. The analytical methods include state-space method, Fig. 5. Monopolar symmetric structure with DC side grounding
system state enumeration method and network method.
VSC VSC
III. MAIN CIRCUITS
The main circuits can be referred to HVDC transmission
system, including the electric connection and grounding
structures. Electric connections of MVDC distribution (a) Grounded by Y-reactors
systems consist of monopolar asymmetric, monopolar
symmetric and bipolar structures. There are multiple
VSC
grounding options with different electric connections. VSC

A. Monopolar Asymmetric Structure

The monopolar asymmetric structure has a simpler (b) Grounded by connecting transformers
structure with fewer costs. A typical monopolar asymmetric Fig. 6. Monopolar symmetric structure with AC side grounding
structure with returning metal wire is shown in figure 4.
VSC VSC

VSC VSC

VSC VSC

Fig. 4. Monopolar asymmetric structure with returning metal wire

The operating voltage of the polar wire is twice that of a Fig. 7. Bipolar structure with neutral line grounding
symmetric structure, and the converter side windings of the IV. KEY EQUIPMENT
connecting transformers must withstand DC bias voltage,
Key equipment, such as converters, DC solid state
which makes the monopolar asymmetric structure less
transformers (DCSST) and DC circuit breakers, are essential
popular in MVDC distribution systems.
to the development of MVDC distribution system.
B. Monopolar Symmetric Structure A. VSC
The monopolar symmetric structure is different from the For MVDC distribution systems, the main feasible
monopolar asymmetric one by its grounding method. There choices of VSCs are two-level, three-level [15] and MMC.
are two major grounding methods for monopolar symmetric Diagrams of these converters are shown in figure 8.
structure according to different voltage-source converter
(VSC) types. The distribution system with two-level or three- The choices of VSCs for MVDC systems are mainly
level VSC station has centralized capacitors. The midpoints limited by the block voltage of power semiconductor devices.
of the DC side centralized capacitors can be grounded, which Considering the commercially available devices, MMC is the
is shown in figure 5. only available choice for the MVDC with the voltage level
above ±3kV. To promote the application of DC distribution
The distribution system based on the modular multilevel systems, VSCs having lower costs, smaller size and higher
converter (MMC) doesn’t have centralized capacitors in the reliability are expected with the development of power

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semiconductor devices withstanding higher voltage stress, fault current interruption might last for more than 10 ms. The
such as the high-voltage silicon carbide (SiC) metal oxide solid-state DCCB is the fastest DCCB while it inherits the
semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) and largest losses. The hybrid DCCB combines the advantages of
insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) [16-17]. the mechanical and solid-state DCCB. But the cost of hybrid
Udc
DCCB is the main barrier for its widespread application.
V. CONTROL AND PROTECTION
N
Compared to HVDC and DC microgrids, MVDC
distribution systems have more complex structures and
operation modes, which bring challenges for the control
strategies and online seamless mode shifts. Besides, due to
-Udc

(a) Two-level converter (b) Three-level neutral point clamped converter the relatively low impedance and short lines, the fault current
SM1 SM1 SM1 increase rapidly and the cause is hard to be located. Some
SM2 SM2 SM2 SM key issues of control and protection for MVDC distribution
systems are discussed as follows.






SMn SMn SMn

L IGBT1

Udc A. Control for MVDC Distribution Systems

SM1 SM1 SM1 IGBT2
Uc
Hierarchical control schemes can be adopted for the
SM2 SM2 SM2
U cell
control MVDC distribution systems. A typical three-level
hierarchical control scheme is illustrated in Figure 10. Flat





SMn SMn SMn

and expansible control scheme is preferred for MVDC

(c) Half-bridge MMC converter distribution systems. In Figure 10, Energy management is the
Fig. 8. Diagrams of three feasible VSC solutions top dispatching control to realize optimized power flow.
Through the upper centralized control, critical features
B. DCSST including plug and play, fast smooth mode switching, and
The DCSST applies power electronics to connect DC fault ride-through can be achieved. The lower control level
buses with different voltage levels. The widely discussed determines how controllable equipment operating in the grid.
DCSST topologies include dual active bridge (DAB), series Energy
Energy Operation
Management Status
resonant converter (SRC), dual half bridge (DHB), and Management
Optimized Control
multi-high-frequency-link transformer based on MMC [18]. Information
where DAB is considered the most suitable topology for Centralized Control Operation
Centralized Control Monitor
Monitor System
System
Center Status
DCSST [19]. A typical DAB structure is shown in figure 9. Voltage\Power
Center
Operation
Operation
Actually, serial or parallel DAB schemes are commonly Control Instruction Status Status
adopted to achieve higher voltage and power level. Controllable
Controllab
a le Uncontrollable
Uncontrollab
a le
Equipment
Equipment Equipment
Equipment

S1 S3 / 7 Fig. 10. A typical hierarchical control scheme for MVDC distribution


a
 systems
ua Np Ns
U in  u U out
b b

  The voltage control is essential to MVDC distribution
S2 S4
systems. The most widely discussed strategies, including
 
master-slave control, droop control and margin control, are
Fig. 9. DAB structure compared in Table II.

Efforts have been made to promote the performance of TABLE II. COMPARISON OF TYPICAL VOLTAGE CONTROL METHODS
DAB. Circulating current suppressing method and advanced Master-Slave Droop
Margin Control
phase shifting method are proposed to reduce on-state loss Control Control
and switching loss. Application of wide bandgap devices like Voltage Quality High Medium Medium
SiC is also expected to significantly improve the efficiency. Reliability High High Medium
Expansibility Medium High Low
C. DC Circuit Breaker (DCCB) Having the advantages of fast response, high reliability
DCCBs in MVDC distribution systems are used to and lower expansion cost, droop control is promising to
interrupt the fault current and isolate faulted parts preventing support the development of MVDC distribution systems and
from the collapse of the whole system. The state of the art of has gain more attentions. An adaptive droop control method
DCCBs are mainly categorized into three types which are the is proposed to achieve effective power sharing [21].
mechanical DCCB, solid-state DCCB and hybrid DCCB [20]. B. Protection for MCDC Distribution Systems
Generally speaking, the mechanical DCCB is the most The widely adoption of power electronics introduces
economical solution at present. However, due to the more complicated fault characteristics to MVDC distribution
existence of the paralleled resonant path, which might have systems. The major factors affecting the fault characteristics
pre-charged capacitors included, the overvoltage of the of DC systems include grounding options, location of fault
whole system can be dramatically affected and the tail of the

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(inside the converter or on the DC buses/lines), fault on AC location, methods such as differential and signal injection are
side, parameters of current-limiting reactor, and operation proposed [23]. For the realization of fast differential
modes (closed or radial operation of ring structure). protection, the fast synchronization, which is finished in 10
μs, of data collected from each station without the Global
For DC bipolar short-circuit faults, two major control Positioning System (GPS) is essential. For DC monopole-to-
schemes have been adopted. One is introducing large ground fault, the protection scheme is related to the
reactors in the terminal of each station to strengthen the fault grounding resistance, while small grounding resistance might
characteristics for the selective protecting action. The other be recommended due to the wide use of cable in MVDC
one is the fast DC reclosing scheme without the large distribution systems.
reactors in the terminal of each station [22]. For the fault
TABLE III. OVERVIEW OF DC DISTRIBUTION PROJECTS
Voltage Levels / Installed
Project Location Time Grid Structure
kV Capacity/MW
RWTH Aachen University Project Aachen, Germany 2018 5 6.2 radial, 5-terminal
Tangjia Bay DC Distribution Pilot Project Zhuhai, China 2018 ±10, ±0.375, ±0.11 40 radial, 4-terminal
Guizhou University Project Guizhou, China 2018 ±10, ±0.375 3 radial, 5-terminal
Hangzhou Dajiangdong Project Hangzhou, China 2018 ±10, ±0.375 30 radial, 4-terminal
Suzhou Industrial Park Project Suzhou, China 2018 ±7.5 8 radial, 4-terminal
Songshan Lake High-tech Industrial
Dongguan, China 2020 10, ±0.375 2 radial, 2-terminal
Development Zone Project

C. Evolution Trends of Control and Protection Equipment JS-I Converter

10MW
TJ Converter
20MW
± 10kV
Automation, intelligence and unattended operation are
the expected advantages for MVDC distribution systems. JS Substation-I TJ Substation
The well-proved control and protection equipment for DCSST 2MW

HVDC transmission systems should be redesigned for the PV ±375V

DC breaker
application in MVDC distribution system. The main Energy Storage

evolution trends are listed as follows. EV Charger

±110V
10MW

x Integration of the dispatching and control equipment.

'&/RDG '&/RDG

DC loads DC loads JS-II Converter

'&/RDG

x Fusion of the valve, converter and substation control.

$&/RDG

AC sensitive
DC microgrid JS Substation-II
loads
x Integration of control and protection equipment,
which is convenient for the coordination of control Fig. 11. System overview of the Tangjia Bay DC distribution pilot project
and protection.
Customized chips with higher performance, better B. Converters
communication architecture and systematic schemes are There are three converters with the master-slave control
required to realize the evolution. and 5 operating modes in this project.
VI. APPLICATION x JS-I converter: The converter is rated at 10MW,
adopting the MMC topology with the ability of dc
MVDC distribution system construction has been carried fault elimination. The clamped modules are inserted
out all over the world as shown in Table III. The four- into each arm, which consist of integrated gate
terminal Tangjia Bay DC distribution pilot project with the commutated thyristors (IGCTs).
largest capacity of MVDC distribution systems worldwide
will be introduced in detail. x JS-II converter: The converter is rated at 10MW,
adopting the half-bridge MMC.
A. System Description x TJ converter: The converter is rated at 20MW,
The Tangjia Bay pilot project is located in Zhuhai, China, which is currently considerable capacity in MVDC
which was commissioned by China Southern Power Grid distribution systems, adopting the half-bridge MMC.
(CSG) in December 25th, 2018. The overview of the whole
system is given in Fig.11. C. DCSST
The DCSST with DAB topology is rated at 2MW,
The DC voltage levels are ±10kV, ±0.375kV, ±0.110kV. providing the interface between DC distribution and micro-
The power capacities of the three converters are 20MW, grid in this project.
10MW and 10MW respectively. There are 2MW-DCSST,
three pairs of DCCBs, 0.2 MW photovoltaic (PV) generation, The high-frequency transformer is introduced due to the
1MW energy storage, 1MW DC electric vehicle chargers, high voltage ratio. 98.5% efficiency is obtained with SiC
0.7MW DC loads, and 0.5MW AC loads. The length of DC MOSFETs and diodes at the switching frequency of 20kHz.
cables is approximately 18 km. The front-end full bridge provides the online redundancy and
prevents injecting surge currents to the dc grid under dc fault.

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