sets, Relations and functions sets e savel-deined collection of distinct objects Here the term ‘well-defined! means it must be seta pdecide whether or not the object belongs to the set and the term ‘distinct’ means object pfatberepeated. The object inthe setis called ts member or element. A setis represented by sot ythe sets are denoted by capital letters A, B,C, ..andits elements are denoted by small letters ihe: “rany non-empty set and x is a member of X (or belongs to X), then itis expressed as x € X. tasnotamember of X or does not belongto X, thenitis expressedaas x ¢ X.eg. Let Abethe set ofall es in English alphabets. Then, ae, i, 0 and ware members of A and we can say that peed ied,Oe Aand we A. Representation of Sets ‘ewatetw0 methods to represent a set (Roster Method In this method, elements are listed and put within a the braces {) and separated. bycommas. This method is also known as tabular method or listing method. {@ Set Builder Method In this method, we list the property or properties satisfied by the elements ofset and write it as Az(x:P(x)) oF (x1 PQ) lhisread as Ais the set ofall members x such that x has the property P(xY. The symbol or! stands for ‘such that’, This method is also known as rule method or property method. tE A= (1,2,3,4,5) =( 2x Nand x55) ‘TE Me over of elements in a set has no importance. e.g. {1.2,3} and {3.2 th are same sets. Ina set, repetition of ‘ements is not allowed.848 ‘SELF sTuDy GUIDE BITSAT Finite and Infinite Sets Sets containing finite number of elements are called finite sets. eg. A=(a, e, i, 0,4) A set containing infinite number of elements is called infinite set. eg, A= Set of points on a line, Order of a Finite Set_The number of elements in a finite set is called the order of the set 4 and is denoted by n(A) It is also called cardinal number of the set. eg 46,8) n(A)= Null Set or Empty Set A set which contains no element, is called an empty set or null set. tis also called.a void set. The nll set is denoted by the symbols 6. $= (x:a is an integer between 2 and 3} NOTE {0} is not a null set Since, it contains 0 as its element. Singleton Set A set consisting of a single element is called a singleton set. A= (a)isa singleton Subset _IFeach element ofa set Ais also an element of a set B. Ais called a subset of B. We write it as A c B. Then, Bis called superset of A and we write as B 2 A NOTE (9 Every set isa subset of iset. ( Empy setis a subset of itso. Proper Subset of Set The set Ais called the proper subset of B, ifand only ifeach element of Ais the element of B and there is atleast one element of B which is not an element of the set A, ie. A is proper subset of B, if Ac B and Az B. Power Set Elements of a set can also be some sets, Such sets are called power sets of set. €8. (6, (0. (2), 1,2)) is a set whose elements are four sets 9.{0), (2) and (1,2). The set of all subsets of a given set X is called the power set of X and is denoted by P(X), NOTE ita finte set S has n elements. Then, power set of § has 2" elements. Universal Set A set which is such that all the sets under consideration are its subsets, is called the universal set or universe and is denoted by U. eg.if A= (2,4,6,8), B= (1,3,5,7) Then, U=(1,2,3, 4,5,6, 7,8} Complement of a Set with Respect to the Universal Set Complement of a set A is the set which contains all those elements of the universal set which are notin A. Itis denoted by A’ or A. eg. U=(1,2,3,4,5,6, Tand A= (2, 4,5) A’=(1,3,6,7) Disjoint Sets Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint or mutually exclusive, if and only if there is no element common to A and B, ie. A B If AB #9, then A and B are said overlapping sets. to be intersecting or i ire two given sets, th jifference of Sets If Aand Baretwo gi then the hail clements which belongs to A ut donot belong to, called the difference of sets Aand Bands denotedby 4 A~B=(x:xeA and x €B) B ‘Thus, egit A= (2,3, 4,5,6,7), B= (3,5,7,9,11) Then, A~B=(2,4,6) Equality of Two Sets Two sets Aand Bare saidtobe equ iffAc Band BoA = A= B, ie. every element of Ais an element of B and ay every element of B is an element of A eg lf A={1,2, 4), B= (1, 4,2,2, 4,1), then A=B Equivalent Sets ‘Two sets are said to be equivalent, if the contain the same number of elements, ie.7(A)=n(B) the sets A and B are equivalent. NOTE Equal sets are equivalent but equivalent sets ar not eo sets. Comparable Sets and Non-comparable Sets Two sets and B are comparable, if Ac Bor Bc A. If neither Ac B nor B B andg:B—+C are two functions, then composite function of f and g i. ‘gof:A-+C will be defined as, gof (x)= Aftx)Ly reg Generally, gof * fog. Practice Exercise _3 (Y UX)’ equals ax by ag 4. None of these ©. Which of the following cannot be the number y elements in the power set of any finite set? 2.26 b.32 ©.64 123 10. HA=( and B=(x:x* =1), then ASB is eas to hi) BAA LAL a) 11. A survey shows that 63% of the Americans tke cheese where 76% like apples. If ‘Americans like both cheese and apples, then ax=39 b.x=63 6.39 B’ )is equal to [2008| a. 300 6. 350 c. 400 d. 500jnswer with Solutions practice Exercise 4, Total number of subsets = 2” = 2° = g these include the subset {1, 2, 3} which is not the er subset. Hence, the number of proper subsets 8 — 1 = 7. 2. (We draw a Venn diagram of (A — B) U (B~ A). The shaded region is (A — B) U (B - A). A B U This shaded region can also be expressed as (AuB)-(AnB). Thus, (A -B) U(B - A) =(A UB) (AB) 4 (d) Since, the prime factors of 240 are 2, 3, 5. Therefore, A={2,3,5) and B={5,8,7} and AV B={2,3,5, 7,8) 'tcan be easily seen that 8 ¢ AUB. 4 () Given that, A =(x :x is a multiple of 4andx Now, A-B=¢ and B-A={-i/} ae AB=(A- 8) (B-A)=(-4 1) (0) Suppose A refers to the set of Americans who like cheese and B refers those who like apples. Let the population of Americans be 100. So, n(A) =63,, n(B) = 76 Now, we know that, (AU B)=n(A) + n(8) (A OB) = n(A.\B) =139 - (A vB) 4. Ao B)2 39 because n(A vB) <100 Further, An Bc Aand ANB CB n(A mB) s(A) and n(A 7B) m=6 o m=6 and n=3 (0) Given, n(A) = 200, n(B) = 300, n(A 9 B) = 100 We know that, n( UB) =n(A) + n(B) —n(A0 B) 2 (AU B) = 200 + 300 - 100 = 400 Also, MA OB) =n{(Au BY} =n(X) nA UB) = 300 = n(x) - 400 = n(X) = 700 (a) Given that, AUX =BUX = ANMAUX)=AA(BUX! San auax)mangotinx) Lusing distributive law] fe AnX=9) @ = ALO=(AN BUG = A=AnB Again, consider AUX =B8y x=> BO(AUX)=Bo (BUX) = (BNA)U(BNX)=(BNB)U(BaX) => (BOA)ULO=BU0 [-BaXx=4 = AnB=B + (ii) Thus, from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get A=B