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CH-4 Worked Example

The document provides examples of hydraulic conductivity tests conducted on soil samples using constant head and falling head methods. It includes detailed calculations for determining hydraulic conductivity, discharge velocity, and seepage velocity based on various parameters such as sample dimensions and water discharge. Additionally, it discusses the hydraulic conductivity of layered soil deposits and the relationships between horizontal and vertical conductivities.

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esubetare31
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views

CH-4 Worked Example

The document provides examples of hydraulic conductivity tests conducted on soil samples using constant head and falling head methods. It includes detailed calculations for determining hydraulic conductivity, discharge velocity, and seepage velocity based on various parameters such as sample dimensions and water discharge. Additionally, it discusses the hydraulic conductivity of layered soil deposits and the relationships between horizontal and vertical conductivities.

Uploaded by

esubetare31
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Examples:

1. A constant head permeability test was carried out o c cylindrical sample of


sand 4 inch diameter, 6 inch height if 10 inch3 of water is collected in 1.75
min. Under a head of 12 inch .then compute the hydraulic conductivity in ft/yr
and velocity of flow in ft/sec.
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝐷 = 4 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ
𝐿 = 6 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ
𝑄 = 10 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ3
𝑡 = 1.75 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 105 𝑠𝑒𝑐
ℎ = 12 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ
𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒔: 1 𝑓𝑡 = 12 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ
1 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ = 2.54 𝑐𝑚
1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝1: 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑘 (ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦) 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡/𝑦𝑟.
𝑄
𝑘= ,
𝐴𝑖𝑡
∏𝐷2 3.14 ∗ 42
𝐴= = = 12.5 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ2
4 4
ℎ 12 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ
𝑖= = =2
𝐿 6 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ
10
𝑘= = 3.79 ∗ 10 − 3 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ/𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 31.74 ∗ 10 − 5 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐
12.5 ∗ 2 ∗ 105
= 9960𝑓𝑡/𝑦𝑟.
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝2: 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 (𝑣) 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦’𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑤.
𝑉 = 𝑘𝑖 = 31.74 ∗ 10 − 5 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐 ∗ 2 = 6.348 ∗ 10 − 4 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐
2. A sandy soil sample of 35 cm^3 cross-sectional area and 20 cm long was
tasted in a constant head permeameter. Under a head of 60 cm,the discharge
was 120 ml in 6 min if the dry weight of sand used for this test was 1120 gram
and Gs=2.68.then determine:
a) Hydraulic conductivity (k) in cm/sec,
b) Discharge velocity(v),
c) Seepage velocity(Vs)
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎:
𝐴 = 35 𝑐𝑚^2
𝐿 = 20 𝑐𝑚
ℎ = 60 𝑐𝑚
𝑡 = 6 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 360 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑄 = 120 𝑚𝑙, 𝑏𝑢𝑡 1𝑚𝑙 = 1𝑐𝑚^3
𝑊𝑠 = 𝑀𝑠 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 1120𝑔𝑚.
𝐺𝑠 = 2.68
ϒ𝑤 = 1 𝑔𝑚/𝑐𝑚^3
𝑎) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑘,
𝑄𝐿 120 𝑐𝑚3 ∗ 20 𝑐𝑚
𝑘= = 2
= 3.1746 ∗ 10−3 𝑐𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝐴ℎ𝑡 35 𝑐𝑚 ∗ 60 𝑐𝑚 ∗ 360𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑏) 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑣),
𝑘∗ℎ 10−3 𝑐𝑚 60𝑐𝑚
𝑣 =𝑘∗𝑖 = = 3.1746 ∗ ∗ = 9.52 ∗ 10−3 𝑐𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝐿 𝑠𝑒𝑐 20 𝑐𝑚
d) 𝑆𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑉𝑠),
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑉)
𝑉𝑠 =
𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑛)
𝐿𝑒𝑡’𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 (𝑉) = 𝐴 ∗ 𝐿 = 35 𝑐𝑚^2 ∗ 20 𝑐𝑚
= 700 𝑐𝑚^3
ϒ𝑤 ∗ 𝐺𝑠 𝑊𝑠 1120 𝑔𝑚
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 (ϒ𝑑) = 𝑜𝑟 ϒ𝑑 = =
1+𝑒 𝑉 700 𝑐𝑚^3
= 1.6 𝑔𝑚/𝑐𝑚^3
𝑔𝑚
ϒ𝑤 ∗ 𝐺𝑠 1 3 ∗ 2.68
𝑆𝑜, 𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜, 𝑒 = − 1 = 𝑐𝑚 𝑔𝑚 − 1 = 0.675
ϒ𝑑 1.6 3
𝑐𝑚
𝑒 0.675
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑛) = = = 0.403
1 + 𝑒 1.675
𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑉)
𝑆𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑉𝑠) = =
𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑛)
9.52 ∗ 10−3 𝑐𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑉𝑠 = = 2.36 ∗ 10^ − 2 𝑐𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐.
0.403
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑉𝑠 > 𝑉 = 2.36 ∗ 10^ − 2 𝑐𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 > 9.52 ∗ 10−3 𝑐𝑚/
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑘.
3. The hydraulic conductivity of soil sample was determined by making falling
head permeability (variable head permeability) test .the data used and the
result obtained are given below.
 Diameter of soil sample=2.36 inch
 Diameter of stand pipe=0.79 inch
 Height of sample(L)=5.91 inch
 Initial head(h1)=17.72 inch=1.477 ft
 Final head(h2)=11.81 inch=0.9842 ft
 Time elapsed (t) =105 sec
a) Then determine hydraulic conductivity (k) in ft/day.

Solution:
∏𝐷2 3.14 ∗ (0.79/12) 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 (𝑎) = =
4 4
= 34 ∗ 10^ − 4 𝑓𝑡^2
∏𝐷2 3.14 ∗ (2.36/12) 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 (𝐴) = =
4 4
= 304 ∗ 10^ − 4 𝑓𝑡^2
𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 (𝐿) = 0.4925 𝑓𝑡
105 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑝𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 (𝑡) ==
60 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ∗ 60𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∗ 24 𝑠𝑒𝑐/𝑑𝑎𝑦
= 12.15 ∗ 10^ − 4 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝑎𝐿 ℎ1
𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑘) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔( )
𝐴(𝑡2−𝑡1) ℎ2
−4
34 ∗ 10 ∗ 0.4925 1.477 𝑓𝑡
= 𝑙𝑛 ( )
304 ∗ 10−4 ∗ (12.15 − 0) 0.9842 𝑓𝑡
𝑘 = 18.39 𝑓𝑡/𝑑𝑎𝑦
4. A sand deposit consists of three distinct horizontal layers having the same
thickness if the hydraulic conductivity of layer two has two times layer one
and hydraulic conductivity of layer three is one third of layer two. Then
determine:
A) Horizontal hydraulic conductivity (KH)
B) Vertical hydraulic conductivity (kV)
C) The ratio of (kH:kV)
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝐻1 = 𝐻2 = 𝐻3
𝐾2 = 2𝑘1
𝐾3 = 𝑘2/3
𝐾1 = 𝑘1
𝑘𝐻 = (∑𝐾𝑖𝐻𝑖)/(∑𝐻𝑖) = (𝐾1𝐻1 + 𝑘2𝐻2 + 𝐾3𝐻3)/(𝐻1 + 𝐻2 + 𝐻3)
2
𝐾1𝐻1 + 2𝑘1𝐻1 +
𝑘𝐻 = 3𝐾1𝐻1
𝐻1 + 𝐻1 + 𝐻1
𝑘𝐻 = (𝐾1𝐻1 + 2𝑘1𝐻1 + 2/3𝐾1𝐻1)/(𝐻1 + 𝐻1 + 𝐻1)

𝐾𝐻 = (11𝐾1𝐻1/3)/3𝐻1 = 11/9 𝐾1

𝐾𝐻 = 1.22 𝐾1
∑𝐻𝑖 𝐻1 + 𝐻2 + 𝐻3 𝐻1 + 𝐻1 + 𝐻1
𝐵) 𝐾𝑉 = = =
𝐻𝑖 𝐻1 𝐻2 𝐻3 𝐻1 𝐻1 𝐻1
∑
𝐾𝑖 𝐾1 + 𝐾2 + 𝐾3 𝐾1 + 2𝐾1 + 2
3𝐾1
3𝐻1 3𝐻1
𝐾𝑉 = = = 𝐾1
2𝐻1 + 𝐻1 + 3𝐻1 6𝐻1
2𝐾1 2𝐾1
 𝐾𝑉 = 𝐾1
𝐾𝐻 1.22 𝐾1
𝐶) 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 (𝑘𝐻: 𝑘𝑉) 𝑜𝑟 = = 1.22
𝐾𝑣 𝐾1
5. In a falling head permeability test .the sample used is 20 cm long having a
cross- sectional area of 24 cm^2. Calculate the time required for drop of head
from 25 cm to 12 cm. if the cross sectional area of stand pipe is 2 cm^2 .the
sample of soil is made from three layers as shown below .assume flow
perpendicular to stratification. ( Homework)

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