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Brief Contents

Part I Production: Processes and People 1

Chapter 1 Production Process 2

Chapter 2 Production Team: Who Does What When? 18

Part II Image Creation: Digital Video and Camera 37

Chapter 3 Image Formation and Digital Video 38

Chapter 4 Video Camera 54

Chapter 5 Operating the Camera 78

Chapter 6 Looking through the Viewfinder 106

Part III Image Creation: Sound, Light, Graphics, and Effects 131
Chapter 7 Audio and Sound Control 132

Chapter 8 Light, Color, and Lighting 168

Chapter 9 Graphics and Effects 206

Part IV Image Control: Switching, Recording, and Editing 225

Chapter 10 Switcher and Switching 226

Chapter 11 Video Recording 242

Chapter 12 Digital Video Editing 256

Chapter 13 Editing Principles 272

Part V Production Environment: Studio, Field, and Synthetic 293

Chapter 14 Production Environment: Studio 294

Chapter 15 Production Environment: Field and Synthetic 318

Part VI Production Control: Talent and Directing 339

Chapter 16 Talent, Clothing, and Makeup 340

Chapter 17 Putting It All Together: Directing 360

Contents

About the Author   xvii

Preface  xviii

PART I Production: Processes and People 1

CHAPTER 1 Production Process 2

PRODUCTION MODEL   4

PRODUCTION PHASES   5

IMPORTANCE OF PREPRODUCTION   5

PREPRODUCTION: GENERATING IDEAS ON DEMAND   6

Brainstorming  6
Clustering  7

PREPRODUCTION: FROM IDEA TO SCRIPT   9

Program Objective   9
Angle  9
Evaluation  10
Script  10

PREPRODUCTION: FROM SCRIPT TO PRODUCTION   11

Medium Requirements   11
Budget  12

MEDIA CONVERGENCE   12
Digital Cinema and Video   14
Studio and Field Production   14
viii CO N T E N T S

CHAPTER 2 Production Team: Who Does What When? 18

PRODUCTION TEAMS   20
Preproduction Team   22
Production Team   25
Postproduction Team   26

PASSING THE BUCK   26

TAKING AND SHARING RESPONSIBILITY   29

PRODUCTION SCHEDULE AND TIME LINE   31

P R O D U C T I O N S C H E D U L E : I N T E R V I E W    31
T I M E L I N E : M A R C H 9 — I N T E R V I E W ( S T U D I O 1 )    32

PRODUCTION WORKFLOW   34

PART II Image Creation: Digital Video and Camera 37

CHAPTER 3 Image Formation and Digital Video 38

BASIC IMAGE FORMATION: VIDEO RASTER   40
Color  40
Scanning  41
Video Raster Formats   43
Flat-Panel Displays   45

WHAT IS DIGITAL?   46

DIGITAL PROCESS   46
Analog and Digital Signals   47
Digital System   47
Compression and Codecs   47
Downloading and Streaming   48

DIGITAL PROCESS RESTATED   48

Analog Signal   49
Digital Signal and Quantizing   49
Sampling  50
Compression and Transport   51

WHY DIGITAL?   51
CO N T E N T S ix

CHAPTER 4 Video Camera 54

BASIC CAMERA FUNCTION AND ELEMENTS   55
Function  56
Lens  57
Beam Splitter and Sensor   62
Shutter  64
Video Signal Processing   64
Viewfinder and Monitor   65

TYPES OF CAMERAS   66
Large Camcorders   66
Small Camcorders   67
Smartphones  68
ENG/EFP Cameras   69
Studio Cameras   70
DSLR Cameras   73
Digital Cinema Cameras   74
3D Camcorders   75

CHAPTER 5 Operating the Camera 78

BASIC CAMERA MOVEMENTS   80

CAMERA MOUNTS AND HOW TO USE THEM   83

Handheld and Shoulder-Mounted Camera   83
Tripod-Supported Camera   86
Studio Pedestal   89
Special Camera Mounts   91

OPERATIONAL FEATURES   96
Focusing  96
Shutter Speed   99
Zooming  99
White-Balancing  100

GENERAL GUIDELINES   101

C H E C K L I S T: C A M CO R D E R S A N D E N G / E F P C A M E R A S    101
C H E C K L I S T: S T U D I O C A M E R A S   103
x CO N T E N T S

CHAPTER 6 Looking through the Viewfinder 106

FRAMING A SHOT   108
Aspect Ratio   108
Field of View   110
Vectors  111
Composition  112
Psychological Closure   116

MANIPULATING PICTURE DEPTH   119

Defining the Z-axis   119
Defining the 3D Z-axes   120
3D Lens Separation and Convergence   120
Lenses and 2D Z-axis Length   123
Lenses and Depth of Field   123
Lenses and Z-axis Speed   125

CONTROLLING CAMERA AND OBJECT MOTION   126

Controlling Camera Movement and Zooms   126
Controlling Object Motion   127

PART III Image Creation: Sound, Light, Graphics, and Effects 131

CHAPTER 7 Audio and Sound Control 132

SOUND PICKUP PRINCIPLE   134

MICROPHONES  134
How Well Mics Hear: Sound Pickup   135
How Mics Are Made   136
How Mics Are Used   138

SOUND CONTROL   149

Manual Volume Control   149
Audio Mixer   151
Audio Console   155
Cables and Patch Panel   156

SOUND RECORDING   158

Digital Audio Recorders   159
Optical Discs: CDs and DVDs   160
CO N T E N T S xi

AUDIO POSTPRODUCTION   161

Audio Postproduction Room   161
Automated Dialogue Replacement   163

SYNTHESIZED SOUND   163

SOUND AESTHETICS   164

Context  164
Figure/Ground  165
Sound Perspective   165
Continuity  165
Energy and Mood   166

CHAPTER 8 Light, Color, and Lighting 168

LIGHT  170
Types of Light   170
Light Intensity   170
Measuring Illumination   171
Contrast  172

SHADOWS  173
Attached Shadows   174
Cast Shadows   176
Falloff  176

COLOR  177
Additive and Subtractive Color Mixing   177
Color Television Receiver and Generated Colors   178
Color Temperature and White-Balancing   178

LIGHTING INSTRUMENTS   181

Spotlights  182
Floodlights  184
Special-Purpose Spotlights and Floodlights   189

LIGHTING TECHNIQUES   191

Operation of Lights   191
C H E C K L I S T: L I G H T I N G S A F E T Y    191
Studio Lighting   192
Light Plot   197
Last-Minute Lighting Techniques   197
Field Lighting   197
C H E C K L I S T: F I E L D L I G H T I N G G U I D E L I N E S    203
xii CO N T E N T S

CHAPTER 9 Graphics and Effects 206

PRINCIPLES OF GRAPHICS   208
Aspect Ratio   208
Essential Area   208
Readability  209
Color  210
Animated Graphics   212
Style  212

STANDARD ELECTRONIC VIDEO EFFECTS   212

Superimposition  212
Key  213
Wipe  216

DIGITAL EFFECTS   218

Digital Image Manipulation Equipment   218
Common Digital Video Effects   219
Synthetic Image Creation   219

PART IV Image Control: Switching, Recording, and Editing 225

CHAPTER 10 Switcher and Switching 226

PRODUCTION SWITCHER   228

BASIC SWITCHER FUNCTIONS   229

SWITCHER LAYOUT   230

Program Bus   231
Preview Bus   231
Key Bus   231
Fader Bar and Auto-Transition   232
Delegation Controls   233

SWITCHER OPERATION   233

Working the Program Bus: Cuts-Only   234
Working the Mix Buses: Cuts   234
Working the Mix Buses: Dissolves   235
Working the Effects Bus: Wipes   237
Working the Key Bus: Keys   237
Working the Downstream Keyer   238
CO N T E N T S xiii

Chroma Keying   239

Special Effects   239

AUTOMATED PRODUCTION CONTROL   239

APC Function   239
Control Panels   240

CHAPTER 11 Video Recording 242

DIGITAL RECORDING SYSTEMS   243
Digital Recording   243
Recording and Storage Media   244
Digital Video Recorders   245
Video Stabilization   247

VIDEO-RECORDING PROCESS   248

C H E C K L I S T: B E F O R E V I D E O R E CO R D I N G    248
C H E C K L I S T: D U R I N G V I D E O R E CO R D I N G   250
C H E C K L I S T: A F T E R V I D E O R E CO R D I N G    254

CHAPTER 12 Digital Video Editing 256

EDITING PRINCIPLE AND SYSTEM SETUP   257
Basic Editing Principle   257
Editing System Setup   258
Editing Interface   258
C H E C K L I S T: P R O D U C T I O N T I P S F O R P O S T P R O D U C T I O N    259

BASIC EDITING PHASES   262

C H E C K L I S T: P O S T P R O D U C T I O N P R E PA R AT I O N S    263
Pre-edit Decision Making   267
Off-Line and On-Line Editing   268
Exporting to the Edit Master   270

CHAPTER 13 Editing Principles 272

EDITING PURPOSE   273

EDITING FUNCTIONS   274

Combine  274
Condense  274
Correct  274
Build  275
xiv CO N T E N T S

AESTHETIC PRINCIPLES OF CONTINUITY EDITING   275

Mental Map   275
Vectors  278
On- and Off-Screen Positions   282
Cutting on Action   287

AESTHETIC PRINCIPLES OF COMPLEXITY EDITING   288

Intensifying an Event   288
Supplying Meaning   290

PART V Production Environment: Studio, Field, and Synthetic 293

CHAPTER 14 Production Environment: Studio 294

VIDEO PRODUCTION STUDIO   296
Physical Layout   296
Major Installations   298

STUDIO CONTROL ROOM   300

Image Control   300
Sound Control   304

MASTER CONTROL   304

Workflow and Quality Control   305
Content Ingest   306
Storage and Archiving   307

STUDIO SUPPORT AREAS   307

Scenery and Property Storage   307
Makeup and Dressing Rooms   308

SCENERY, PROPERTIES, AND SET DRESSINGS   308

Scenery  308
Properties  312
Set Dressings   312

SET DESIGN   313

Process Message   313
Floor Plan   313
Prop List   316
Using the Floor Plan for Setup   316
CO N T E N T S xv

CHAPTER 15 Production Environment: Field and Synthetic 318

ELECTRONIC NEWS GATHERING   320
News Gathering   320
Transmission  320

ELECTRONIC FIELD PRODUCTION   322

Preproduction: Remote Survey   323
Production: Outdoors and Indoors   324
C H E C K L I S T: F I E L D P R O D U C T I O N E Q U I P M E N T    327
Postproduction: Wrap-Up   332

BIG REMOTES   332

SYNTHETIC ENVIRONMENTS   334

Computer-Generated Settings   335
Computer-Generated Environments   336
Computer-Controlled Environments   336

PART VI Production Control: Talent and Directing 339

CHAPTER 16 Talent, Clothing, and Makeup 340

PERFORMING TECHNIQUES   342
Performer and Camera   342
Audio and Lighting   344
Timing and Prompting   346

ACTING TECHNIQUES   352

Environment and Audience   353
Close-Ups  353
Repeating Action   354

AUDITIONS  354

CLOTHING  355
Texture and Detail   355
Color  356

MAKEUP  357
Technical Requirements   357
Materials  358
xvi CO N T E N T S

CHAPTER 17 Putting It All Together: Directing 360

SCRIPT FORMATS   362
Fact, or Rundown, Sheet   362
News Script   362
Two-Column A/V Script   364
Single-Column Drama Script   368

VISUALIZATION  368

PREPARING FOR A MULTICAMERA STUDIO PRODUCTION   372

CONTROL ROOM DIRECTING   374

Terminology  374
Time Line   374
Rehearsals  381
Directing the Multicamera Show   384

SINGLE-CAMERA DIRECTING   387

Major Differences   387
Single-Camera Studio Directing   388
Single-Camera Field Production   389

Epilogue  394

Glossary  395

Index  409
About the Author

H erbert Zettl is a professor emeritus of the Broadcast and Electronic Commu-
nication Arts Department at San Francisco State University (SFSU). He taught
there for many years in the fields of video production and media aesthetics. While
at SFSU he headed the Institute of International Media Communication. For his
academic contributions, he received the California State Legislature Distinguished
Teaching Award and, from the Broadcast Education Association, the Distinguished
Education Service Award.
Prior to joining the SFSU faculty, Zettl worked at KOVR (Stockton-Sacramento)
and as a producer-director at KPIX, the CBS affiliate in San Francisco. While at

Edward Aiona
KPIX he participated in a variety of CBS and NBC network television productions.
Because of his outstanding contributions to the television profession, he received an
Emmy for the prestigious Governors’ Award of the National Academy of Television
Arts and Sciences (NATAS), Northern California Chapter, the highest honor the
organization can give. He is also a member of the Broadcast Legends of the NATAS
Northern California Chapter.
In addition to this book, Zettl has authored Television Production Handbook,
Television Production Workbook, and Sight Sound Motion. All of his books have
been translated into several languages and published internationally. His numerous
articles on television production and media aesthetics have appeared in major media
journals worldwide. He has lectured extensively on television production and media
aesthetics at universities and professional broadcast institutions in the United States
and abroad and has presented key papers at a variety of national and international
communication conventions.
Zettl developed an interactive DVD-ROM, Zettl’s VideoLab 4.0, published by
Cengage Learning. His previous CD-ROM version won several prestigious awards.

xvii
Preface

F O R T H E S T U D E N T / R E A D E R

D espite the ever-increasing speed and variety of improvements and innovations

in all areas of video equipment, the basic steps of moving from a good idea to a
professional-looking video piece have pretty much remained the same, regardless of
whether you use an old camcorder or the latest DSLR camera. The many automated
functions, such as optimal exposure under various lighting conditions or stabilizing
minor camera wiggles, may tempt you to believe that you can produce an award-
winning video without going through basic training. This may be true—if you have
exceptional luck or an inordinate amount of time and patience to choose the best
shots and assemble them in the most effective sequence. But as a professional, you
cannot rely on luck or intuition—you have to know how to produce effective video
on a regular basis. Video Basics is written in the spirit of helping you learn video pro-
duction from the ground up so that your move from amateur to professional will be
relatively painless and maximally effective. A solid knowledge of the basics of video
will also give you the confidence to judge what is good or bad, even if it is your own
work. Better yet, it will enable you to go beyond the conventional—and to break the
rules if necessary for the optimal clarification and intensification of a message.
Do not be bothered by the term basics. It does not imply an evaluation of the
reader but rather describes an essential prerequisite for providing you with a solid
foundation of video production. Note, however, that reading even this text alone
won’t make you a hotshot videographer. Much like learning how to play a musical
instrument, video production requires considerable hands-on practice.

F O R T H E I N S T R U C T O R

A s with the previous editions, Video Basics 8 is streamlined so that it can be

taught in a single semester. It contains information about the basic studio and
field equipment and its normal use. Although more and more video productions are
done with a single camera to capture shots designed for postproduction editing, mul-
ticamera productions are very much alive and well in the larger entertainment field
and especially in sports coverage. The text is written so that it can be easily adapted to
your specific production setup and emphasis. For example, although your emphasis

xviii
P R E FA C E xix

may be on the editing of single-camera footage, the principle of good and bad cuts
can be demonstrated most effectively by switching with a multicamera setup. A jump
cut, for example, can be demonstrated much more easily and effectively by switching
from one camera to another than by hunting for one in your video archives.
A real, however temporary, problem might be that technology is sometimes
outrunning a common terminology for its use. For example, some directors may still
call for a VR roll to retrieve a news package from a server, even though there is nothing
to roll, whereas others may call for specific server and cut numbers. But this time of
transition should not prevent you from using and teaching a traditional terminology,
even if there are variants from one region or station to another.
The following Video Basics 8 highlights might be helpful even if you have used
a previous edition.

VIDEO BASICS 8 HIGHLIGHTS

To make full use of this text, you should be aware of some its features. All are intended
to help the student learn a complex subject in an expeditious and affable way.

Chapter Grouping
To cover the broad spectrum of video production, this book is divided into six parts:
◾◾ Production: Processes and People
◾◾ Image Creation: Digital Video and Camera
◾◾ Image Creation: Sound, Light, Graphics, and Effects
◾◾ Image Control: Switching, Recording, and Editing
◾◾ Production Environment: Studio, Field, and Synthetic
◾◾ Production Control: Talent and Directing
As you can see, the book describes how to move from an initial idea to an
effective screen event regardless of whether you are doing a wedding video, a docu-
mentary, or large-screen digital cinema. It discusses the people normally involved in
the production process, the major tools of video production, and how to use them
to get the intended job done effectively and on time.

Key Terms
Each chapter’s key terms appear at the beginning of the chapter, in the context of the
text, and again in the extensive glossary. They are intended to prepare you for the
chapter’s terminology and serve as a quick reference as needed. The key terms are also
identified in bold italic in the chapter text in the context in which they are defined.
You should make an effort to read the key terms before moving to the actual
chapter text. There is no need to memorize them at this point—they merely serve as
xx P R E FAC E

the first part of the pedagogical principle of redundancy. Hopefully, they will trigger
an aha! response when you encounter them again in context.

Key Concepts
The key concept margin notes emphasize each chapter’s principal ideas and issues
and are intended primarily as a memory aid. Once you learn a key concept, it should
be easier to retrieve the rest of the related information.

Main Points
These summaries recap the chapter’s most important points and key concepts. They
do not represent a true précis—a precise and accurate abridgment of the chapter
content—but are intended as a final reinforcement of the essential points. Beware
of thinking that all you need to do is read the summaries. They are no substitute for
the in-depth chapter content.
The following information is directed primarily to instructors who are already
familiar with previous editions of Video Basics.

New to Video Basics 8

All chapters in this edition are updated and, where necessary, the text is streamlined
and the concepts clarified:
◾◾ All references to videotape and its operation are deleted.
◾◾ The concept of a raster is introduced in chapter 3.
◾◾ Super-HDTV 4K scanning modes are discussed in more detail.
◾◾ Some new DSLR camera mounting devices are pictured, and there is a new
section on drones.
◾◾ The discussion of electronic shutters is expanded.
◾◾ The equipment contained in an audio postproduction room and the
Pro Tools display are updated.
◾◾ Basic interview lighting is added.
◾◾ New digital video recorders are introduced.
◾◾ All references to linear editing are deleted.
◾◾ The two-column script and its visualization are updated.

SUPPORT MATERIALS
Video Basics 8 offers a wealth of support materials for both instructors and students.
These thoroughly class-tested and highly praised print and electronic supplements
are available to assist you in making the learning—and the teaching—experience as
meaningful, enjoyable, and successful as possible.
P R E FA C E xxi

For Students
As a student you can reinforce the text with MindTap for Video Basics 8.

MindTap for Video Basics 8 This customizable digital learning solution combines
readings, multimedia, activities, and assessments into a singular learning path, guiding
students through the course, maximizing their study time, and helping them master
course concepts. MindTap for Video Basics 8 includes chapter engagement activi-
ties, an interactive e-book, homework assignments (adapted from the Video Basics
Workbook), chapter quizzes, and flashcards. New to MindTap is Zettl’s VideoLab 4.0.
These interactive videos allow you to manipulate production equipment in a virtual
studio or field environment and apply various production techniques from the text.
For example, you can mix audio, frame shots, zoom in and out, create your own light-
ing effects, and have plenty of opportunity for editing. (Zettl’s VideoLab 4.0 is also
available on DVD-ROM.) To learn more, ask your Cengage Learning representative
about MindTap or visit www.cengage.com/mindtap.

For Instructors
To help you with class preparation and classroom activities, several assessments and
additional teaching aids are available. If they don’t fit your teaching style or environ-
ment, however, you should in no way feel obliged to use them.

Zettl’s VideoLab 4.0 Even if you lecture or conduct your lab activities in a studio,
you may find it convenient, at least initially, to demonstrate some of the production
techniques by first showing the class examples from Zettl’s VideoLab 4.0, included with
MindTap for Video Basics 8. Such a primer seems to facilitate the use of equipment
in an actual production or lab situation. Zettl’s VideoLab 4.0 now features Advanced
Labs—challenging exercises designed to improve students’ ability with the equipment
and concepts introduced in the regular modules. (These tutorials are also available
on DVD-ROM.) Ask your Cengage Learning representative for more information.

Instructor’s Manual The Instructor’s Manual for Video Basics 8 includes chapter
notes with teaching suggestions and activities, multiple-choice questions, essay/discus-
sion questions, and additional teaching resources. Note that for the multiple-choice
questions, the correct answer is indicated by a  symbol and the page number where
the specific problem is first discussed in the text.

Cengage Learning Testing Powered by Cognero Cognero is a flexible online

system that allows you to author, edit, and manage test bank content from Cengage
Learning; create multiple test versions in an instant; and deliver tests from your learn-
ing management system, your classroom, or wherever you want. Access Cognero with
an instructor account at login.cengage.com.
xxii P R E FAC E

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
As with the previous edition, I am indebted to Cengage Learning, specifically Product
Manager Kelli Strieby and Associate Content Developer Rachel Schowalter for their
support in preparing the eighth edition of Video Basics.
This is the eighth time of my searching for a term that goes beyond a mere
thank-you to Gary Palmatier of Ideas to Images and his gifted team of professionals
who helped create the handsome book you are reading right now; but then I decided
that a simple yet sincere thank-you is still the best way to show my appreciation and
gratitude to Gary for his clean and handsome design, to Elizabeth von Radics for
her exceptionally diligent and knowledgeable copy editing, to Ed Aiona for his truly
professional photography, and to Ranjith Rajaram for his photo research.
I would also like to thank the reviewers of the previous edition, all of whom
made valuable suggestions: Matthew Crick, William Paterson University; Gene
Ganssle, Arizona State University; Jim Gleason, Delta College; Jordan Jannone,
Mt. Sierra College; Marsha Matthews, University of Texas at Tyler; J. Patrick McGrail,
Jacksonville State University; Max Negin, Elon University; Brian Roessler, Coastal
Carolina University; Peggy Southerland, Regent University; and Thelma Vickroy,
California State University, Northridge.
My former colleagues in broadcast education and the industry were, once again,
ready to help: Professors Marty Gonzales, Hamid Khani, and Vinay Shrivastava of the
Broadcast and Electronic Communication Arts Department at San Francisco State
University; Rudolf Benzler, TV match specialist, UEFA Champions League; and Don
Thompson, manager of engineering operations, KTVU, Fox 2.
Very special thanks go to Steve Shlisky, producer/editor at KTVU and media
professor at Laney College; Television Engineer Michele French, Broadcast and
Electronic Communication Arts Department at San Francisco State University; and
David McKenna, postproduction manager and audio engineering instructor at the
University of California, Los Angeles, for their continuous and prompt help in mak-
ing this book as accurate and current as possible.
I am again greatly indebted to the many volunteers who modeled for and
helped stage the many photos in the current and recent editions of Video Basics:
Socoro Aguilar-Uriarte, Noah Aiona, Karen Austin, Ken Baird, Hoda Baydoun, Clara
Benjamin, Rudolf Benzler, Tiemo Biemüller, Gabriella Bolton, Michael Cage, William
Carpenter, NeeLa Chakravartula, Andrew Child, Laura Child, Renee Child, Christine
Cornish, Ed Cosci, Jason Domingo, Jeovany Flores, David Galvez, David Garcia, Eric
Goldstein, Tumone Harris, Sherae Honeycutt, Poleng Hong, Chin Yu Hsu, Michael
Huston, Lauren Jones, Akiko Kajiwara, Hamid Khani, Philip Kipper, Andrew Lopez,
Fawn Luu, Orcun Malkoclar, Brittney McCahill, Joseph Mengali, Renée Mengali,
Jasmine Mola, Johnny Moreno, Anita Morgan, Morgan Mureno, Tomoko Nakayama,
Tamara Perkins, Richard Piscitello, Ildiko Polony, Adriana Quintero, Robaire Ream,
P R E FA C E xxiii

Kerstin Riediger, Joaquin Ross, Maya Ross, Algie Salmon-Fattahian, Eric Sanchagrin,
Heather Schiffman, Alisa Shahonian, Pria Shih, Vinay Shrivastava, Jennifer Stanonis,
Mathias Stering, Heather Suzuki, Julie Tepper, Takako Thorstadt, Jeremy Valencia,
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above all these, love, which is the bond of perfection. And let the
peace of God reign in your hearts, to which also ye are called in one
body; and be thankful,”[554] ye who, while still in the body, like the
just men of old, enjoy impassibility and tranquillity of soul.
 CHAPTER VIII.
WOMEN AS WELL AS MEN, SLAVES AS WELL AS FREEMEN, CANDIDATES
FOR THE MARTYR’S CROWN.

Since, then, not only the Æsopians, and Macedonians, and the
Lacedæmonians endured when subjected to torture, as
Eratosthenes says in his work, On Things Good and Evil; but also
Zeno of Elea, when subjected to compulsion to divulge a secret, held
out against the tortures, and confessed nothing; who, when expiring,
bit out his tongue and spat it at the tyrant, whom some term
Nearchus, and some Demulus. Theodotus the Pythagorean acted
also similarly, and Paulus the friend of Lacydes, as Timotheus of
Pergamus says in his work on The Fortitude of Philosophers, and
Achaicus in The Ethics. Posthumus also, the Roman, when captured
by Peucetion, did not divulge a single secret; but putting his hand on
the fire, held it to it as if to a piece of brass, without moving a muscle
of his face. I omit the case of Anaxarchus, who exclaimed, “Pound
away at the sack which holds Anaxarchus, for it is not Anaxarchus
you are pounding,” when by the tyrant’s orders he was being
pounded with iron pestles. Neither, then, the hope of happiness nor
the love of God takes what befalls ill, but remains free, although
thrown among the wildest beasts or into the all-devouring fire;
though racked with a tyrant’s tortures. Depending as it does on the
divine favour, it ascends aloft unenslaved, surrendering the body to
those who can touch it alone. A barbarous nation, not cumbered with
philosophy, select, it is said, annually an ambassador to the hero
Zamolxis. Zamolxis was one of the disciples of Pythagoras. The one,
then, who is judged of the most sterling worth is put to death, to the
distress of those who have practised philosophy, but have not been
selected, at being reckoned unworthy of a happy service.
So the church is full of those, as well chaste women as men, who
all their life have courted the death which rouses up to Christ. For the
individual whose life is framed as ours is, may philosophize without
Learning, whether barbarian, whether Greek, whether slave—
whether an old man, or a boy, or a woman. For self-control is
common to all human beings who have made choice of it. And we
admit that the same nature exists in every race, and the same virtue.
As far as respects human nature, the woman does not possess one
nature, and the man exhibit another, but the same: so also with
virtue. If, consequently, a self-restraint and righteousness, and
whatever qualities are regarded as following them, is the virtue of the
male, it belongs to the male alone to be virtuous, and to the woman
to be licentious and unjust. But it is offensive even to say this.
Accordingly woman is to practise self-restraint and righteousness,
and every other virtue, as well as man, both bond and free; since it is
a fit consequence that the same nature possesses one and the
same virtue. We do not say that woman’s nature is the same as
man’s, as she is woman. For undoubtedly it stands to reason that
some difference should exist between each of them, in virtue of
which one is male and the other female. Pregnancy and parturition,
accordingly, we say belong to woman, as she is woman, and not as
she is a human being. But if there were no difference between man
and woman, both would do and suffer the same things. As then there
is sameness, as far as respects the soul, she will attain to the same
virtue; but as there is difference as respects the peculiar construction
of the body, she is destined for child-bearing and housekeeping. “For
I would have you know,” says the apostle, “that the head of every
man is Christ; and the head of the woman is the man: for the man is
not of the woman, but the woman of the man. For neither is the
woman without the man, nor the man without the woman, in the
Lord.”[555] For as we say that the man ought to be continent, and
superior to pleasures; so also we reckon that the woman should be
continent and practised in fighting against pleasures. “But I say, Walk
in the Spirit, and ye shall not fulfil the lusts of the flesh,” counsels the
apostolic command; “for the flesh lusteth against the spirit, and the
spirit against the flesh. These, then, are contrary” (not as good to
evil, but as fighting advantageously), he adds therefore, “so that ye
cannot do the things that ye would. Now the works of the flesh are
manifest, which are, fornication, uncleanness, profligacy, idolatry,
witchcrafts, enmities, strifes, jealousies, wrath, contentions,
dissensions, heresies, envyings, drunkenness, revellings, and such
like; of which I tell you before, as I have also said before, that they
which do such things shall not inherit the kingdom of God. But the
fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, long-suffering, gentleness,
temperance, goodness, faith, meekness.” He calls sinners, as I think,
“flesh,” and the righteous “spirit.” Further, manliness is to be
assumed in order to produce confidence and forbearance, so as “to
him that strikes on the one cheek, to give to him the other; and to
him that takes away the cloak, to yield to him the coat also,” strongly
restraining anger. For we do not train our women like Amazons to
manliness in war; since we wish the men even to be peaceable. I
hear that the Sarmatian women practise war no less than the men;
and the women of the Sacæ besides, who shoot backwards, feigning
flight as well as the men. I am aware, too, that the women near
Iberia practise manly work and toil, not refraining from their tasks
even though near their delivery; but even in the very struggle of her
pains, the woman, on being delivered, taking up the infant, carries it
home. Further, the females no less than the males manage the
house, and hunt, and keep the flocks:
“Cressa the hound ran keenly in the stag’s track.”

Women are therefore to philosophize equally with men, though the

males are best at everything, unless they have become effeminate.
To the whole human race, then, discipline and virtue are a necessity,
if they would pursue after happiness. And how recklessly Euripides
writes variously! On one occasion, “For every wife is inferior to her
husband, though the most excellent one marry her that is of fair
fame.” And on another:
“For the chaste is her husband’s slave,
While she that is unchaste in her folly despises her consort....
For nothing is better and more excellent,
Than when as husband and wife ye keep house,
Harmonious in your sentiments.”

The ruling power is therefore the head. And if “the Lord is head of
the man, and the man is head of the woman,” the man, “being the
image and glory of God, is lord of the woman.”[556] Wherefore also in
the Epistle to the Ephesians it is written, “Subjecting yourselves one
to another in the fear of God. Wives, submit yourselves to your own
husbands, as to the Lord. For the husband is head of the wife, as
also Christ is the head of the church; and He is the Saviour of the
body. Husbands, love your wives, as also Christ loved the church.
So also ought men to love their wives as their own bodies: he that
loveth his wife loveth himself. For no man ever yet hated his own
flesh.”[557] And in that to the Colossians it is said, “Wives, submit
yourselves to your own husbands, as is fit in the Lord. Husbands,
love your wives, and be not bitter against them. Children, obey your
parents in all things; for this is well pleasing to the Lord. Fathers,
provoke not your children to anger, lest they be discouraged.
Servants, be obedient in all things to those who are your masters
according to the flesh; not with eye-service, as men-pleasers; but
with singleness of heart, fearing the Lord. And whatsoever ye do, do
it heartily, as serving the Lord and not men; knowing that of the Lord
ye shall receive the reward of the inheritance: for ye serve the Lord
Christ. For the wrong-doer shall receive the wrong, which he hath
done; and there is no respect of persons. Masters, render to your
servants justice and equity; knowing that ye also have a Master in
heaven, where there is neither Greek nor Jew, circumcision and
uncircumcision, barbarian, Scythian, bond, free: but Christ is all, and
in all.”[558] And the earthly church is the image of the heavenly, as
we pray also “that the will of God may be done upon the earth as in
heaven.”[559] “Putting on, therefore, bowels of mercy, gentleness,
humbleness, meekness, long-suffering; forbearing one another, and
forgiving one another, if one have a quarrel against any man; as also
Christ hath forgiven us, so also let us. And above all these things put
on charity, which is the bond of perfectness. And let the peace of
God rule in your hearts, to which ye are called in one body; and be
thankful.”[560] For there is no obstacle to adducing frequently the
same Scripture in order to put Marcion to the blush, if perchance he
be persuaded and converted; by learning that the faithful ought to be
grateful to God the Creator, who hath called us, and who preached
the gospel in the body. From these considerations the unity of the
faith is clear, and it is shown who is the perfect man; so that though
some are reluctant, and offer as much resistance as they can,
though menaced with punishments at the hand of husband or
master, both the domestic and the wife will philosophize. Moreover,
the free, though threatened with death at a tyrant’s hands, and
brought before the tribunals, and all his substances imperilled, will by
no means abandon piety; nor will the wife who dwells with a wicked
husband, or the son if he has a bad father, or the domestic if he has
a bad master, ever fail in holding nobly to virtue. But as it is noble for
a man to die for virtue, and, for liberty, and for himself, so also is it
for a woman. For this is not peculiar to the nature of males, but to the
nature of the good. Accordingly, both the old man, the young, and
the servant will live faithfully, and if need be die; which will be to be
made alive by death. So we know that both children, and women,
and servants have often, against their fathers’, and masters’, and
husbands’ will, reached the highest degree of excellence. Wherefore
those who are determined to live piously ought none the less to
exhibit alacrity, when some seem to exercise compulsion on them;
but much more, I think, does it become them to show eagerness,
and to strive with uncommon vigour, lest, being overcome, they
abandon the best and most indispensable counsels. For it does not, I
think, admit of comparison, whether it be better to be a follower of
the Almighty than to choose the darkness of demons. For the things
which are done by us on account of others we are to do always,
endeavouring to have respect to those for whose sake it is proper
that they be done, regarding the gratification rendered in their case,
as what is to be our rule; but the things which are done for our own
sake rather than that of others, are to be done with equal
earnestness, whether they are like to please certain people or not. If
some indifferent things have obtained such honour as to appear
worthy of adoption, though against the will of some; much more is
virtue to be regarded by us as worth contending for, looking the while
to nothing but what can be rightly done, whether it seem good to
others or not. Well then, Epicurus, writing to Menœceus, says, “Let
not him who is young delay philosophizing, and let not the old man
grow weary of philosophizing; for no one is either not of age or past
age for attending to the health of his soul. And he who says that the
time for philosophizing is not come or is past, is like the man who
says that the time for happiness is not come or has gone. So that
young as well as old ought to philosophize: the one, in order that,
while growing old, he may grow young in good things out of favour
accruing from what is past; and the other, that he may be at once
young and old, from want of fear for the future.”
 CHAPTER IX.
CHRIST’S SAYINGS RESPECTING MARTYRDOM.

On martyrdom the Lord hath spoken explicitly, and what is written

in different places we bring together. “But I say unto you, Whosoever
shall confess in me before men, the Son of man also shall confess
before the angels of God; but whosoever shall deny me before men,
him will I deny before the angels.”[561] “Whosoever shall be ashamed
of me or of my words in this adulterous and sinful generation, of him
shall the Son of man also be ashamed when He cometh in the glory
of His Father with His angels. Whosoever therefore shall confess in
me before men, him will I also confess before my Father in
heaven.”[562] “And when they bring you before synagogues, and
rulers, and powers, think not beforehand how ye shall make your
defence, or what ye shall say. For the Holy Spirit shall teach you in
the same hour what ye must say.”[563] In explanation of this
passage, Heracleon, the most distinguished of the school of
Valentinians, says expressly, “that there is a confession by faith and
conduct, and one with the voice. The confession that is made with
the voice, and before the authorities, is what the most reckon the
only confession. Not soundly: and hypocrites also can confess with
this confession. But neither will this utterance be found to be spoken
universally; for all the saved have confessed with the confession
made by the voice, and departed. Of whom are Matthew, Philip,
Thomas, Levi, and many others. And confession by the lip is not
universal, but partial. But that which He specifies now is universal,
that which is by deeds and actions corresponding to faith in Him.
This confession is followed by that which is partial, that before the
authorities, if necessary, and reason dictate. For he will confess
rightly with his voice who has first confessed by his disposition. And
he has well used, with regard to those who confess, the expression
‘in me,’ and applied to those who deny the expression ‘me.’ For
those, though they confess Him with the voice, yet deny Him, not
confessing Him in their conduct. But those alone confess ‘in Him,’
who live in the confession and conduct according to Him, in which
He also confesses, who is contained in them and held by them.
Wherefore ‘He never can deny Himself.’ And those deny Him who
are not in Him. For He said not, ‘Whosoever shall deny’ in me, but
‘me.’ For no one who is in Him will ever deny Him. And the
expression ‘before men’ applies both to the saved and the heathen
similarly by conduct before the one, and by voice before the other.
Wherefore they never can deny Him. But those deny Him who are
not in Him.” So far Heracleon. And in other things he seems to be of
the same sentiments with us in this section; but he has not adverted
to this, that if some have not by conduct and in their life “confessed
Christ before men,” they are manifested to have believed with the
heart, by confessing Him with the mouth at the tribunals, and not
denying Him when tortured to the death. And the disposition being
confessed, and especially not being changed by death at any time,
cuts away all passions which were engendered by corporeal desire.
For there is, so to speak, at the close of life a sudden repentance in
action, and a true confession toward Christ, in the testimony of the
voice. But if the Spirit of the Father testifies in us, how can we be any
more hypocrites, who are said to bear testimony with the voice
alone? But it will be given to some, if expedient, to make a defence,
that by their witness and confession all may be benefited—those in
the church being confirmed, and those of the heathen who have
devoted themselves to the search after salvation wondering and
being led to the faith; and the rest seized with amazement. So that
confession is by all means necessary. For it is in our power. But to
make a defence for our faith is not universally necessary. For that
does not depend on us. “But he that endureth to the end shall be
saved.” For who of those who are wise would not choose to reign in
God, and even to serve? So some “confess that they know God,”
according to the apostle; “but in works they deny Him, being
abominable and disobedient, and to every good work reprobate.”[564]
And these, though they confess nothing but this, will have done at
the end one good work. Their witness, then, appears to be the
cleansing away of sins with glory. For instance, the Shepherd says:
“You will escape the energy of the wild beast, if your heart become
pure and blameless.” Also the Lord Himself says: “Satan hath
desired to sift you; but I have prayed.”[565] Alone, therefore, the Lord,
for the purification of the men who plotted against Him and
disbelieved Him, “drank the cup;” in imitation of whom the apostles,
that they might be in reality Gnostics, and perfect, suffered for the
churches which they founded. So, then, also the Gnostics who tread
in the footsteps of the apostles ought to be sinless, and, out of love
to the Lord, to love also their brother; so that, if occasion call,
enduring without stumbling, afflictions for the church, “they may drink
the cup.” Those who witness in their life by deed, and at the tribunal
by word, whether entertaining hope or surmising fear, are better than
those who confess salvation by their mouth alone. But if one ascend
also to love, he is a really blessed and true martyr, having confessed
perfectly both to the commandments and to God, by the Lord; whom
having loved, he acknowledged a brother, giving himself up wholly
for God, resigning pleasantly and lovingly the man when asked, like
a deposit.
 CHAPTER X.
THOSE WHO OFFERED THEMSELVES FOR MARTYRDOM REPROVED.

When, again, He says, “When they persecute you in this city, flee
ye to the other.”[566] He does not advise flight, as if persecution were
an evil thing; nor does He enjoin them by flight to avoid death, as if in
dread of it, but wishes us neither to be the authors nor abettors of
any evil to any one, either to ourselves or the persecutor and
murderer. For He, in a way, bids us take care of ourselves. But he
who disobeys is rash and foolhardy. If he who kills a man of God sins
against God, he also who presents himself before the judgment-seat
becomes guilty of his death. And such is also the case with him who
does not avoid persecution, but out of daring presents himself for
capture. Such a one, as far as in him lies, becomes an accomplice in
the crime of the persecutor. And if he also uses provocation, he is
wholly guilty, challenging the wild beast. And similarly, if he afford
any cause for conflict or punishment, or retribution or enmity, he
gives occasion for persecution. Wherefore, then, we are enjoined not
to cling to anything that belongs to this life; but “to him that takes our
cloak to give our coat,” not only that we may continue destitute of
inordinate affection, but that we may not by retaliating make our
persecutors savage against ourselves, and stir them up to
blaspheme the name.
 CHAPTER XI.
THE OBJECTION, WHY DO YOU SUFFER IF GOD CARES FOR YOU,
ANSWERED.

But, say they, if God cares for you, why are you persecuted and
put to death? Has He delivered you to this? No, we do not suppose
that the Lord wishes us to be involved in calamities, but that He
foretold prophetically what would happen—that we should be
persecuted for His name’s sake, slaughtered, and impaled. So that it
was not that He wished us to be persecuted, but He intimated
beforehand what we shall suffer by the prediction of what would take
place, training us to endurance, to which He promised the
inheritance, although we are punished not alone, but along with
many. But those, it is said, being malefactors, are righteously
punished. Accordingly, they unwillingly bear testimony to our
righteousness, we being unjustly punished for righteousness’ sake.
But the injustice of the judge does not affect the providence of God.
For the judge must be master of his own opinion—not pulled by
strings, like inanimate machines, set in motion only by external
causes. Accordingly he is judged in respect to his judgment, as we
also, in accordance with our choice of things desirable, and our
endurance. Although we do not wrong, yet the judge looks on us as
doing wrong, for he neither knows nor wishes to know about us, but
is influenced by unwarranted prejudice; wherefore also he is judged.
Accordingly they persecute us, not from the supposition that we are
wrong-doers, but imagining that by the very fact of our being
Christians we sin against life in so conducting ourselves, and
exhorting others to adopt the like life.
But why are you not helped when persecuted? say they. What
wrong is done us, as far as we are concerned, in being released by
death to go to the Lord, and so undergoing a change of life, as if a
change from one time of life to another? Did we think rightly, we
should feel obliged to those who have afforded the means for
speedy departure, if it is for love that we bear witness; and if not, we
should appear to the multitude to be base men. Had they also known
the truth, all would have bounded on to the way, and there would
have been no choice. But our faith, being the light of the world,
reproves unbelief. “Should Anytus and Melitus kill me, they will not
hurt me in the least; for I do not think it right for the better to be hurt
by the worse,” [says Socrates]. So that each one of us may with
confidence say, “The Lord is my helper; I will not fear: what shall
man do to me?”[567] “For the souls of the righteous are in the hand of
the Lord, and no plague shall touch them.”[568]
 CHAPTER XII.
BASILIDES’ IDEA OF MARTYRDOM REFUTED.

Basilides, in the twenty-third book of the Exegetics, respecting

those that are punished by martyrdom, expresses himself in the
following language: “For I say this, Whosoever fall under the
afflictions mentioned, in consequence of unconsciously
transgressing in other matters, are brought to this good end by the
kindness of Him who brings them, but accused on other grounds; so
that they may not suffer as condemned for what are owned to be
iniquities, nor reproached as the adulterer or the murderer, but
because they are Christians; which will console them, so that they do
not appear to suffer. And if one who has not sinned at all incur
suffering—a rare case—yet even he will not suffer aught through the
machinations of power, but will suffer as the child which seems not to
have sinned would suffer.” Then further on he adds: “As, then, the
child which has not sinned before, or committed actual sin in itself,
but has that which committed sin, when subjected to suffering, gets
good, reaping the advantage of many difficulties; so also, although a
perfect man may not have sinned in act, while he endures afflictions,
he suffers similarly with the child. Having within him the sinful
principle, but not embracing the opportunity of committing sin, he
does not sin; so that he is not to be reckoned as not having sinned.
For as he who wishes to commit adultery is an adulterer, although he
do not succeed in committing adultery; and he that wishes to commit
murder is a murderer, although he is unable to kill; so also, if I see
the man without sin, whom I specify, suffering, though he have done
nothing bad, I should call him bad, on account of his wishing to sin.
For I will affirm anything rather than call Providence evil.” Then, in
continuation, he says expressly concerning the Lord, as concerning
man: “If then, passing from all these observations, you were to
proceed to put me to shame by saying, perchance impersonating
certain parties, This man has then sinned; for this man has suffered;
—if you permit, I will say, He has not sinned; but was like a child
suffering. If you were to insist more urgently, I would say, That the
man you name is man, but that God is righteous: ‘For no one is
pure,’ as one said, ‘from pollution.’”[569] But the hypothesis of
Basilides says that the soul, having sinned before in another life,
endures punishment in this—the elect soul with honour by
martyrdom, the other purged by appropriate punishment. How can
this be true, when the confessing and suffering punishment or not
depends on ourselves? For in the case of the man who shall deny,
Providence, as held by Basilides, is done away with. I will ask him,
then, in the case of a confessor who has been arrested, whether he
will confess and be punished in virtue of Providence or not? For in
the case of denying he will not be punished. But if, for the sake of
escaping and evading the necessity of punishing such an one, he
shall say that the destruction of those who shall deny is of
Providence, he will be a martyr against his will. And how any more is
it the case, that there is laid up in heaven the very glorious
recompense to him who has witnessed, for his witnessing? If
Providence did not permit the sinner to get the length of sinning, it is
unjust in both cases; both in not rescuing the man who is dragged to
punishment for righteousness’ sake, and in having rescued him who
wished to do wrong, he having done it as far as volition was
concerned, but [Providence] having prevented the deed, and unjustly
favoured the sinner. And how impious, in deifying the devil, and in
daring to call the Lord a sinful man! For the devil tempting us,
knowing what we are, but not knowing if we will hold out, but wishing
to dislodge us from the faith, attempts also to bring us into subjection
to himself. Which is all that is allowed to him, partly from the
necessity of saving us, who have taken occasion from the
commandment, from ourselves; partly for the confusion of him who
has tempted and failed; for the confirmation of the members of the
church, and the conscience of those who admire the constancy
[displayed]. But if martyrdom be retribution by way of punishment,
then also faith and doctrine, on account of which martyrdom comes,
are co-operators in punishment—than which, what other absurdity
could be greater? But with reference to these dogmas, whether the
soul is changed to another body, also of the devil at the proper time
mention will be made. But at present, to what has been already said,
let us add the following: Where any more is faith in the retribution of
sins committed before martyrdom takes place? And where is love to
God, which is persecuted and endures for the truth? And where is
the praise of him who has confessed, or the censure of him who has
denied? And for what use is right conduct, the mortification of the
lusts, and the hating of no creature? But if, as Basilides himself says,
we suppose one part of the declared will of God to be the loving of
all things because all things bear a relation to the Whole, and
another “not to lust after anything,” and a third “not to hate anything,”
by the will of God these also will be punishments, which it were
impious to think. For neither did the Lord suffer by the will of the
Father, nor are those who are persecuted persecuted by the will of
God, since either of two things is the case: either persecution in
consequence of the will of God is a good thing, or those who decree
and afflict are guiltless. But nothing is without the will of the Lord of
the universe. It remains to say that such things happen without the
prevention of God; for this alone saves both the providence and the
goodness of God. We must not therefore think that He actively
produces afflictions (far be it that we should think this!); but we must
be persuaded that He does not prevent those that cause them, but
overrules for good the crimes of His enemies: “I will therefore,” He
says, “destroy the wall, and it shall be for treading under foot.”[570]
Providence being a disciplinary art;[571] in the case of others for
each individual’s sins, and in the case of the Lord and His apostles
for ours. To this point says the divine apostle: “For this is the will of
God, even your sanctification, that ye abstain from fornication: that
each one of you should know how to possess his vessel in
sanctification and honour; not in the lust of concupiscence, as the
Gentiles who know not the Lord: that none of you should overreach
or take advantage of his brother in any matter; because the Lord is
the avenger in respect of all such, as we also told you before, and
testified. For God hath not called us unto uncleanness, but to
holiness. Wherefore he that despiseth, despiseth not man, but God,
who hath also given His Holy Spirit to you.”[572] Wherefore the Lord
was not prohibited from this sanctification of ours. If, then, one of
them were to say, in reply, that the martyr is punished for sins
committed before this embodying, and that he will again reap the
fruit of his conduct in this life, for that such are the arrangements of
the [divine administration], we shall ask him if the retribution takes
place by Providence. For if it be not of the divine administration, the
economy of expiations is gone, and their hypothesis falls to the
ground; but if expiations are by Providence, punishments are by
Providence too. But Providence, although it begins, so to speak, to
move with the Ruler, yet is implanted in substances along with their
origin by the God of the universe. Such being the case, they must
confess either that punishment is not just, and those who condemn
and persecute the martyrs do right, or that persecutions even are
wrought by the will of God. Labour and fear are not, then, as they
say, incident to affairs as rust to iron, but come upon the soul
through its own will. And on these points there is much to say, which
will be reserved for future consideration, taking them up in due
course.
 CHAPTER XIII.
VALENTINIAN’S VAGARIES ABOUT THE ABOLITION OF DEATH REFUTED.

Valentinian, in a homily, writes in these words: “Ye are originally

immortal, and children of eternal life, and ye would have death
distributed to you, that ye may spend and lavish it, and that death
may die in you and by you; for when ye dissolve the world, and are
not yourselves dissolved, ye have dominion over creation and all
corruption.” For he also, similarly with Basilides, supposes a class
saved by nature, and that this different race has come hither to us
from above for the abolition of death, and that the origin of death is
the work of the Creator of the world. Wherefore also he so expounds
that scripture, “No man shall see the face of God, and live,” as if He
were the cause of death. Respecting this God, he makes those
allusions when writing in these expressions: “As much as the image
is inferior to the living face, so much is the world inferior to the living
Æon. What is, then, the cause of the image? The majesty of the
face, which exhibits the figure to the painter, to be honoured by his
name; for the form is not found exactly to the life, but the name
supplies what is wanting in the effigy. The invisibility of God co-
operates also in order to the faith of that which has been fashioned.”
For the Creator, called God and Father, he designated as “Painter,”
and “Wisdom,” whose image that which is formed is, to the glory of
the invisible One; since the things which proceed from a pair are
complements, and those which proceed from one are images. But
since what is seen is no part of Him, the soul comes from what is
intermediate, which is different; and this is the inspiration of the
different spirit, and generally what is breathed into the soul, which is
the image of the spirit. And in general, what is said of the Creator,
who was made according to the image, they say was foretold by a
sensible image in the book of Genesis respecting the origin of man;
and the likeness they transfer to themselves, teaching that the
addition of the different spirit was made, unknown to the Creator.
When, then, we treat of the unity of the God who is proclaimed in the
law, the prophets, and the gospel, we shall also discuss this; for the
topic is supreme. But we must advance to that which is urgent. If for
the purpose of doing away with death the peculiar race has come, it
is not Christ who has abolished death, unless He also is said to be of
the same essence with them. And if He abolished it to this end, that
it might not touch the peculiar race, it is not these, the rivals of the
Creator, who breathe into the image of their intermediate spirit the
life from above—in accordance with the principle of the dogma—that
abolish death. But should they say that this takes place by His
mother, or should they say that they, along with Christ, war against
death, let them own the secret dogma that they have the hardihood
to assail the divine power of the Creator, by setting to rights His
creation, as if they were superior, endeavouring to save the vital
image which He was not able to rescue from corruption. Then the
Lord would be superior to God the Creator; for the son would never
contend with the father, especially among the gods. But the point
that the Creator of all things, the omnipotent Lord, is the Father of
the Son, we have deferred till the discussion of these points, in which
we have undertaken to dispute against the heresies, showing that
He alone is the God proclaimed by Him.
But the apostle, writing to us with reference to the endurance of
afflictions, says, “And this is of God, that it is given to you on behalf
of Christ, not only to believe on Him, but also to suffer for His sake;
having the same conflict which ye saw in me, and now hear to be in
me. If there is therefore any consolation in Christ, if any comfort of
love, if any communion of spirit, if any bowels and mercies, fulfil ye
my joy, that ye may be of the same mind, having the same love,
unanimous, thinking one thing. And if he is offered on the sacrifice
and service of faith, joying and rejoicing”[573] with the Philippians, to
whom the apostle speaks, calling them “fellow-partakers of joy,”[574]
how does he say that they are of one soul, and having a soul?
Likewise also, writing respecting Timothy and himself, he says, “For I
have no one like-souled, who will nobly care for your state. For all
seek their own, not the things which are Jesus Christ’s.”[575]
Let not the above-mentioned people, then, call us, by way of
reproach, “natural men” (ψυχικοὶ), nor the Phrygians either; for these
now call those who do not apply themselves to the new prophecy
“natural men” (ψυχικοὶ), with whom we shall discuss in our remarks
on “Prophecy.” The perfect man ought therefore to practise love, and
thence to haste to the divine friendship, fulfilling the commandments
from love. And loving one’s enemies does not mean loving
wickedness, or impiety, or adultery, or theft; but the thief, the
impious, the adulterer, not as far as he sins, and in respect of the
actions by which he stains the name of man, but as he is a man, and
the work of God. Assuredly sin is an activity, not an existence: and
therefore it is not a work of God. Now sinners are called enemies of
God—enemies, that is, of the commands which they do not obey, as
those who obey become friends, the one named so from their
fellowship, the others from their estrangement, which is the result of
free choice; for there is neither enmity nor sin without the enemy and
the sinner. And the command “to covet nothing,” not as if the things
to be desired did not belong to us, does not teach us not to entertain
desire, as those suppose who teach that the Creator is different from
the first God, not as if creation was loathsome and bad (for such
opinions are impious). But we say that the things of the world are not
our own, not as if they were monstrous, not as if they did not belong
to God, the Lord of the universe, but because we do not continue
among them for ever; being, in respect of possession, not ours, and
passing from one to another in succession; but belonging to us, for
whom they were made in respect of use, so long as it is necessary to
continue with them. In accordance, therefore, with natural appetite,
things disallowed are to be used rightly, avoiding all excess and
inordinate affection.
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