4. Computer Graphics - Circle Generation Algorithm
4. Computer Graphics - Circle Generation Algorithm
MNOPOQRSTUPÿWXYZN[\RT
]'ÿ%""()ÿ/!+-&^ÿÿ%(")!"2(2+ÿ%ÿ("ÿ)*'ÿ+)'ÿ/!+-&^0ÿ_"+)'/`ÿ 'ÿ*a'ÿ)(ÿ%*((+'ÿ)*'
"''+)ÿ-!.'&ÿ-(+!)!("ÿ)(ÿ%(,-&')'ÿ)*'ÿ%0
b(,ÿ)*'ÿ3(&&( !"#ÿ!&&2+))!("`ÿ^(2ÿ%"ÿ+''ÿ)*)ÿ 'ÿ*a'ÿ-2)ÿ)*'ÿ-!.'&ÿ)ÿcd`ÿefÿ&(%)!("
"/ÿ"( ÿ"''/ÿ)(ÿ/'%!/'ÿ *''ÿ)(ÿ-2)ÿ)*'ÿ"'.)ÿ-!.'&ÿ4ÿ)ÿgÿcdhi`ÿefÿ(ÿ)ÿjÿcdhi`ÿekif0
lmmnopqqrrrsmtmuvwxyonuwzms{u|q{u|ntm}v~vxnlw{oq{wv{y}~}z}vxmwuz~xyuvwml|slm| q
0123ÿ5ÿ67ÿ8
9 ÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿ
B$ÿÿD-ÿ.'ÿÿM=>EJ'ÿ?@ÿ ÿÿÿ ÿ ÿ(ÿ(%
B$ÿÿNÿ.'ÿÿ+=>EJ'ÿ?7J@ÿ ÿÿÿ ÿ ÿÿ(ÿ(%
ÿ!"#$ÿ%&'"($)*
+,-.ÿ0ÿ1ÿ23ÿ456ÿ7ÿ35ÿ848ÿ834ÿ ÿ35ÿ9:3ÿ;ÿ<46ÿ93ÿ93ÿ;
848=<438ÿ9<ÿ;ÿ848ÿ8345ÿ93ÿ;ÿ94>3ÿ6
?ÿ@?ÿAÿ?ÿ4
+,-.ÿBÿ1ÿ9 8 ÿ;ÿ3 ÿC ÿ9<ÿ58693ÿ 4=4ÿ6
ÿAÿDEFÿGÿ4ÿHÿ;ÿ<9 9I3>ÿ568493ÿ<94ÿ6=<8 93ÿ9<ÿ;6ÿJ 93
KLMNÿPQÿRÿMSÿTÿPSÿUÿVSÿRÿW
KLMXÿUÿYZ[ÿTÿ\NÿPXÿTÿYQ
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿRÿLMXÿUÿYZ[ÿTÿ\Q[ÿTÿLPXÿTÿYQ[ÿUÿVSÿ
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿRÿLMXUÿYZ[Q[ÿTÿLPXÿTÿYQ[ÿUÿVSÿTÿ[LMXÿUÿYZ[Q\ÿTÿ\S
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿRÿKLMXÿUÿYZ[NÿPXÿTÿYQÿTÿ[LMXÿUÿYZ[Q\ÿTÿ\SÿRÿW
]^^_`abbcccd^e^fghij̀_fhk^dlfmblfm_e^ngopgi_]hl`blhgljnopnkngi^hfkoijpfgh^]md]^m qbr
0123ÿ5ÿ67ÿ8
9 ÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
!"ÿÿ#ÿ$ÿ%&'(ÿ ÿ)ÿ$ÿ*+ÿ,-++*ÿ.+/0ÿ1ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ2
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ3
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
ÿÿ
!"ÿÿ)ÿ$ÿ%&'(ÿ ÿ#ÿ$ÿ*+ÿ,-++*ÿ.+/0ÿ4ÿÿÿÿÿ
ÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿ56ÿÿ
ÿÿ
ÿ/078ÿ9:;<'ÿ=>ÿ ÿ?@
ÿÿÿ Aÿÿ3ÿÿÿ$ÿÿÿÿ3ÿÿÿÿÿÿ3
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿBCÿÿ3ÿD3ÿ,7/ÿEÿF* ÿ?>ÿ3ÿ?@ÿ7/ÿ/0G3H
I Jÿ.+/0ÿ1ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ?@ÿ,-+*/ÿ%&'(
ÿÿÿ ÿÿ ÿÿK6ÿÿ56ÿÿ
LMMNOPQQRRRSMTMUVWXYONUWZMS[U\Q[U\NTM]V^_VXNLW[OQ[WV[Y]^_]Z]VXMWUZ^XY_UVWML\SLM\ `Qa
0123ÿ5ÿ67ÿ5
89 ÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿ!"#$
ÿÿÿ%ÿÿ%ÿÿ&'(ÿÿ
)*+,ÿ.ÿ0ÿ12ÿ3456ÿ ÿ789:2:8;ÿ924<2:;=ÿ42ÿ>?@Aÿ73<B8<Cÿ263ÿB8DD8E:;=ÿ2392ÿ0
FGÿHIÿJÿKÿ!"#$ÿ$#L!ÿ ÿÿMN ÿKKÿÿOIPIÿQ$R
ÿÿÿHIÿÿHIÿÿ&STÿÿ
UVW
ÿÿÿHIÿÿHIÿÿ&STÿÿÿXÿ&YT
89 Z ÿ&STÿÿ&ST&ÿQ$Rÿ&YTÿÿ&YT[&\
)*+,ÿ]ÿ0ÿ^323<C:;3ÿ263ÿ9_CC32<_ÿ78:;29ÿ:;ÿ8263<ÿ93`3;ÿ8524;29a
)*+,ÿbÿ0ÿc8`3ÿ3456ÿ54D5dD423ÿ7:e3Dÿ789:2:8;ÿfgAÿhiÿ8;28ÿ263ÿ5:<5dD4<ÿ7426ÿ53;23<3jÿ8;
ÿ4;jÿ7D82ÿ263ÿ588<j:;423ÿ`4Dd39a
gÿ?ÿgÿkÿglAÿÿÿhÿ?ÿhÿkÿhl
)*+,ÿmÿ0ÿn37342ÿ9237opÿ26<8d=6ÿqÿd;2:Dÿgÿr?ÿha