Integration, of a rational function, by partial fractions .

Short cut res ult

1. Integration, of 1, divided by x plus 2, into dx equals , ln of abs olute value of x plus 2 plus c, and 2. Integration, of 1, divided by x plus 2 whole s quare , into dx equals , minus 1 by x plus 2, plus c. Side note: Integral of 1 by x into dx equals ln of abs olute value of x, and integral of 1 by x s quare into dx equals minus 1 by x,
3. Integration, of 1, divided by 2x plus 3, into dx equals , half into ln of abs olute value of 2x plus 3, plus c. and 4. Integration, of 1, divided by 2x plus 3, whole to the power 5, into dx equals integral, of 2x plus 3, whole to the power, minus 5, into dx equals , minus half into 1 by 4 into 1 by 2x plus 3, whole to the power 4 plus c, Side note: integral, of 1 by x to the power n, into dx equals integral, of x to the power, minus n, into dx equals 1, divided by minus n plus 1, into x to the power, minus n plus 1, plus c.
very important, formula
Integration, of a, divided by b x plus c, whole to the power n , into dx equals, a into integration, of 1, divided by b x plus c, whole to the power n, into dx equals, a into integration, of b x plus c, whole to the power minus n , into dx
equals a, into 1 by b into ln of absolute value of bx plus c, plus c if, n equals, 1 and 1 by b into 1 by minus n plus 1, into bx plus c, whole to the power minus n plus 1, plus c if, n is not equal to 1
So, integration, of a, divided by b x plus c, whole to the power n, into dx, equals, a, into 1 by b, into ln of absolute value of bx plus c, plus c if, n equals, 1 and minus 1 by b into 1 by n minus 1, into 1 by bx plus c,, whole to the power n minus 1, plus c if, n is not equal to 1
Integration, of 3x plus 11, divided by x square minus x minus 6, into dx
1 if factorization possible, then go ahead, and apply, partial fractions
2 if factorization, not possible then apply, completing square formula, and trigonometric substitution
X square minus x minus 6 Equals, x square minus 3x plus 2x minus 6 Equals, x into x minus 3 plus 2 into x minus 3
Equals x minus 3 into x plus 2, note that: factorizing two distinct linear factors found.
we can write, 3x plus 11, divided by x minus 3 into x plus 2, equivalent to a by x minus 3, plus b by x plus 2. Note that: Two factors give two fractions
Then,3x plus 11, divided by x minus 3 into x plus 2, equivalent to a into x plus 2 plus b into x minus 3, divided by x minus 3 into x plus 2
Numerators are equivalent because of common denominator
So, 3x plus 11, equivalent to a into x plus 2, plus b into x minus 3
If,, x equals 3, then we get a Equals 4
And If, x Equals minus 2, then b Equals minus 1 found
So, 3x plus 11, divided by x minus 3 into x plus 2, equivalent to 4 by x minus 3, plus, minus 1 by x plus 2
Therefore, Integration, of 3x plus 11, divided by x minus 3 into x plus 2, into dx
Equals integration, of 4 divided by x minus 3, minus, 1 divided by x plus 2, into dx
Equals 4 into integration, of 1 divided by x minus 3 into dx, minus integration, of 1 divided by x plus 2 into dx
Equals 4 into ln of absolute value of x minus 3, minus ln of absolute value of x plus 2, plus c, answer.
Integration, of x square plus 4, divided by 3x cube plus 4x square minus 4x, into dx
We factorize, 3x cube plus 4x square minus 4x, Equals, x into 3x square plus 4x minus 4, Equals, x into 3x square plus 6x minus 2x minus 4, Equals, x into 3x into x plus 2 minus 2 into x plus 2
Equals, x into x plus 2 into 3x minus 2. Factorizing three distinct linear factors found
Now, X square plus 4, divided by x into x plus 2 into 3x minus 2, equivalent to a by x, plus b by x plus 2, plus c by 3x minus 2, three fractions for three factors
Then, x square plus 4, divided by x into x plus 2 into 3x minus 2, equivalent to a into x plus 2 into 3x minus 2, plus b into 3x minus 2 into x, plus c into x plus 2 into x, divided by x into x plus 2 into 3x minus 2. Note that: Because of common denominator, we write,
X square plus 4, equivalent to a into x plus 2 into 3x minus 2, plus b into 3x minus 2 into x, plus c into x plus 2 into x
Now If, x equal 0 taken, then we get a equal minus 1
and if, x Equals minus 2, then we get b Equals half
and If, x Equals 2 by 3, then c Equals 5 by 2 found
So, X square plus 4, divided by x into x plus 2 into 3x minus 2, equivalent to minus 1 by x, plus half by x plus 2, plus 5 by 2 divided by 3x minus 2
Therefore, Integration, of x square plus 4, divided by x into x plus 2 into 3x minus 2 , into dx
Equals integration, of minus 1 by x, plus half by x plus 2, plus 5 by 2 divided by 3x minus 2, into dx
Equals minus into integration, of 1 by x into dx, plus half into integration, of 1 by x plus 2 into dx, plus 5 by 2 into i ntegration, of 1 by 3x minus 2 into dx
Equals minus ln of absolute value of x, plus half into ln of absolute value of x plus 2, plus 5 by 2 into 1 by 3 into ln of absolute value of 3x minus 2, plus c, answer.
INTEGRATION, OF 1, divided BY X MINUS 3 WHOLE SQUARE INTO X PLUS 5, into dx
X MINUS 3, IS A REPEATED LINEAR FACTOR, REPEATED TWICE
Now, we can write, 1, divided by x minus 3 whole square into x plus 5, equivalent to a by x minus 3, plus b by x minus 3 whole square, plus c by x plus 5
Then, 1, divided by x minus 3 whole square into x plus 5, equivalent to a into x minus 3 into x plus 5, plus b into x plus 5, plus c into x minus 3 whole square, divided by x minus 3 whole square into x plus 5.Side note: Numerators on both sides are equivalent because of common denominator
So, 1, equivalent to A INTO X MINUS 3 INTO X plus 5, PLUS B INTO X PLUS 5, PLUS C INTO X MINUS 3 WHOLE SQUARE
IF, X, equals 3 taken THEN we get, B, equals 1 BY 8, And IF, X, equals MINUS 5 taken THEN we get, C, equals 1 BY 64.
And taking x, equals 0 and replacing b, equals 1 by 8, and c, equals 1 by 64, then we get, a, equals minus 1 by 64.
So, 1, divided by x minus 3 whole square into x plus 5, equivalent to minus 1 by 64 divided by x minus 3, plus 1 by 8 divided by x minus 3 whole square, plus 1 by 64 divided by x plus 5
Therefore, INTEGRATION, OF 1, divided BY X MINUS 3 WHOLE SQUARE INTO X PLUS 5, into dx
equals INTEGRATION, OF MINUS 1 BY 64 divided BY X MINUS 3, PLUS 1 BY 8 divided BY X MINUS 3 WHOLE SQUARE, PLUS 1 BY 64 divided BY X PLUS 5, into dx.
equals MINUS 1 BY 64 into INTEGRATION, OF 1 BY X MINUS 3 into dx, PLUS 1 BY 8 into INTEGRATION, OF 1 BY X MINUS 3 WHOLE SQUARE into dx, PLUS 1 BY 64 into INTEGRATION, OF 1 BY X PLUS 5 into dx. Side note: integral, of 1 by x square into dx equals minus 1 by x.
equals minus 1 by 64 into ln of absolute value of x minus 3, plus 1 by 8 into minus 1 by x minus 3, plus 1 by 64 into ln absolute value of x plus 5, plus c
equals minus 1 by 64 into ln of absolute value of x minus 3, minus 1 by 8 into 1 by x minus 3, plus 1 by 64 into ln absolute value of x plus 5, plus c. answer.
Integration, of x square, divided by x cube plus 3x square plus 3x plus 1, into dx
Factorizing, x cube plus 3x square plus 3x plus 1, We get , X plus 1 whole cube
Equals x plus 1 into x plus 1 into x plus 1
X plus 1, is a repeated linear factor, which is repeated, thrice
Now, X square, divided by x plus 1 whole cube, equivalent to a by x plus 1, plus b by x plus 1 whole square, plus c by x plus 1 whole cube
Then, x square, divided by x plus 1, whole cube, equivalent to a into x plus 1 whole square plus b into x plus 1 plus c, divided by x plus 1, whole cube. Side note: common denominator.
So, x square, equivalent to a into x plus 1 whole square, plus b into x plus 1, plus c
Then, x square, equivalent to a into x square plus 2x plus 1, plus b x plus b plus c
Now, x square, equivalent to a x square plus 2 A x plus a plus b x plus b plus c. Grouping the terms of x with different powers we can write
1 into x square, plus 0 into x, plus 0, equivalent to a x square, plus 2a plus b into x, plus a plus b plus c
Equating, coefficient from both sides we get
A Equals 1
2 a plus b, Equals 0, then 2 into 1 plus b Equals 0, so, b, Equals minus 2
A plus b plus c, Equals 0, then 1 minus 2 plus c, Equals 0, so c, Equals 1
So, x square, divided by x plus 1 whole cube, equivalent to 1 by x plus 1, plus, minus 2 by x plus 1 whole square, plus 1 by x plus 1 whole cube
Therefore, Integration, of x square, divided by x cube plus 3x square plus 3x plus 1, into dx
Equals Integration, of 1 by x plus 1, plus, minus 2 by x plus 1 whole square, plus 1 by x plus 1 whole cube, into dx
Equals integration, of 1 by x plus 1 into dx, minus 2 into integration, of 1 by x plus 1 whole square into dx, plus integration, of 1 by x plus 1 whole cube into dx. Side note: integral, of 1 by x square into dx equals minus 1 by x, and integral, of 1 by x cube into dx equals 1 by minus 2 into 1 by x square.
Equals ln of absolute value of x plus 1, plus 2 into 1 by x plus 1, minus half into 1 by x plus 1 whole square, plus c. Answer.
Practice Work:
1. integral, of x square plus 1, divided by x into 2x minus 1 into x plus 2, into dx.
2. Integral, of sin x, divided by cos cube x minus 9 into cos x, into dx.
3. Integral, of sec hyperbolic square x, divided by tan hyperbolic x minus 4 into tan hyperbolic cube x, into dx.