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Tension-Members Notes

The document outlines the principles of steel design for tension members, covering topics such as gross section yielding, net section fracture, area determination, and shear lag factors. It includes specifications for tensile strength calculations and examples of problems related to design strength and allowable tensile strength. Key concepts include the distinction between gross and net areas, the impact of hole dimensions, and guidelines for effective net area in tension member design.

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jingky Sallicop
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18 views25 pages

Tension-Members Notes

The document outlines the principles of steel design for tension members, covering topics such as gross section yielding, net section fracture, area determination, and shear lag factors. It includes specifications for tensile strength calculations and examples of problems related to design strength and allowable tensile strength. Key concepts include the distinction between gross and net areas, the impact of hole dimensions, and guidelines for effective net area in tension member design.

Uploaded by

jingky Sallicop
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

T ENSI ON
M EM BER S
PREPARED BY; GINE O. G.
LESSON OUTLINE
01 Overview
02 Gross section yielding and Net section fracture
03 Tension member's code and specifications.
04 Area determination for gross and net area.
05 Staggered hole and effective net area.
06 Shear lag factors
07 Block shear rupture
08 Block shear strength code and specifications
09 Sample problems
GROSS SECTION YIELDING VS NET SECTION FRACTURE

GROSS SECTION YIELDING


Failure due to excessive deformation based on the
gross area (Ag)

Figure 02-1: Gross Section Yielding


GROSS SECTION YIELDING VS NET SECTION FRACTURE

NET SECTION FRACTURE


Failure is by fracture at connection design based
on effective net area, Ae

Figure 02-2: Net Section fracture


SLENDERNESS LIMITATION
There is no slenderness limitation in the design
of members in tension.

User Note: For members designed based on


tension, the slenderness ratio L/r preferably
should not exceed 300. This suggestion does
not apply to rods or hangers in tension.

Section 504.1 𝐋Τ𝐫 ≤ 𝟑𝟎𝟎


TENSILE STRENGTH
The design tensile strength, 𝚽𝐭𝐑𝐧, and the allowable tensile
strength, 𝐑𝐧/𝛀𝐭, Of tension members, shall be the lower value
obtained according to the limit states of tensile yielding in the
gross section and tensile rupture in the net section.

𝚽𝐭𝐑𝐧 ≥ 𝐏𝐮 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐑 𝐧Τ𝛀 𝐭 ≥ 𝐏𝐚

For tensile yielding in For tensile rupture in


the GROSS section the NET section

𝐑𝐧 = 𝐅𝐲 𝐀𝐠 𝐑𝐧 = 𝐅𝐮 𝐀𝐞

Section 504.2 𝚽t = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 𝐋𝐑𝐅𝐃 𝚽t = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝐋𝐑𝐅𝐃


𝛀t = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕 (𝐀𝐒𝐃) 𝛀t = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 (𝐀𝐒𝐃)
AREA DETERMINATION

GROSS AREA
✓ The gross area, Ag, of a member, is the total
cross-sectional area.

✓ For angles, the gross width shall be the sum of


the width of the legs less the thickness.

Section
504.3.1
AREA DETERMINATION

NET AREA, An
The net area of a member is the sum of the products
of the thickness and the net width of each element
computed as follows:

✓ Net width, 𝐖𝐧: A bolt hole shall be taken 2 mm greater than the
nominal dimension of the hole.

✓ For a chain of holes extending across a part in any diagonal or


zigzag line, the net width of the part shall be obtained by
deducting from the gross width the sum of the diameters or slot
Section
504.3.2
dimensions as provided in Section 510.3.2, of all holes in the
chain, and adding, for each gage space in the chain, the quantity
HOLE DIMENSION

Section
504.3.2
NET AREA, An

Figure 02-3:
Bolt diameter and hole

From NSCP 2015 (Table 10.3.3)


𝐝𝐡𝐨𝐥𝐞 = dbolt + 2mm ∶ for bolts < 24mm diameter
𝐝𝐡𝐨𝐥𝐞 = dbolt + 3mm ∶ for bolts ≥ 24mm diameter
Section
504.3.2
𝐝𝐞 = dbolt + 4mm ∶ for bolts < 24mm diameter
𝐝𝐞 = dbolt + 5mm ∶ for bolts ≥ 24mm diameter
NET AREA, An

STAGGERED HOLE
The Staggering of a hole increases the net area of a
section. If the hole is staggered, the correction factor
is used to account for the increased tensile strength
of an inclined fracture path.

𝐬 𝟐 Τ𝟒 𝐠

Where:
• s = longitudinal center-to-center spacing (pitch) of any two
Section
consecutive holes, mm
504.3.2
• g = transverse center-to-center spacing (gage) between fasteners
gage lines, mm
NET AREA, An

STAGGERED HOLE

Figure 02-4: Staggered hole

Section
Angles: For angles, the gage for holes in opposite adjacent legs
504.3.2 shall be the sum of the gages from the back of the angles less
the thickness.
AREA DETERMINATION

EFFECTIVE NET AREA, Ae


The effective net area of a tension member shall be determined as
follows:
𝐀𝗲 = 𝐔𝐀𝐧
✓ The effective area of a gusset plate: effective net area shall be taken as the
actual net area when subjected to tensile force and shall not be taken as
greater than 85% of gross area.
Section 510.4.1. Limits An to a maximum of 0.85Ag connection design
for splice plates with holes.
Where:
Section
504.3.3
An= net area of the member
U = reduction factor coefficient or the shear lag factor
(Can be determined as shown in table 504.3.1 in NSCP 2015)
Table 504.3.1 in NSCP 2015 (Excerpt from 2015 NSCP)

TABLE
504.3.1
The figure below shows the 𝑥 and 𝓁 Of some steel sections, used to
determine the value of the shear lag factor, U.
Where: 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐞𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝓵 = 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

TABLE
504.3.1
The figure below shows the 𝑥 and 𝓁 Of some steel sections, used to
determine the value of the shear lag factor, U.
Where: 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐞𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝓵 = 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

TABLE
504.3.1
The figure below shows the 𝑥 and 𝓁 Of some steel sections, used to
determine the value of the shear lag factor, U.
Where: 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐞𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝓵 = 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

TABLE
504.3.1
PROBLEM 01
The figure shows a tension member that is 12 mm thick and
is connected using 4-20mm diameter rivets. Determine the
design and the allowable tensile strength against yielding
and rupture. Use A36 steel (Fy = 248Mpa and Fu = 400 Mpa)
PROBLEM 02
Determine the tensile design strength and allowable tensile
design strength against rupture for 400x20 mm steel plate when
loaded in tension as shown in the figure. Assume Fu = 400Mpa
and all holes have a nominal/gross diameter equal to 23 mm.
PROBLEM 03
Calculate the net area along the path 123456 of the
C230x30 as shown in the figure. The diameter of the bolt is
equal to 20 mm.
PROBLEM 03
PROBLEM 04
Determine the tensile design strength and allowable tensile design strength
against yielding and rupture for a W310x79 with two lines of 20mm diameter
bolts in each flange. The bolts are placed 75mm from each other. Using A36
steel, with Fy=248Mpa and Fu=400Mpa. It is assumed to have 3 bolts in each line
75mm in the center, and the bolts are not staggered to each other.
Properties of W310x79
Ag=10,100 mm2 d=307mm bf=254mm tw=8.76mm tf=14.6mm
PROBLEM 05
A C-tension member is connected to a 30mm plate using 25mm diameter
bolts arranged as shown in the figure. Determine the following:
a) Nominal tensile strength based on gross section yielding.
b) The net area of the tension member.
c) The allowable tensile strength is based on the net section rupture.
d) Check if the allowable tensile member can carry a dead load = 100 KN
and live load = 120 KN
PROBLEM 06
The steel is connected with a 12 mm bolt diameter as shown in the
figure. Calculate the service tensile load capacity against yielding and
rupture. Assume that the effective diameter of the hole is 4 mm larger
than the diameter of the bolts. Angle L100x100x6 has an Area= 1,179
mm2 and thickness t = 6 mm. Fu = 400 Mpa anf Fy = 248 Mpa

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