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UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION
UNIT I

Objective of structural design-Steps in RCC Structural Design Process- Type of Loads on

Structures and Load combinations- Code of practices and Specifications - Concept of Working
Stress Method, Ultimate Load Design and Limit State Design Methods for RCC –Properties of
Concrete and Reinforcing Steel - Analysis and Design of Singly reinforced Rectangular beams
by working stress method - Limit State philosophy as detailed in IS code - Advantages of Limit
State Method over other methods - Analysis and design of singly and doubly reinforced
rectangular beams by Limit State Method.

1.1 Objective of Structural Design

The objectives of structural design are to design the structure for stability, strength and

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serviceability. It must also be economical and aesthetic.

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The design of a structure must satisfy three basic requirements:

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1) Stability to prevent overturning, sliding or buckling of the structure, or parts of it, under the
action of loads,

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2) Strength to resist safely the stresses induced by the loads in the various structural members;
and
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3) Serviceability to ensure satisfactory performance under service load conditions - which implies

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providing adequate stiffness and reinforcements to contain deflections, crack-widths and

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vibrations within acceptable limits, and also providing impermeability and durability (including
corrosion-resistance), etc.

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There are two other considerations that a sensible designer ought to bear in mind, viz., economy

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and aesthetics. One can always design a massive structure, which has more-than-adequate
stability, strength and serviceability, but the ensuing cost of the structure may be exorbitant, and
the end product, far from aesthetic. In the words of Felix Candela, the designer of a remarkably
wide range of reinforced concrete shell structures, It is indeed a challenge, and a responsibility, for
the structural designer to design a structure that is not only appropriate for the architecture, but
also strikes the right balance between safety and economy.

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1.2 Steps in RCC Structural Design Process

The process of structural design involves the following stages.

1. Structural planning
2. Action of forces and computation of loads
3. Methods of analysis
4. Member design
5. Detailing, Drawing and Preparation of schedules
6.
1. Structural Planning
After getting an architectural plan of the buildings, the structural planning of the building frame is

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done. This involves determination of the following.
Position and orientation of columns
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Positioning of beams
Spanning of slabs
 Layouts of stairs
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Selecting proper type of footing.

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1.1 Positioning and orientation of columns Following are some of the building principles, which
help in deciding the columns positions.
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1. Columns should preferably be located at (or) near the corners of a building, and at the
intersection of beams/walls.
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2. Select the position of columns to reduce bending moments in beams.
3. Avoid larger spans of beams. .ne
4. Avoid larger centre-to-centre distance between columns.
5. Columns on property line.
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Orientation of columns

1. Avoid projection of columns: The projection of columns outside the wall in the room should
be avoided as they not only give bad appearance but also obstruct the use of floor space,
creating problems in placing furniture flush with the wall. The width of the column is required
to be kept not less than 200mm to prevent the column from being slender. The spacing of the
column should be considerably reduced so that the load on column on each floor is less and the
necessity of large sections for columns does not arise.

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2. Orient the column so that the depth of the column is contained in the major plane of bending or
is perpendicular to the major axis of bending. This is provided to increase moment of inertia
and hence greater moment resisting capacity. It will also reduce Leff/d ratio resulting in
increase in the load carrying capacity of the column.

1.2 Positioning of Beams

1. Beams shall normally be provided under the walls or below a heavy concentrated load to avoid
these loads directly coming on slabs. 2. Avoid larger spacing of beams from deflection and cracking
criteria. (The deflection varies directly with the cube of the span and inversely with the cube of the
depth i.e. L3/D3. Consequently, increase in span L which results in greater deflection for larger span).

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1.3 Spanning of Slabs

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This is decided by supporting arrangements. When the supports are only on opposite edges or
only in one direction, then the slab acts as a one way supported slab. When the rectangular slab is

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supported along its four edges it acts as a one-way slab when Ly/Lx < 2. The two-way action of slab

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not only depends on the aspect ratio but also on the ratio of reinforcement on the directions. In one-
way slab, main steel is provided along with short span only and the load is transferred to two opposite

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supports. The steel along the long span just acts as the distribution steel and is not designed for

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transferring the load but to distribute the load and to resist shrinkage and temperature stresses. A slab
is made to act as a one-way slab spanning across the short span by providing main steel along the
short span and only distribution steel along the long span
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The provision of more steel in one direction increases the stiffness of the slab in that direction.

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According to elastic theory, the distribution of load being proportional to stiffness in two orthogonal
directions, major load is transferred along the stiffer short span and the slab behaves as one way.
Since, the slab is also supported over the short edge there is a tendency of the load on the slab by the
side of support to get transferred to the nearer support causing tension at top across this short
supporting edge. Since, there does not exist any steel at top across this short edge in a one way slab
interconnecting the slab and the side beam, cracks develop at the top along that edge. The cracks may
run through the depth of the slab due to differential deflection between the slab and the supporting
short edge beam/wall. Therefore, care should be taken to provide minimum steel at top across the
short edge support to avoid this cracking.

A two-way slab is generally economical compare to one-way slab because steel along both
the spans acts as main steel and transfers the load to all its four supports. The two-way action is
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advantageous essentially for large spans (>3m) and for live loads (>3kN/m2). For short spans and light
loads, steel required for two way slabs does not differ appreciably as compared to steel for two way
slab because of the requirements of minimum steel.

Structural Design of Foundations

The type of footing depends upon the load carried by the column and the bearing capacity of
the supporting soil. The soil under the foundation is more susceptible to large variations. Even under
one small building the soil may vary from soft clay to a hard murmur. The nature and properties of
soil may change with season and weather, like swelling in wet weather. Increase in moisture content
results in substantial loss of bearing capacity in case of certain soils, which may lead to differential
settlements. It is necessary to conduct the survey in the areas for soil properties. For framed structure,

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isolated column footings are normally preferred except in case of exists for great depths, pile
foundations can be an appropriate choice. If columns are very closely spaced and bearing capacity of

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the soil is low, raft foundation can be an alternative solution. For a column on the boundary line, a
combined footing or a raft footing may be provided

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The following are the assumptions made in the earthquake resistant design of structures:


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Earthquake causes impulsive ground motions, which are complex and irregular in character,
changing in period and amplitude each lasting for small duration. Therefore resonance of the

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type as visualized under steady-state sinusoidal excitations, will not occur as it would need

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time to build up such amplitudes.
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Earthquake is not likely to occur simultaneously with wind or max. Flood or max. sea waves.
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The value of elastic modulus of materials, wherever required, maybe taken as per static
analysis.
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1.3 Type Of Loads On Structures And Load Combinations

A structural load is a force, deformation, or acceleration applied to structural elements.

A load causes stress, deformation, and displacement in a structure. Structural analysis, a
discipline in engineering, analyzes the effects of loads on structures and structural
elements. An excess load may cause structural failure, so this should be considered and
controlled during the design of a structure. Different types of loads can cause stress,
displacement, deformation on a structure; which results in structural problems and even
structural failure. Determining the total load acting on a structure is very important and

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complex.

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Different types of loads
The loads in buildings and structures can be classified as vertical loads, horizontal

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loads and longitudinal loads. The vertical loads consist of dead load, live load and impact

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load. The horizontal loads consist of wind load and earthquake load. The longitudinal

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loads i.e. tractive and braking forces are considered in special cases of design. The
estimation of various loads acting is to be calculated precisely. Indian standard code IS:

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875–1987 and American Standard Code ASCE 7: Minimum Design Loads for Buildings

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and Other Structures specifies various design loads for buildings and structures.

1. Dead load .ne

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Dead loads, also known as permanent or static loads, are those that remain
relatively constant over time and comprise, for example, the weight of a building’s
structural elements, such as beams, walls, roof and structural flooring components.
Dead loads may also include permanent non-structural partitions, immovable fixtures
and even built-in cupboards. Dead loads comprise the weight of the structure or other
fixed elements before any live loads are taken into consideration.

Live loads are added to the dead load to give the total loading exerted on the
structure. The calculation of dead loads of each structure is calculated by the volume of
each section and multiplied by the unit material weight.

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2. Live load
Live load is a civil engineering term that refers to a load that can change over time.
The weight of the load is variable or shifts locations, such as when people are walking
around in a building. Anything in a building that is not fixed to the structure can result
in a live load since it can be moved around.
Live loads are factored into the calculation of the gravity load of a structure. They
are measured in pounds per square foot. The minimum live-load requirements are
based on the expected maximum load. A live load can be expressed either as a
uniformly distributed load (UDL) or as one acting on a concentrated area (point load).

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3. Wind load

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The movement of air relative to a structure can apply wind loads, and analysis draws
upon an understanding of meteorology and aerodynamics as well as structures. Wind load

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may not be a significant concern for small, massive, low-level buildings, but it gains

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importance with height, the use of lighter materials and the use of shapes that may affect
the flow of air, typically roof forms.
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Where the dead weight of a structure is insufficient to resist wind loads, additional

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structure and fixings may be required. Wind load is required to be considered in structural
design especially when the heath of the building exceeds two times the dimensions
transverse to the exposed wind surface. .ne
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The design wind loads for buildings and other structures shall be determined according to
one of the following procedures:
Method 1 – Simplified procedure for low-rise simple diaphragm buildings
Method 2 – Analytical procedure for regular shaped building and structures
Method 3 – Wind tunnel procedure for geometrically complex buildings and structures
4. Snow load
This load can be imposed by the accumulation of snow and is more of a concern in
geographic regions where snowfalls can be heavy and frequent. Significant quantities of
snow can accumulate, adding a sizable load to a structure. The shape of a roof is a
particularly important factor in the magnitude of the snow load. The code IS 875 (Part-

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4):1987 deals with snow loads on roofs of the building. There are many variables involved
in determining snow’s weight:
5. Earthquake load
Earthquake load takes place due to the inertia force produced in the building because of
seismic excitations. Inertia force varies with the mass. The higher mass of the structure
will imply that the earthquake loading will also be high. When the earthquake load exceeds
the moment of resistance offered by the element, then the structure will break or damage.

The magnitude of earthquake loading depends upon the weight or mass of the building,
dynamic properties of the building and difference in stiffness of adjacent floors along with

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the intensity and duration of the earthquake. Earthquake load acts over the surface of a
structure placed on the ground or with an adjacent building. Buildings in areas of seismic

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activity need to be carefully analysed and designed to ensure they do not fail if an
earthquake should occur.

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Earthquake load depends on the following factors;
 Seismic hazard
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 Parameter of the structure
 Gravity load. gin
6. Load combination eer
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A load combination results when more than one load type acts on the structure.

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Building codes usually specify a variety of load combinations together with load factors
(weightings) for each load type to ensure the safety of the structure under different
maximum expected loading scenarios.
7. Special loads
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Thermal load – The loads occur when the materials expand or contract with temperature
change and this can exert significant loads on a structure.
Settlement load – When one part of a building settles more than other parts this type of
load occurs.
Flood load – These are caused by flood and water ingress in the foundation which results
in corrosion.
Soil and fluid load – It is caused due to excessive flow of water in the soil which impacts
the soil density.

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1.4 CODE OF PRACTICES AND SPECIFICATIONS

A code is a set of technical specifications intended to control the design and construction. The
code can be legally adopted to see that sound structure is designed and constructed code specifies
acceptable methods of design and construction to produce safe structures.
National building code have been formulated in different countries to lay down guidelines for
the design and construction of structures. International code council located in USA has published
international building code. National building code (NBC - 2005) published in India describes the
specification and design procedure for buildings.
For designing reinforced concrete following codes of different countries are available
 India - IS456 - 2000 - Plain and reinforced concrete code practice.

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institute)
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UK - BS8110 -part1 - structural use of concrete -code of practice for design and construction.
(British standard Institute)
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Europe - EN 1992(Euro code 2) - Design of concrete structures
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Canada - CAN/CSA - A23.3-04 - Design of concrete structures (Reaffirmed in 2010),

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Australia - As 3600 -2001 - concrete structures.
Germany - Din 1045 - Design of concrete structures
 Russia - SNIP
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China - GB 50010 -2002 code for design of concrete structures to help the designers, each
country has produced 'handbook'. In India following hand books called special publication are
available.
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SP - 16-1980- Design Aid for Reinforced concrete to IS456-1978
SP - 23-1982- Hand book on concrete mixes
SP - 24 -1983 - Explanatory hand book on IS456 - 1978
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 SP - 34-1987 - Hand book on concrete reinforcement and detailing.

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1.5 CONCEPT OF WORKING STRESS METHOD, ULTIMATE LOAD DESIGN AND
LIMIT STATE DESIGN METHODS FOR RCC

Various methods used for the design of R.C.C. structures are as follows:

(i) Working stress method.

(ii) Load factor or ultimate load method.
(iii) Limit state method.

Working Stress method

This method of design was the oldest one. It is based on the elastic theory and assumes that
both steel and concrete and elastic and obey Hook’s law. It means that the stress is directly
proportional to strain up to the point of collapse. Based on the elastic theory, and assuming that the

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bond between steel and concrete is perfect, permissible stresses of the materials are obtained. The
basis of this method is that the permissible stresses are not exceeded anywhere in the structure when it
is subjected to worst combination of working loads.

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In this method, the ultimate strength of concrete and yield strength or 0.2% proof stress of steel are

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divided by factors of safety to obtain permissible stresses. These factors of safety take into account the
uncertainties in manufacturing of these materials. As per IS456, a factor of safety of 3 is to be used for

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bending compressive stresses in concrete and 1.78 for yield/proof strength of steel.

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The main drawbacks of the working stress method of design are as follows :

(i)
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It assumes that concrete is elastic which is not true as the concrete behaves in-elastically even
on low level of stresses.

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It uses factors of safety for stresses only and not for loads. Hence, this method does not give

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true margin of safety with respect to loads because we do not know the failure load.

(iii)
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It does not use any factor of safety with respect to loads. It means, there is no provision for the
uncertainties associated with the estimation of loads.

(iv) It does not account for shrinkage and creep, which are time dependent and plastic in nature.

(v) This method gives uneconomical sections.

(vi) It pays no attention to the conditions that arise at the time of collapse.

The working stress method is very simple and reliable but as per IS 456:2000 the working stress
method is to be used only if it is not possible to use limit state method of design. Working stress
method is the basic method and its knowledge is essential for understanding the concepts of design.

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Load Factor Method or Ultimate Load Method

In this method, ultimate or collapse load is used as design load. The ultimate loads are obtained by
increasing the working/service loads suitably by some factors. These factors, which are multiplied by
the working loads to obtain ultimate loads, are called as load factors. These load factors give the exact
margins of safety in terms of load. This method used the real stress-strain curve of concrete and steel
and takes into account the plastic behavior of these materials.

Many designers feel that the load factor provides a clear margin of safety and one can easily tell the
load at which the structure fails, which is not clear from the working stress concept of permissible
stresses. This method was given in detail in IS 456-1964,

The advantages of Ultimate load method are listed below:

(i) The method is more realistic as compared to working stress method because ultimate load

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(ii)
method taken into account the non-linear behavior of the concrete.

This method gives exact margin of safety in terms of load unlike working stress method

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failure/collapse load.

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The sections designed by ultimate load method are thinner and require less reinforcement.

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Hence the method is economical as compared to WSM.

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The main limitations of the ultimate load method are following:

(i)
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This method gives very thin sections which leads to excessive deformations and cracking,
thus making the structure unserviceable.
(ii) No factors of safety are used for material stresses.
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As the serviceability requirements are not satisfied at all in this method, the code replaced this method
by limit state method which takes into account the strength as well as serviceability requirements.

Limit State Method t

This is the most rational method which takes into account the ultimate strength of the structure
and also the serviceability requirements. It is a judicious combination of working stress and ultimate
load methods of design. The acceptable limits of safety and serviceability requirements before failure
occurs is called a limit state. This method is based on the concept of safety at ultimate loads (ultimate
load method) and serviceability at working loads (working stress method).

The two important limit states to be considered in design are :

(i) Limit state of collapse.
(ii) Limit state of serviceability.

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Limit State of Collapse
This limit state corresponds to the strength of the structure and categorized into following types :
(a) Limit state of collapse: Flexure.
(b) Limit state of collapse: Shear and bond.
(c) Limit State of collapse: Torsion.
(d) Limit state of collapse: Compression.
(2) Limit State of Serviceability

This limit state corresponds to the serviceability requirements i.e., deformation, cracking etc. It is
categorized into following types:

(a) Limit state of deflection.

(b) Limit state of cracking
(c) Limit state of vibration.

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This method is based upon the probabilities variation in the loads and material properties. Limit state
method takes into account the uncertainties associated with loads and material properties, thus uses

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partial factors of safety to obtain design loads and design stresses.

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The limit state method is based on predictions unlike working stress method, which is deterministic in
nature, assumes that the loads, factors of safety and material stresses are known accurately. In the

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limit state method, the partial safety factors are derived using probability and statistics and are
different for different load combinations, hence giving a more rational and scientific design procedure.

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1.6 PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE AND REINFORCING STEEL

Materials for Reinforced Concrete
Concrete
Concrete is a composite material consists essentially of
a) A binding medium cement and water called cement paste
b) Particles of a relatively inert filler called aggregate
The selection of the relative proportions of cement, water and aggregate is called 'mix design'
Basic requirement of a good concrete are workability, strength, durability and economy.
Depending upon the intended use the cement may be OPC (33,43& 53 Grade), Rapid
hardening cements Portland slag, Portland pozzolona etc. High cement content give rise to
increased shrinkage, creep and cracking. Minimum cement content is 300Kg/m3 and
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maximum being 450Kg/m3 as per Indian code. Mineral additives like fly ash , silica fume, rice

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husk ash, metakoline and ground granulated blast furnace slag may be used to reduce micro
cracks . The aggregate used is primarily for the purpose of providing bulk to the concrete and

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constitutes 60 to 80 percent of finished product.

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Fine aggregates are used to increase the workability and uniformly of concrete mixture.

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Water used for mixing and curing shall be clean and free from oil, acids, alkalis, salts, sugar

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etc. The diverse requirements of mixability, stability, transportability place ability, mobility,

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compatibility of fresh concrete are collectively referred to as workability.
Compressive strength of concrete on 28th day after casting is considered as one of the measure

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of quality. At least 4 specimens of cubes should be tested for acceptance criteria.
Grade of concrete
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Based on the compressive strength of concrete, they are designated with letter H
followed by an integer number represented characteristic strength of concrete, measured using
150mm size cube. Characteristic strength is defined us the strength of material below which
not more than 5% of test results are expected to full. The concrete grade M10, M15 and M20
are termed as ordinary concrete and those of M25 to M55 are termed as standard concrete and
the concrete of grade 60 and above are termed as high strength concrete. The selection of
minimum grade of concrete is dictated by durability considerations which are based on kind of
environment to which the structure is exposed, though the minimum grade of concrete for
reinforced concrete is specified as M20 under mild exposure conditions, it is advisable to
adopt a higher grade. For moderate, severe, very severe and extreme exposure conditions,

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M25, M30, M35 & M40 grades respectively are recommended.

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Reinforcing steel
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Steel bars are often used in concrete to take case of tensile stresses. Often they are

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called as rebars, steel bar induces ductility to composite material i.e. reinforced concrete steel
is stronger than concrete in compression also. Plain mild steel bars or deformed bars are

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generally used. Due to poor bond strength, plain bars are not used. High strength deformed

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bars generally cold twisted (CTD) are used in reinforced concrete. During beginning of 21st
century, Thermo-mechanical tream (TMT) bars which have ribs on surface are used in

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reinforced concrete. Yield strength of steel bars are denoted as characteristic strength. Yield

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strength of mild steel is 250MPa, yield strength of CTD &TMT bars available in market has
415 MPa or 500 MPa or 550MPa. TMT bars have better elongation than CTD bars. Stress-
strain curve of CTD bars or TMT bars do not have definite yield point, hence 0.2% proof
stress is used as yield strength. Fig 1.5 shows stress strain curve of different steel grades. Fe
followed by yield strength indicates steel grades. In the drawings of RCC, denotes MS bar and
# denotes CTD or TMT bars.

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1.7 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAMS BY
WORKING STRESS METHOD

1. Design a R.C beam to carry a load of 6 kN/m inclusive of its own weight on an effect span of
6m keep the breath to be 2/3 rd of the effective depth .the permissible stressed in the
concrete and steel are not to exceed 5N/mm2 and 140 N/mm2.take m=18

Step 1: Design constants.

Modular ratio, m =18.

𝑚𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐
A Coefficient n =𝑚𝜎 = 0.39
𝑐𝑏𝑐 +𝜎𝑠𝑡

Lever arm Coefficient, j=1-(n/3) = 0.87

𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐
Moment of resistance Coefficient Q = . n. j = 0.84 N/mm²

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Step 2: Moment on the beam.
2

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= (6x62)/8
= 27kNm

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M = Qbd2
d2 = M/Qb
= (27x106)/ (0.84x2/3xd)gin
d = 245mm.
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Step 3: Balanced Moment. ing
Mbal = Qbd2
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= 0.84x245x3652
= 27.41kNm. > M. t
It can be designed as singly reinforced section.

Step 4: Area of steel.

Ast = Mbal / (𝜎𝑠𝑡 .j.d)
= 616.72mm2
Use 20mm dia bars ast = π/4 (202) = 314.15mm2
No. of bars =Ast/ast
= 616.72/314.15
= 1.96 say 2nos.
Provide 2#20mm dia bars at the tension side

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2. Design a beam subjected to a bending moment of 40kNm by working stress design. Adopt
width of beam equal to half the effective depth. Assume the permissible stressed in the concrete
and steel are not to exceed 5N/mm2 and 140 N/mm2.take m=18.

Step 1: Design constants.

Modular ratio, m =18.

𝑚𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐
A Coefficient n =𝑚𝜎 = 0.39
𝑐𝑏𝑐 +𝜎𝑠𝑡

Lever arm Coefficient, j=1-(n/3) = 0.87

𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐
Moment of resistance Coefficient Q = . n. j = 0.84 N/mm²
2

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Step 2: Moment on the beam.

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M = Qbd2
d2 = M/Qb asy
En
= (40x106)/ (0.84x1/2xd)
d = 456.2 say 460 mm.
b= 0.5 ,d = 0.5x460 gin
= 230mm
eer
Step 3: Balanced Moment.
Mba = Qbd2 ing
.ne
l

= 0.84x230x4602
= 40.88kNm. > M.
It can be designed as singly reinforced section. t
Step 4: Area of steel.

Ast =Mbal / (𝜎𝑠𝑡 .j.d)

= (40.88x106)/(140x0.87x460)
= 729.64mm2
Use 20mm dia bars ast π/4 (202) = 314.15mm2
No. of bars = Ast/ast
= 729.64/314.15
= 2.96 say 3nos.
Provide 3#20mm dia bars at the tension side.

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3 Determine the moment of resistance of a singly reinforced beam 160X300mm effective

section, if the stress in steel and concrete are not to exceed 140N/mm2 and 5N/mm2.effectve
span of the beam is 5m and the beam carries 4 nos of 16mm dia bars. Take m=18.find also
the minimum load the bam can carry. Use WSD method.

Step 1: Actual NA.

b xa2/2 = m.Ast.(d- xa)

160. xa2/2 = 18 X 804.24(300 -xa)

Xa = 159.42mm

Step 2: Critical NA.

ww xc = 𝜎𝑏𝑐 .d/(𝜎𝑠𝑡 /.m + 𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 )

w.E xc < Xa = 159.42mm

= 117.39mm

it is Over reinforced Section. asy

Step 3: Moment of Resistance
En
M =
𝑥
(b. 2𝑎 .𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 )(d- xa/3) gin
= (160x159.42/2x5)(300-159.42/3)
eer
= 15.74kNm
ing
Step 4: Safe load.
.ne
M = (w.l2)/8

W = (8 x 15.74)/52
t
= 5.03 kN/m

4. A reinforced concrete rectangular section 300 mm wide and 600 mm overall depth is
reinforced with 4 bars of 25 mm diameter at an effective cover of 50 mm on the tension side. The
beam is designed with M 20 grade concrete and Fe 415 grade steel. Determine the allowable
bending moment and the stresses developed in steel and concrete under this moment. Use
working stress method.

Step 1: Actual NA.

b xa2/2 = m.Ast.(d- xa)

300. xa2/2 = 18 X 1963.50(550 - xa)

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Xa = 117.81mm

Step 2: Critical NA.

Xc = 𝜎𝑏𝑐 .d/(𝜎𝑠𝑡 /.m + 𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 )

= 194.66mm >Xa

= 117.81mm

it is Under reinforced Section.

ww
Step 3: Moment of Resistance For steel:

w.E M = (Ast.𝜎𝑠𝑡 )(d- xa/3)

=
asy
(1963.5x230)(550-117.81/3)

=
En
230.64kNm

For concrete:
𝑥
(b. 2𝑎. 𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 )(d- 𝑥𝑎 /3)
gin
M =
eer
=

=
(300x117.81/2x7)(550-117.81/3)

63.17kNm ing
.ne
t

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1.8 Limit State philosophy as detailed in IS code

DESIGN BASED ON LIMIT STATE METHOD:
Types of limit states:
Two categories of limit states are considered in design.
Limit states of collapse:
• Limit state of collapse in flexure
• Limit state of collapse in compression
• Limit state of collapse in compression and uniaxial bending.
• Limit state of collapse in compression and biaxial bending.
•
• ww Limit state of collapse in shear
Limit state of collapse in bond
•
•
w.E
Limit state of collapse in torsion
Limit state of collapse in tension
Limit state of serviceability: asy
• Limit state of deflection
En
•
•
Limit state of cracking
gin
Other limit states, such as vibration, fire resistance, durability etc.

eer
1. Limit state of collapse:
ing
The limit state of collapse of the structure or part of the structure could be
assesses from rupture of one .ne
or more critical sections and from buckling due to

t
elastic or plastic instability or overturning. The resistance to bending, shear, torsion and
axial loads at every section shall not be less than the appropriate value at that section
produced by the probable most unfavorable combination of loads on the structure using
the appropriate partial safety factors.
2. Limit state of serviceability:
The limit state of serviceability relate to the performance or behavior of
structure at working loads. Normally, design is based on the considerations of limit
states of collapse on ultimate loads and on serviceability limit states of deflection and
cracking under service loads. Durability is taken care of by prescribing appropriate
grade of concrete, nominal cover for various exposure condition, cement content etc.

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1.8 ADVANTAGES OF LIMIT STATE METHOD OVER OTHER METHODS

The advantages of limit state method over the other methods are the following

a) In the limit state method of analysis, the principles of both elastic as well as plastic
theories used and hence suitable for concrete structures
b) The structure designed by limit state method is safe and serviceable under design
loads and at the same time it is ensured that the structure does not collapse even
under the worst possible loading conditions
c) The process of stress redistribution, moment redistribution etc., are considered in

ww
the analysis and more realistic factor of safety values are used in the design
d) Hence the design by limit state method is found to be more economical.

w.E
e) The overall sizes of flexural members (depth requirements) arrived by limit state
method are less and hence they provide better appearance to the structures.

asy
Working Stress Method
En Limit State Method

gin
The stress in a component is derived from the The stresses are derived from the design load and

eer
working load and compared with the permissible are compared with the design strength.

stress.
ing
This method can also be referred to as the This method can also be referred to as non-

.ne
deterministic method as a result of the method deterministic because the method is based on a

t
assumes that the actual load, permissible stress probabilistic approach that relies on real data or

and safety factors are identified. experience.

The work stress method is based on elastic theory The limit state method is based on the actual

which assumes that concrete and steel are elastic stress-strain curves of steel and concrete, The

and the stress-strain curve for both is linear. stress-strain curve for concrete is non-linear.

Physical capabilities are largely underestimated, The capabilities of the material are not

Safety factors are used in the work stress method. underestimated as much as they are in the

working stress method. Partial protection factors

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are used in the limit state method.

The ultimate load-carrying capacity cannot be Ultimate stresses of the material themselves are

precisely predicted. used as allowable stresses.

Within the work stress method, the material In the limit state method, stress is allowed to

follows Hooke’s rule because the stress is not exceed the yield limit.

allowed to exceed the yield limit.

In working stress method, a section which is In LSM, a section normal to the axis of the

plane before bending remains plane after bending. structural element remains on the plane after

ww bending.

In the work stress method, no safety factor is used In the limit state method, the design load is

w.E
for the load. obtained by multiplying the load’s partial safety

asy factors to the work load.

En
The working stress method is less economical as The limit state method is more economical

it gives thicker parts.

gin
because it gives thin sections.

eer
ing
.ne
t

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1.9 Analysis and design of singly and doubly reinforced rectangular beams by
Limit state method

The Concrete beam whose only tension zone of cross-section area is covered with steel rod is known
as a singly reinforced beam.

ANALYSIS OF SINGLY REINFORCED BEAMS PROBLMS:

TYPE 1 PROBLEM:

GIVEN DATA: Ast in mm2 or number of bars with diameter, size of beam (b, D), type of concrete
(fck), type of steel (fy), if load to be calculated then span is given. REQUIRED: Ultimate moment or

ww
factored moment or moment or resistance (Mu) or Mu & w.

Note:
w.E
1.
asy
Ultimate moment or factored moment (Mu) = 1.5 x working moment = 1.5 x M

2.
En
Ultimate load or factored load (wu) = 1.5 x working load = 1.5 x w

DESIGN STEPS:
gin
STEP 1: Note down the value for Xu,max/d by referring IS: 456-2000
eer
Fy in N/mm2 Xu,max/d
ing
250
415
0.53
0.48 .ne
500 0.46
t
STEP 2: Determine depth of neutral axis Xu/d Xu/d = (0.87.fy.Ast)/(0.36.fck.b.d)

Where,

Xu = depth of neutral axis

Fy = characteristic tensile strength of steel in N/mm2 Ast = area of steel in tension in mm2

Fck = characteristic compressive strength of concrete in N/mm2 b = breadth or width of member

d = effective depth in mm

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Effective depth (d) = overall depth (D) – effective cover (d’) Effective cover (d’) = clear cover +
diameter of bar/2

Clear cover for beam = 25mm.

STEP 3: Compare Xu/d and Xu,max/d

If Xu/d < Xu,max/d, then section is under reinforced. The moment of resistance is calculated by

Mu = 0.87.fy.Ast.d. [1- (fy.Ast)/(fck.b.d)]

If Xu/d > Xu,max/d, then section is over reinforced. The moment of resistance is calculated by

ww Mu,lim = 0.149.fck.b.d2 for Fe250 steel.

w.E
Mu,lim = 0.138.fck.b.d2 for Fe415 steel.

asy
Mu,lim = 0.133.fck.b.d2 for Fe500 steel.

En
If the section is balanced that is Xu/d = Xu,max/d then the limiting moment of resistance (Mu,lim) is
calculated.

gin
STEP 4: Working moment = M = Mu/1.5
eer
ing
The maximum bending moment for simply supported beam carrying UDL = wl2/8 Now equating
maximum bending moment and working moment

M = wl2/8, w = 8M/ l2 .ne

Where w = total load = dead load + live load. DL
t
self-weight of beam= ρ.b.D =25.b.D kN/m

Live load = w-DL in kN/m.

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PROBLEM 1.Find the depth of neutral axis of a singly reinforced R.C beam of 230mm width and
450mm effective depth. It is reinforced with 4 bars of 16mm diameter. Use M20 concrete and Fe415
bars. Also comment on the type of beam.

Given data: b=230mm,

d=450mm,

Ast=4-#16,

fck=20 N/mm2,

fy=415 N/mm2

ww
Required: Xu

w.E
Solution:

asy
Step1: As per IS: 456-2000 Xu,max/d = 0.48 for Fe415

En
Step2: Xu/d = (0.87.fy.Ast)/(0.36.fck.b.d)

Ast= no of bars x π(diameter)2/4 = 4x πx(16)2/4

gin
eer
= 504.24 mm2
ing
.ne
Xu/d = (0.87x415x804.24) / (0.36x20x230x450)

= 0.39

Xu = 0.39xd = 0.39x450 = 175.5mm.

t
Step3: By comparing Xu/d < Xu,max/d

Section is under-reinforced.

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PROBLEM 2.A singly reinforced concrete beam 250mm width is reinforced with 4 bars of 25mm
diameter at an effective depth 400mm. If M20 grade concrete and Fe415 bars are used. Compute
moment of resistance of the section.

Given data: b=250mm, d=400mm, Ast=4-#25, fck=20 N/mm2, fy=415 N/mm2 Required: Mu

Solution:

Step1: As per IS: 456-2000 Xu,max/d = 0.48 for Fe415

Step2: Xu/d = (0.87.fy.Ast)/(0.36.fck.b.d)

ww Ast= no of bars x π(diameter)2/4

w.E= 4x πx(25)2/4 = 1963.75 mm2

asy
Xu/d = (0.87x415x1963.75) / (0.36x20x250x400)

= 0.98 En
gin
Step3: By comparing Xu/d > Xu,max/d
eer
Section is Over-reinforced.
ing
Step4:
.ne
Mu,lim=0.138.fck.bd2

=0.138x20x250x400 2
t
= 110400000 N-mm = 110.4 kN-m

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PROBLEM 3.A simply supported singly reinforced beam having 250mm wide and 500mm
effective depth provided with Fe415 steel and M20 grade of concrete. Determine the ultimate
moment of resistance of beam.

Given data: b=250mm,

d=500mm,

fck=20 N/mm2,

fy=415 N/mm2

Required: Mu,lim

ww
Solution:

w.E
Mu,lim=0.138.fck.bd2

=0.138x20x250x5002 asy
= 172500000 N-mm En
gin
= 172.5 kN-m
eer
ing
PROBLEM 4.A rectangular section of 230x500mm is used as a simply supported beam for effective
span of 6m. The beam consists of tensile reinforcement of 4000 mm2 and center of reinforcement is

.ne
placed at 35mm from the bottom edge. What maximum total UDL can be allowed on the beam? Given
M20 concrete and Fe415 steel.

Given data:
t
b=230mm,

D=500mm,

simply supported beam, l=6m,

Ast=4000mm2, d’=35mm,

fck=20 N/mm2,

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fy=415 N/mm2

Required: w

Solution:

Step1: As per IS: 456-2000

Xu,max/d = 0.48 for Fe415

Step2:

Xu/d = (0.87.fy.Ast)/ (0.36.fck.b.d)

ww d=D-d’=500-35=465mm

w.E
Xu/d = (0.87x415x4000) / (0.36x20x230x465)

= 1.875
asy
Step3: by comparing Xu/d > Xu,max/d En
Section is Over-reinforced. gin
Step4: Mu,lim=0.138.fck.bd2 =0.138x20x230x4652 eer
ing
= 137259630 N-mm
.ne
Step5: M=Mu/1.5
= 137.26 kN-m
t
=137.26/1.5=91.506kN-m

Maximum bending moment for simply supported beam with UDL

M=wl2/8,

w=8M/l2

=8.91.506/62=20.33kN-m

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ANALYSIS OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM

Definition: the RCC beam section in which steel reinforcement is provided to resist both compression
and tension is called doubly reinforced beam.

The circumstances under which doubly reinforced sections are provided:

1. When there are architectural restrictions on the depth of otherwise singly reinforced section.

2. Restriction in the depth at the location of beam at plinth level, along with the provision of
ventilator between the ground level and the bottom of plinth beam.

3. In a continuous beam floor system, where the beam acts as a T-beam in the midspan and acts

ww
as a rectangular beam at the supports where the B.M may be much greater than at the mid span.

4.
w.E
Where it is required to increase the stiffness of the beam.

5.
asy
It is found that the compression steel increases the rotation capacity and ductility

TYPE I PROBLEMS (Mu):

En
gin
Given data: Ast, Asc, size of beam, effective cover for compression steel (d’), type of concrete (fck)
and steel (fy). If load to be calculated then span is given.
eer
ing
Required: ultimate moment or factored moment or moment of resistance (Mu) and super imposed load
(w).

.ne
Solution:
t
Step1: calculate Asc= no of bars x π (ϕc)2/4 mm2, Ast= no of bars x π (ϕt)2/4 mm2 Where, ϕc=
diameter of compression steel, ϕt= diameter of tension steel

Step2: Xu,max= 0.46d for Fe500

0.48d for Fe415

0.53d for Fe250

Step3: stress in compression (fsc): from the table F of SP16 by linear interpolation Calculate d’/d

For Fe250 fsc=0.87.fy

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Step4: Ast2= Asc.fsc / (0.87. fy)

Step5: Ast= Ast1+ Ast2

Ast1= Ast- Ast2

Step 6: depth of neutral axis

Xu/d= (0.87.fy.Ast1) / (0.36.fck.b.d) or Xu= 0.87.fy.Ast-fsc.Asc / (0.36.fck.b)

If, Xu < Xu,max section is under reinforced.

Therefore, calculate the moment of resistance by the following expression Mu-Mu,lim=fsc.Asc.(d-d’)

ww
Mu= 0.36. fck.b.xu.( d-0.42.xu) + fsc.Asc(d-d’) If, Xu > Xu,max section is over reinforced.

w.E
Put Xu = Xu,max value and calculate moment of resistance by the following expression, Mu= 0.36.

asy
fck.b.xu,max.( d-0.42.xu,max) + fsc.Asc(d-d’)

En
To calculate safe udl of live load: follow same steps as in singly reinforced beams.

gin
Poblem 1 A doubly reinforced beam section is 250mm wide and 450mm deep to center of the

eer
tensile reinforcement. It is reinforced with 2 bars of 16mm diameter as compressive
reinforcement at an effective cover 50mm and 4 bars of 25mm diameter as tensile steel. Using

ing
M15 concrete and Fe250 steel. Calculate the ultimate moment of resistance of the beam.

Given data:
.ne
b=250mm, t
d=450mm,

fck=15 N/mm2,

fy=250 N/mm2,

d’=50mm,

Asc= 2- #16, Ast=4-#25

Required: Mu Solution:

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Step1: calculating Asc= no of bars x π (ϕc)2/4

=2 πx(16)2/4=402.12mm2 Ast

= no of bars x π (ϕt)2/4=4x πx(25)2/4=1963.49mm2

Step2: Xu,max=0.53d for Fe250

=0.53x450=238.5mm

Step3: stress in compression (fsc)

fsc=0.87.fy=0.87x250=217.5 N/mm2

ww
step4: Ast2=(Asc. fsc)/(0.87. fy)

w.E =(402.12x217.5)/(0.87x250)=402.12mm2

step5: Ast=Ast1+Ast2, Ast1

asy
En
=Ast-Ast2=1963.49-402.12=1561.37mm2

step6: depth of neutral axis (Xu) gin

Xu= 0.87.fy.Ast1/ (0.36.fck.b) eer
ing
= 0.87x250x1561.37/ (0.36x15x250)
.ne
=251.5mm

Xu> Xu,max section is over reinforced.

t
Step7: Mu=0.149.fck.b.d2+fsc.Asc.

(d-d’)= 0.149x15x250x4502+217.5x402.12x (450- 50) =148.13x106 N-mm

Mu=148.13 kN-m.

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Problem 2 A doubly reinforced beam section is 250mm wide and 500mm deep to the
center of the tensile reinforcement. It is reinforced with 2 bars of 18mm diameter as
compression reinforcement at an effective cover of 40mm and 4 bars of 25mm diameter
as tensile reinforcement using M15 concrete and Fe415 steel. Calculate MR of the
section.
Given data:
b=250mm,
d=500mm,
fck=15 N/mm2,
fy=415 N/mm2,

ww
d’=40mm,
Asc= 2- #18,

w.E
Ast=4-#25
Required: Mu
Solution: asy
Step1: calculating,
En
Ast =no’s.xπ.(ϕt)2/4
= 4xπx(25)2/4= 1963.49mm2 Asc
gin
= no of bars x π (ϕc)2/4=2x πx(18)2/4=508.93mm2eer
Step2:
ing
Xu,max=0.48d for Fe415
.ne
=0.48x500
=240mm
Step3: stress in compression (fsc) d'/d
t
=40/500
=0.08
By referring table –F of sp16 d'/d fsc
0.05 355 Y1
0.08 ? Y
0.1 353 Y2
Y = Y1 + ((Y2-Y1)/(X2-X1))*(X-X1)
= 355+((353-355)/(0.1-0.05))*(0.08- 0.05)=353.8 N/mm2

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Fsc= 353.8 N/mm2

step4:
Ast2 =(Asc. fsc)/(0.87. fy)
=(508.93x353.8)/(0.87x415)=498.71mm2
step5:
Ast =Ast1+Ast2,
Ast1 =Ast-Ast2
=1963.49-498.71
=1464.78mm2 step6: depth of neutral axis (Xu)
Xu = (0.87.fy.Ast-fsc.Asc)/ (0.36.fck.b)

ww = (0.87x415x1963.49-353.8x508.93)/ (0.36x15x250)
=391.74mm
w.EXu> Xu,max section is over reinforced.
Step7:
asy
Mu=0.138.fck.b.d2+fsc.Asc. (d-d’)
= 0.138x15x250x5002+353.8x508.93x (500- 40)

En
=212.2x106 N-mm
Mu=212.2 kN-m.
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

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ww
w.E

UNIT 2a syE
ngi
nee
rin
g.n
et

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UNIT -II
DESIGN OF BEAMS

2.1 Analysis and design of Flanged beams

In actual practice, T-sections and L-sections are more common than the rectangular section
since part of the RC slab, monolithic with the beam and participate with the structural behavior of
the beam. For the same load and span T-beam and L- beam carries more moment of resistance
than rectangular beams.

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
When a concrete slab is cast monolithically with and, connected to rectangular beams, a

eer
portion of the slab above the beam behaves structurally as a part of the beam in compression.

ing
The slab portions are called the flange and beam the web. If the flange projections are on either
side of the rectangular web or rib, the resulting cross section resembles the T shape and hence is

.ne
called a T-beam section. On the other hand, if the flange projects on one side, the resulting
cross- section resembles an inverted L and hence is termed as L-beam.
Advantages of T-beam are t
1.Beam and slab are casted monolithically hence; casting can be done at a time.
2.Slab and beam combined together to carry more bending moment.
For same section, T-beams have more M.R (flexural strength) than that of rectangular beam.

EFFECTIVE WIDTH OF FLANGE:

It is that portion of slab which acts integrally with the beam and extends on either side of
the beam forming the compression zone. The effective width of flange depends upon the span of
the beam, thickness of slab and breadth of the web. It also depends upon the type of loads and
support conditions.

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As per code (clause 32.1.2 of IS: 456-2000)

Effective flange width for T and L beams are calculated as follows:

a) For T-beams: bf = l0 /6 + bw +6Df
b) For L-beams: bf = l0 /12 + bw +3Df
c) For isolated beams:
i) For T-beams: bf = l0 /[( l0/b)+4] + bw
ii) For L-beams: bf = 0.5l0 /[( l0/b)+4] + bw
Where,
bf = effective width of the flange.

bw = breadth of the web

ww Df = thickness of the flange,

I = distance between point of zero moment (forcontinuous beam,

w.EI = 0.7x (effective span of beam).


asy
First segment will be like a rectangular section and steel area Ast1.

En
Second segment will be like a beam section having concrete section of area [(bf-
bw)Df] and steel area of Ast2.
gin


eer
Our consideration in design and analysis for depth of neutral axis xu > Df will
be ascertain the compressive force taken up by concrete in second segment
and its line of action.
ing

.ne
If xu ≤ Df, the beam can be thought of as a rectangular section of width bf.
The stress distribution for various values of xu

STEPS FOR CALCULATING DEPTH OF NEUTRAL AXIS AND MOMENT OF

RESISTANCE:
t
Given: bf, d, Ast, Df, grade of steel and grade of concrete, span for load calculation.

Required: Factored moment or moment of resistance and load.

Case I: Neutral axis lies within the flange

Steps:1 Calculate depth of neutral axis assuming neutral axis lies within the flange

Xu/d = (0.87.fy.Ast)/ (0.36.fck.b.d)

Calculate xu
If xu≤ Df (Assumption is correct)

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Where, Df = depth of flange or slab
2.Note down the value of xu,max /d from IS:456-2000 Calculate
xu,max
If xu< xu,max section is under reinforced, calculate the moment of resistance bythe
following expression
Mu=0.87. fy. Ast.d. [1-(( fy. Ast)/( fck.b.d))]
3.If xu> xu,max section is over reinforced, calculate the moment of resistance bythe
following expression
Mu.lim= 0.36. fck.bf.xu,max.( d-0.42.xu,max)

Case II: Neutral axis lies below the flangeSteps:

ww
Calculate neutral axis assuming neutral axis (NA) lies within flange. If xu>Df,assumption is
wrong. NA lies below the flange.

w.E
Recalculate the value of xu by using following relation C1+C2=TWhere, C1 =

asy
0.36.fck.xu.bw
C2 = 0.45.fck.(bf – bw).Df T = 0.87. fy. Ast

En
0.36.fck.xu.bw + 0.45.fck.(bf – bw).Df = 0.87. fy. Ast (assume (Df / xu) <0.43) and find xu

If xu>Df, assumption is correct, follow step 3.

gin
If xu<Df, assumption is that (Df / xu)> 0.43
Then recalculate xu by using relation C1 +C2 = eer
TWhere, C1 = 0.36.fck.xu.bw ing
C2 = 0.45.fck.(bf – bw).yf
.ne
T = 0.87. fy. Ast
yf = (0.15 xu + 0.65Df t
If xu ≥ xu,max section is over reinforced or balanced.
Df / d ≤ 0.2 use equation G.2.2 page No.96, IS:456-2000 for Mu calculation
Mu.lim= 0.36. fck.bw.d2.(xu,max/d).( 1-0.42.(xu,max/d)) +
0.45.fck.(bf – bw).Df.(d-(Df/2))
Df / d > 0.2 use equation G.2.2.1 page No.97, IS:456-2000 for Mu calculation
Mu.lim= 0.36. fck.bw. d2.( (xu,max/d).( 1-0.42.(xu,max/d)) +
0.45.fck.(bf – bw).yf.(d-(yf/2))
Where, yf = (0.15 xu + 0.65Df), but should not be greater than Df.

If xu < xu,max section is under reinforced.

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1.Df / xu ≤ 0.43 use equation G.2.2 page No.96, IS:456-2000 for Mu calculation
Mu= 0.36. fck.bw. d2.( (xu/d).( 1-0.42.(xu/d)) + 0.45.fck.(bf –
bw).Df.(d-(Df/2))

2.Df / xu > 0.43 use equation G.2.2.1 page No.97, IS:456-2000 for Mu calculation

Mu= 0.36. fck.bw. d2.( (xu/d).( 1-0.42.(xu/d)) + 0.45.fck.(bf – bw).yf.(d-(yf/2))

Where, yf = (0.15 xu + 0.65Df), but should not be greater than Df.

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UNIT -II
DESIGN OF BEAMS

2.2 Design of Flanged beams

Problem 1.Find the flange width of the following simply supported T-beam. Effectivespan
= 6m, C/C distance of adjacent panels = 3.0m, Breadth of the web =350mm, Thickness of
slab = l00mm.
Solutions:
Given: l = 6m,
bf = 300,
Df = l00mm.

ww Since the beam is simply supported, the distance between the points of zero
moments l0 = l = 6m

w.E Clear span of the slab to the left or right of the beam
= C/C distance of adjacent panels — bw
=3000 — 350 = 2650mm
asy
i)
En
Effective width of the flange is the least of the following:
bf = l0 /6 + bw +6Df

gin
= 6000 + 350 + 6 x100= l950mm
ii)

= 350 + 2650/2 + 2650/2 = 3000mm eer

bf = bw + Half of the clear distance to the adjacent beams on either side

Therefore, bf = 1950mm. ing

.ne
Problem 2.A T-beam of depth of 450 mm has a flange width of 1000 mm and depth of

t
120 mm. It is reinforced with 6- 20mmϕ bars on tension side with a cover of 30 mm. If M-
20 concrete and Fe415 steel are used. Calculate MR of beam. Take bw= 300mm.

Solution:
Given : bw = 300mm,

bf = l000mm,

Df = 120mm,

Clear Cover = 30mm,

D = 450mm Effective cover= 30 + 20/2 = 40mm

d = 450 - 40 = 4l0mm

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M20, fck = 20 N/mm2
Fe415, fy = 415 N/mm2
Assuming Actual Neutral Axis (xu) lies within the flange (i.e, xu ≤ Df )

Xu/d = (0.87.fy.Ast)/ (0.36.fck.b.d)

= 0.87x415x1885 / (0.36x1000x20)

= 94.52mm < Df (120mm)

Assumption is correct

The value of xu,max /d from IS:456-2000 for Fe415

0.48.xu,max = 0.48d = 0.48x410 = 196.8mm

ww xu< xu,max, section is under reinforced, calculate the moment of resistance by the
following expression

w.E Mu =0.87. fy. Ast.d. [1-(( fy. Ast)/( fck.b.d))]

asy
= 0.87x415x1885x410x(1-((1885x415)/(1000x410x20)))

= 252.41x106 N-mm

Mu= 252.41x106 N-mm.En

gin
Problem 3.Calculate the Ultimate moment of resistance of a tee-beam having the

eer
following section properties. Use M20 and Fe 415 HYSD bars. Width of flange =

ing
l300mm, Thickness of flange = l00mm, Width of rib = 325mm, Effective depth =
600mm, Area of steel = 4000mm2

Solution: .ne
Given: bw = 325mm,

bf = l300mm,
t
Df = l00mm,

d = 600mm,

fck = 20N /mm2,

fy =415N/mm2,

Ast = 4000mm2.
Assuming Actual Neutral Axis (xu) lies within the flange (i.e, xu ≤ Df )
Xu/d = (0.87.fy.Ast)/ (0.36.fck.b.d)

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= 0.87x415x4000 / (0.36x1300x20)

= 154.3mm > Df (100mm)

Assumption is wrong, neutral axis lies below the flange.
Df / d = 100 / 600 = 0.166 < 0.2
The value of xu by using relation C1+C2=T

C1 = 0.36.fck.xu.bw = 0.36x20x325x xu = 2340 xu

C2 = 0.45.fck.(bf – bw).Df

= 0.45x20x100x(1300-325)

= 877500 N T = 0.87. fy. Ast

ww = 0.87x415x4000 = 1444200 N
2340 xu + 877500 = 1444200

w.E xu = 242.18mm

asy
xu,max = 0.48d = 0.48x600 =

En
288mm xu< xu,max, section is under
reinforced. Df / xu = 100 / 242.18 = 0.413
< 0.43. gin
Hence use equation for Mu calculation
eer
ing
Mu= 0.36. fck.bw.d2.(xu/d).( 1-0.42.(xu/d)) + 0.45.fck.(bf – bw).Df.(d-(Df/2))

Mu= 0.36x (242.18/600)x(1-0.42x(242.18/600))x325x6002x20 +

0.45x20x(1300-325)x100x(600-(100/2)) .ne
= 282557218 + 482625000
= 765.18x106 N-mm
t
= 765.15 kN-m.

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Design of Shear and torsion

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.ne
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Design Problem – T beam

Calculate the ultimate moment of resistance of a T - beam using following data:
Width of flange = 1500 mm, Depth of flange = 100 mm, Overall depth of beam
= 600 mm, Width of rib = 300mm, Area of tension steel = 2455 mm2, Effective
cover = 40 mm, fck = 15 Mpa, fy = 415 Mpa.

Solution:
Given: bf =1500 mm,
Df = 100 mm,

ww D = 600 mm,

w.E bw = 300 mm,

Ast = 2455 mm2,

asy
eff. cover = 40 mm,
fck = 15 N/mm2,
fy = 415 N/mm2. En
gin
Assuming Actual Neutral Axis (xu) lies within the flange (i.e, xu ≤ Df )
Xu/d = (0.87.fy.Ast)/ (0.36.fck.b.d)
eer
= 0.87x415x2455 / (0.36x1500x15)
= 109.42mm >Df (100mm) ing
Assumption is wrong, neutral axis lies below the flange and
.ne
Df / xu <0.43 Df / d
= 100 / 600 t
= 0.166 < 0.2
The value of xu by using relation
C1+C2=T
C1 = 0.36.fck.xu.bw = 0.36x15x300x xu
= 1620 xu
C2 = 0.45.fck.(bf – bw).Df
= 0.45x15x100x(1500-300) = 810000 N T
= 0.87. fy. Ast = 0.87x415x2455 = 886377.75 N
1620 xu+ 810000 = 886377.75

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xu = 47.14mm xu < Df
Therefore assumption is that
Df / xu > 0.43,
C2 value changes, C2 = 0.45.fck.(bf – bw).yf
yf = (0.15 xu + 0.65Df)
= 0.15x xu+ 0.65x100 = 0.15x xu + 65
C2 = 0.45x15x (1500-300) x (0.15x xu + 65)
= 1215 x xu + 526500
Now using relation
C1+C2=T

ww 1620 xu+ 1215 x xu + 526500 = 886377.75

xu = 126.94mm

w.E Df / xu = 100 / 126.94

= 0.78 > 0.43,
Assumption is correct. asy
En
xu,max = 0.48d = 0.48x(600-40) = 268.80mm

gin
xu < xu,max, section is under reinforced.
Hence use equation for Mu calculation
Mu
eer
= 0.36. fck.bw.d2.(xu/d).( 1-0.42.(xu/d)) + 0.45.fck.(bf – bw).yf.(d-(yf/2)) yf
= 0.15x xu +65
= 0.15x 126.94 + 65 = 84.04mm
ing
Xu/d = 126.94 / 560 = 0.23 .ne
t
Mu= 0.36x 0.23 x (1-(0.42x0.23)) x300x5602x15 + 0.45x15x(1500-300)x84.04x(560-(84.04/2))
= 105559905+ 680724 (560 – 42.02)
= 458.16x106 N-mm
= 458.16 kN-m

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Design Problem – T beam

An isolated T-beam has a flange of 1200x100mm, width of rib is 250mm and effective
depth is 600mm. Tension steel is 3500mm2. Grade of concrete is M20 and steel grade
is Fe415. Compute the ultimate moment of resistance. Span of SS beam = 8m. Also
calculate the safe superimposed load the T-beam can carry, if effective cover = 50mm.
Solution:
Given: bw = 250mm,
bf = l200mm,

ww Df = l00mm,
d = 600mm,

w.E fck = 20N /mm2,

asy
fy = 415N/mm2,
Ast = 3500mm2,
l = 8m,
En
D = 600 + 50 = 650mm.
gin
eer
For Isolated T-beam Effective flange width is the least of the following:
1. bf = I /[( I/b)+4] + bw
= 8000/((8000/1200)+4)+250 = 1000mm
ing
2. bf = actual width of the flange = 1200 mm
Therefore, bf = 1000 mm. .ne
t
Assuming Actual Neutral Axis (xu) lies within the flange (i.e, xu ≤ Df )
Xu/d = (0.87.fy.Ast)/ (0.36.fck.b.d) = 0.87x415x3500 / (0.36x1000x20) =
175.51mm > Df (100mm)
Assumption is wrong, neutral axis lies below the flange.
Df / d = 100 / 600 = 0.166 < 0.2
The value of xu by using relation C1+C2=T
C1 = 0.36.fck.xu.bw = 0.36x20x250x xu = 1800 xu
C2 = 0.45.fck.(bf – bw).Df = 0.45x20x100x(1000-250) = 675000 N T = 0.87. fy.
Ast = 0.87x415x3500 = 1263675 N
1800 xu+ 675000 = 1263675
xu = 327.04mm
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xu,max = 0.48d = 0.48x600

= 288mm xu> xu,max,
section is over reinforced.
Df / xu = 100 / 327.04 = 0.305 < 0.43.
Hence use equation for Mu calculation
Mu= 0.36. fck.bw.d2.(xu,max/d).( 1-0.42.(x xu,max /d)) + 0.45.fck.(bf – bw).Df.(d-(Df/2))
Mu= 0.36x 0.48x(1-(0.42x0.48))x250x6002x20 + 0.45x20x(1000-250)x100x(600- (100/2))
= 248334336 + 371250000
= 619.58x106 N-mm
= 619.58 kN-m.

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Design of RC members for combined Bending, Shear and Torsion

Problem: Design a reinforced concrete beam of rectangular cross-section for the following data

b = 300mm d = 800mm
D = 850mm fck= 15 N/mm2
fy= 250N/mm2 Mu= 200 kNm
V = 100 kN Tu=50kN.m

Step1: Equivalent shear

ww
w.E
Since tensile reinforcement is not known at the outset, therefore the minimum % of tension steel is

asy
En
gin
eer
Hence both the longitudinal and transverse reinforcement shall be provided

ing
.ne
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UNIT 3a syE
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DESIGN OF SLABS

Difference between One Way Slab and Two Way Slab

Sr No. One Way Slab Two Way Slab

The one way slab is supported by a beam The two way slab is supported by the beam
1
on two opposite side only. on all four sides.

In one way slab, the load is carried in one

In two way slab, the load is carried in both
2 direction perpendicular to the supporting

ww beam.
directions.

3 w.E One way slab two opposite side support Two Way Slab four side mins all side

asy
beam /wall supported beam /wall

One way slab is bend only in one spanning Two way slab is bend both spanning side
4
En
side direction while load transfer direction while load transfer

One way slab is bend only in one spanning ginIn two-way slab, the crank is provided in
5
side direction while load transfer
eer
four directions.

6
If L/b the ratio is greater than or equal 2 or
ing
If L/b the ratio is less than 2 then it is

then it is considered a one-way slab.

.ne
considered a two-way slab.

7
In one-way slab, the load is carried in one

direction perpendicular to the supporting

t
In two-way slab, the load is carried in both

directions.
beam.

The deflected shape of the one-way slab is Whereas the deflected shape of the two-way
8
cylindrical. slab is a dish or saucer-like shape.

Whereas two-way slabs are used in

Chajja and Varandha are practical
9 constructive floors of the Multistorey
examples of one-way slab.
building.

10 In one-way slab quantity of steel is less. In two-way slab quantity of steel is more as

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compared to the one-way slab.

Main Reinforcement is in provide short Main Reinforcement is in provide short span

11
span due to banding. due to banding

12 Ly/Lx ≥ 2 one way slab spanning. Ly/Lx < 2 two way slab spanning

One way slab near about 100mm to two way slabs is in the range of 100mm to
13
150mm based on the deflection. 200mm depending upon

Two way slab may economical for the panel

14 one way slab economical near about 3.5 m.
sizes near about 6m x 6m.

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CANTILEVER SLABS

INTRODUCTION

A slab is like a flat plate loaded transversely and supported on its edges. Under
the loads, it bends and the directions of its bending depend on its shape and support
conditions. A beam bends only in one direction, i.e. in its own plane; where as a slab
may have multidirectional bending. Therefore, slabs may have different names
depending upon its bending, support conditions and shapes. For example, a slab may be
called

ww
(a) One-way simply supported rectangular slab,
(b) Two-way simply supported or restrained rectangular slab,

w.E
(c) Cantilever rectangular slab,

asy
(d) Fixed or simply supported circular slab, etc

En
One-way slab means it bends only in one direction and, therefore, reinforcement
for bending (i.e. main reinforcement) is provided only in that direction. A slab
gin
supported on all sides bends in all the directions so the main reinforcements provided

eer
shall be such that they may be effective in all directions. For ease of analysis and

ing
convenience of reinforcement detailing, the bending moments in a slab are calculated in

.ne
two principal directions only and, therefore, such a slab is called a two-way slab.
A slab is designed as a beam of unit width in the direction of bending. In this

t
unit, only the most commonly used rectangular slabs, with uniformly distributed load
is described.
Objectives
After studying this unit, you should be able to
• describe the design and detailing of cantilever slabs,
• design and explain detailing of one-way and two-way simply supported slabs, and
• explain the design and detailing of two-way restrained slabs

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN AND DETAILING OF SLABS

Following are the general principles for design and detailing applicable to all

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types of slabs
(a) The maximum diameter of reinforcing bars shall not exceed1/8 th of total
thickness (D) of the slab.
(b) Normally, shear reinforcement is not provided in slabs. The shear resistance
requirements may, then, be complied either by increasing the percentage of
tensile reinforcement or by increasing the depth of slab, but the latter is preferred
as it is economical. For solid slabs, the design shear strength for concrete slab
shall be τ ,c, K, , where K has the values given IS 800.
(c) To take care of temperature and shrinkage stresses, minimum reinforcement in
either direction shall not be less than 0.15 percent and 0.12 percent of total cross
ww section area of concrete section for mild steel and high strength deformed bars,

w.E
respectively.
(d) To meet the requirement for limit state of cracking the following two rules are
observed: asy
(i)
En
The horizontal distance between parallel main reinforcement shall not

gin
be more than 3 times the effective depth of slab or 300 mm whichever

(ii)
is smaller.
eer
The horizontal distance between parallel bars provided against

ing
temperature and shrinkage shall not be more than 5 d or 450 mm,
whichever is smaller
.ne
DESIGN OF SLAB
Definition :
t
Slab is a thin flexural member used as a floor of structure to support the imposed load
Loads on slab :
Generally in design of horizontal slab two types of loads are considered.
 Dead load
 Imposed load
Dead load :
The dead load in slab comprises of the immovable partitions. Floor finishes
weathering courses and primarily its weight .The dead loads are to be determined

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based on the weight of the materials .

Imposed loads:
Imposed load is the load induced by the intent use or occupancy of the building
including the weight of movable partitions load due to impact vibrations.
Basic rules for the design of the slab :
The two main factors to be considered while designing the slab are:
 Strength of the slab against flexure, shear, twisted.
 Stiffness against deflection
One way slab – codal requirements :

ww When the ratio of the longer span to shorter span is greater than 2, it is called one
way slab and bending takes place along one direction. The loads on the slab is

w.E
transferred to the supports only on the main reinforcement. Hence main reinforcement
is provided in the shorter span.
Minimum requirement in slab : asy
En
As per clause 26.5.2.1 of IS 456:2000, the reinforcement in either direction ,in

gin
slabs shall not be less than 0.12% of the total cross sectional area , when HYSD bars
Fe415 are used.
Maximum size of bars in slabs eer
ing
As per clause 26.5.2.2 of IS 456 :2000 , the reinforcing bars shall not exceed 1/8 of the
total thickness of the slab.
.ne
DESIGN OF CANTILEVER SLAB
t
Design a cantilever chajja slab projecting 1m from the support using M20 grade
concrete and Fe415 HYSD bars. Adopt a live load of 3kN/m2.

i. Given
L = 1m
q = 3 kN/m2
fck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2
𝜏bd = 1.2N/mm2 for plain bars for

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M20grade concrete

ii. Depth of slab

Effective depth d = (span/7)

= 1000/7 = 142.8 mm
Adopt d = 150 mm
D = 175 mm
Adopt maximum depth of 150 mm at support gradually reducing to 100 mm at the
free end.
iii. Loads

wwSelf-weight of slab = 0.5 (0.15 + 0.10) 2.5

w.E = 3.125 kN/m

Live load
asy= 3.000
Finishes
Total working load = En
= 0.875 kN/m
7.000 kN/m
Design ultimate load wu = gin
(1.5 x 7.00)
= 10.5 kN/m
eer
ing
iv. Ultimate design moments and shear forces
Mu = 0.5 wu L2 .ne
=
=
0.5 x 10.5 x 12
5.25 kNm
t
Vu = wu l
= 10.5 x 1
= 10.50 kN

v. Check for depth

Mu lim = 0.138 fck bd2
= (0.138 x 20 x 103 x 1502) 10-6

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= 62.10 kNm
Since Mu < Mu lim ,
Section is under – reinforced.

vi. Reinforcements
fy Ast
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d (1 - )
fck bd
140 Ast
5.25 x 106 = 0.87 x 415x Ast x 150 (1 – )
20 × 1000 ×150
Solving Ast = 105 mm2 < Ast min

ww Hence provide 10 mm diameter bars at 300 mm centres (Ast = 262 mm2) in the
span direction and the same as distribution reinforcement.

w.E
vii. Anchorage length
asy 𝟎.𝟖𝟕𝐟𝐲 𝛟
Ld
En
=
𝟒𝛕𝐛𝐝

=
gin
𝟎.𝟖𝟕 𝐱 𝟒𝟏𝟓 𝐱 𝟏𝟎
𝟒 𝐱 𝟏.𝟐 𝐱 𝟏.𝟔
= 470 mm
eer
viii. Check for deflection control ing
(𝒅𝐋)max (𝒅𝐋)Basic x kt .ne
And kc
=

= kf = 1.00 t
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐀𝐬𝐭
𝐩𝐭 =
𝐛𝐝
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐱 𝟐𝟔𝟐
=
𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝐱 𝟏𝟓𝟎
= 0.174 mm
kt = 1.8

Hence (𝒅𝐋)max = 2.7 x 1.8 = 12.6

(𝒅𝐋)Actual =
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟓𝟎
= 6.66 < 12.6

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Hence the slab satisfies the deflection criteria.

ix. Reinforcement details
The reinforcement details in the cantilever slab is shown in fig.

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

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ONE WAY SLAB DESIGN

Design a simply supported one–way slab over a clear span of 3.5 m. It carries a live load
of 4kN/m2 and floor finish of 1.5kN/m2. The width of supporting wall is 230 mm. Adopt
M-20 concrete & Fe-415 steel.

Step: 1 Depth of slab

Assume approximate depth d = L/26
3500/26 = 134 mm
Assume overall depth D = 160 mm

ww
& clear cover 15mm for mild exposure d =
Effective span is lesser of the two
160 – 25 = 140mm

w.E
i. l = 3.5 + 0.23 (width of support) = 3.73 m
ii. l =
asy
3.5 + 0.14 (effective depth)
Effective span = 3.64 m
= 3.64 m

Step: 2 Load on slab En

Self-weight of slab = 0.16 x 25 gin = 4.00

Live load = 4.00 eer

Floor finish = 1.50 ing
Total Load W = 9.5 kN/m2
.ne
Ultimate load Wu = 9.5 x 1.5 =
t
14.25 kN/m2

Step 3: Design bending moment and check for depth

Wu l2
Mu =
8
14.25 x 3.642
=
8
Mu = 23.60 kN/m
Minimum depth required from BM consideration
M
d = √ 0.138uf
ck b

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23.60 x 106
= √
0.138 x 20 x 1000

d = 92.4 > 140 (OK)

Step: 4 Area of Reinforcement
Area of steel is obtained using the following equation
fy Ast
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d (1 - )
fck bd
415 Ast
23.60 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 140 (1 – )
20 × 1000 ×140
23.60 x 106 = 50547 Ast – 7.49 Ast2

ww Solving Ast = 504 mm2

OR

w.E Ast =
0.5fck
fy
[ 1 – √1 − 4.6 𝑀𝑢
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
] bd
asy [ 4.6 ×23.60 × 106
Ast
En
=
0.5 x 20
415
1– √1 −
20 ×1000×1402
]1000x140
= 505 mm2 gin
Spacing of 10mm Sv =
ast
Ast
x 1000 eer
Sv =
78
x 1000 =ing 154mm
505
Provide 10mm @ 150C/C. .ne
Distribution steel@ 0.12% of the Gross area
0.12
x 1000 x 160 = 192 mm2
t
100
50
Spacing of 10mm Sv = x 1000 = 260 mm
192
Provide 8mm @ 260mm
Step: 5 Check for shear
Wu l
Design shear Vu =
2
14.25 x 3.64
=
2
= 25.93 kN
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25.93 × 103
τv =
1000 × 140
= 0.18 N/mm2 (<τc max = 28 N/mm2)

Shear resisted by concrete 𝛕𝐜 = 0.42 for 𝐩𝐭 = 0.37 (Table 19, IS 456-2000)

𝛕𝐜 > 𝛕𝐯
Step: 6 Check for Deflection

(𝒅𝒍 )Actual < (𝒅𝒍 )Allowable

(𝒅𝒍 )Allowable = (𝒅𝒍 )Basic x k1 x k2 x k3 x k4
ww k1 - Modification factor for tension steel

w.E k2
k3
-
-
Modification factor for compression steel
Modification factor for T-sections
asy
if span exceeds 10 m (10/span)

En
𝐤 𝟏 = 1.38 for 𝐩𝐭 = 0.37 (Fig. 4, cl.32.2.1)

(𝒅𝒍 )Allowable = 20 x 1.38 gin

= 27.6

(𝒅𝒍 )Actual = 3630/140 = 25.92 eer

(𝑑𝑙 )Actual (𝑑𝑙 )Allowable ing
< (OK)
.ne
t

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ww
w.E
asy
E ngi
nee
rin
g.n
et

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DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB

Definition :
Slab is a thin flexural member used as a floor of structure to support the imposed load
Loads on slab :
Generally in design of horizontal slab two types of loads are considered.
 Dead load
 Imposed load
Dead load :

ww The dead load in slab comprises of the immovable partitions. Floor finishes
weathering courses and primarily its weight .The dead loads are to be determined

w.E
based on the weight of the materials .
Imposed loads:
asy
Imposed load is the load induced by the intent use or occupancy of the building

En
including the weight of movable partitions load due to impact vibrations.
Basic rules for the design of the slab :
gin
eer
The two main factors to be considered while designing the slab are:
 Strength of the slab against flexure, shear, twisted.
 Stiffness against deflection ing
One way slab – codal requirements : .ne
t
When the ratio of the longer span to shorter span is greater than 2, it is called one
way slab and bending takes place along one direction. The loads on the slab is
transferred to the supports only on the main reinforcement. Hence main reinforcement
is provided in the shorter span.
Minimum requirement in slab :
As per clause 26.5.2.1 of IS 456:2000, the reinforcement in either direction ,in
slabs shall not be less than 0.12% of the total cross sectional area , when HYSD bars
Fe415 are used.
Maximum size of bars in slabs
As per clause 26.5.2.2 of IS 456 :2000 , the reinforcing bars shall not exceed 1/8 of the

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total thickness of the slab.

TWO WAY SLAB DESIGN

Design a R.C Slab for a room measuring 6.5mx5m. The slab is cast monolithically over
the beams with corners held down. The width of the supporting beam is 230
mm.The slab carries superimposed load of 4.5kN/m2. Use M-20 concrete and Fe-500
Steel.
Since, the ratio of length to width of slab is less than 2 and slab is resting on
beam, the slab is designed as two way restrained slab.
Step: 1 Depth of slab and effective span

ww
Assume approximate depth d = l/30

w.E Assume D
=
=
5000/30
180 mm
= 166mm

asy
& clear cover 15 mm for mild exposure d

En = 180-20 = 160 mm.

Effective span is lesser of the two
i) ly = 6.5+0.23 = gin
6.73 m ,
lx = 5.0+0.23 = 5.23 m
eer
ii) ly = 6.5+0.16 = 6.66 m,
ing
lx
ly
=
=
5+0.16
6.66 m
= 5.16 m
.ne
lx = 5.16 m t
ly 6.66
α = = = 1.3
lx 5.16

Step 2: Load Calculation

Self-weight of slab = 0.18X25 = 4.50 kN/m2

Super imposed load = 4.50

Total load = 9.0 kN/m2
Ultimate load Wu = 9X1.5 = 13.5 kN/m2

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Step 3: Design bending moment and check for depth

The boundary condition of slab in all four edges discontinuous
(case 9, Table 9.5.2)

Mx = ∝x Wu 𝑙𝑥 2
My = ∝y Wu 𝑙𝑥 2
ly
For = 1.3,
lx

∝x = 0.079

∝y = 0.056

ww Positive moment at mid span of short span Mx = 0.079 x 13.5 x 5.162

w.E
Positive moment at mid span of longer span Mx
= 28.40 kNm
= 0.056 x 13.5 x 5.162

asy = 20.13 kNm

En
Minimum depth required from maximum BM consideration

d =
gin
M
√ 0.138uf
ck b

√
28.40 x 106 eer
=
0.138 x 20 x 1000
ing
However, provide d
d =
=
103 mm
160 mm .ne
Step: 4 Area of Reinforcement
t
Area of steel is obtained using the following equation.
fy Ast
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d (1 - )
fck bd

Steel along shorter direction (Mx)

500 Ast
28.40 x 106 = 0.87 x 500x Ast x 160 (1 – )
20 × 1000 ×160
28.40 x 106 = 69600 Ast – 10.875 Ast2
Solving Ast = 438 mm2
Provide 10 mm @ 175 C/C (Pt = 0.27%)
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Steel along shorter direction (My)

Since long span bars are placed above short span bars d = 160-10 = 150

500 Ast
20.13 x 106 = 0.87 x 500x Ast x 150 (1 – )
20 × 1000 ×150
20.13 x 106 = 65250 Ast – 10.875 Ast2
Solving, Ast = 327 mm2
Spacing at 10 mm;
79
x 100 = 241
327

ww Provide 10 mm @ 240 mm C/C (<3d = 450)

w.E
Step: 5 Check for shear
Wu l
Design shear Vu
asy =
2
13.5 x 5.16

En =
2
= 34.83 kN
gin
34.83 × 103
τv =
1000 × 160 eer
= 0.217 N/mm 2
ing
(<τc max = 28 N/mm2)

.ne
Shear resisted by concrete 𝛕𝐜 = 0.42 for 𝐩𝐭 = 0.37 (Table 19, IS 456-2000)
𝛕𝐜 > 𝛕𝐯 t
Step: 6 Check for Deflection

(𝒅𝒍 )Allowable = (𝒅𝒍 )Basic x k1

𝐤 𝟏 = 1.5 for 𝐩𝐭 = 0.27% & fs = 0.58 x fy = 240
(Fig. 4, cl.32.2.1, IS 456-2000)

(𝒅𝒍 )Allowable = 26 x 1.5 = 39

(𝒅𝒍 )Actual = 5.16/0.16 = 32

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(𝑑𝑙 )Actual < (𝑑𝑙 )Allowable (OK)

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

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UNIT –III DESIGN OF SLABS AND STAIRCASE

3.3 DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED AND CONTINUOUS SLABS USING IS CODE

DESIGN EXAMPLES
1.A slab has clear dimensions 4 m x 6 m with wall thickness 230 mm the live load
on the slab is 5 kN/m2 and a finishing load of 1kN/m2 may be assumed. Using M20
concrete and Fe415 steel, design the slab

Given data
Dimension = 4 x 6

ww Shorter span 1x = 4m

w.E Longer span 1y = 6m

𝑙𝑦
=
6

asy 𝑙𝑥 4

En = 1.5 < 2
It is a two way slab.
Width of support gin
= 230 mm
Live load = 5 kN/m2
eer
Materials ,fck = 20 N/mm2
Fy = 415 N/mm2
ing
Depth of slab: .ne
Effective depth d =
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
25
4000
t
=
25

= 160 mm
Assume cover 20mm, 10mm diameter rod
10
Overall depth D = 160 + 20 +
2

=185mm
D = 200 mm
Effective span:
𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
1. c/c of supports le = + 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 +
2 2
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0.23 0.23
= +4+
2 2

= 4.23 m
2. clear span + effective depth = 4 + 0.24
= 4.24m
Take least value, 1e = 4.23 m
Load calculation:
Self weight= B X D X γ
= 1 X 0.2 X 25

ww = 5 kN/ m
Live load = 5 kN/m

w.E Floor finish = 1 kN/m

asy Total load = 5 + 5 + 1

= 11 kN/ m

En Factor load = 1.5 x 11

gin
= 16.5 kN/ m
Bending moment & shear force:
MX = αX WUle2
eer
My = αy WUle2 ing
From table 26 of IS 456: 2000 .ne
𝑙y
lx
= 1.5 t
Four edges are discontinuous,
αX = 0.089
αy =0.056
Bending moment:
MX = 15.59x4.22x0.089
= 25.01 kNm
MY = 0.056 x 15.93 x 4.22

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= 15.73 kNm
Shear force :
𝑊𝑢𝑙𝑒
SF =
2
15.93×4.2
=
2

= 33.45 KN
Check for Depth :
MU = 0.138 fckbd2
25×106
d=√
0.138×20×1000

ww = 95.17 mm
dprov>dreq
w.E Hence the design is safe.
Area of reinforcement:
For shorter span: asy
En
MU = 0.87 fy × Ast × d [1 –
Ast ×fy
]
gin
25 ×106 = 0.87 × 415 × Ast × 160 [1-
b×d×fck
Ast ×415
]

25× 106 = 57768 Ast – 7.4 Ast2 eer 1000×160×20

Ast= 459.85 mm2 ing

Ast min = 0.12% × bd
.ne
=
0.12
100

= 240 mm2
× 1000× 200
t
Provide 10mm dia bar.

Spacing :
ast π⁄ ×102
𝑖. × 1000 = 4 × 1000
Ast 459.85

= 170.79 mm ≈ 170mm
ii. 3d = 3 x 160 = 480 mm
take the least value = 170 mm
provide 10 mm dia bar 170 mm c/c.
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For longer span:

Ast ×fy
MU = 0.87 fy × Ast × d [1 – ]
b×d×fck
Ast ×415
15.73 ×106 = 0.87 × 415 × Ast × 160 [1- ]
1000×160×20

Ast= 282.52 mm2

Spacing :
ast π⁄ ×102
4
𝑖) × 1000 = × 1000 =277.99mm ≈300 mm
Ast 282.52

ii) 3d = 3×160

ww = 480mm
Take the least value for spacing = 300mm,

w.E
provide 10mm diameter bar, 300m

Check for shear: asy

En
Permissible shear stress, 𝜏v =
𝑉𝑢
𝑏𝑑

gin
=
33.45 ×103
= 0.2N⁄mm2

Nominal shear stress = 𝜏c × K

1000×160

eer
To find 𝜏c ,
ing
Percentage of steel, pt = 100 ×
Ast
b×d .ne
= 100 ×
= 0.28%
459.85
1000×160 t
The value lies between 0.25 and 0.50, use interpolation
X1 0.25 Y1 0.36 X 0.28
X2 0.5 Y2 0.48 Y ?

(y2 − y1 )
Y = 𝜏c = y1 + (x – x1)
(x2 − x1 )
0.48−0.36
= 0.36 + (0.28 – 0.25)
0.50−0.25

= 0.37N⁄mm2

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To find K ,
Overall depth, D = 185mm
Refer pg no:73 of IS 456-2000
This value lies between 150 to 175, use interpolation
X1 150 Y1 1.3 X 185
X2 175 Y2 1.25 Y ?

(y2 − y1 )
Y = K= y1 + (x – x1)
(x2 − x1 )
1.25−1.3
= 1.3 + (185 - 150)
175−150

ww = 1.27

w.E
𝜏c× K = 0.38× 1.27
= 0.48N⁄mm2

asy
𝜏v <𝜏c× K,

En
Hence the design is safe.
Check for deflection:
𝑙 𝑙 gin
𝑑
max =
𝑑
basic

= 20 × 1.4 ×1 = 30
× Kb × Kc
eer
𝑙
=
Effective span ing
.ne
pro
𝑑 Effective depth
4000
=
𝑙
160

( )max> ( )pro
𝑑
= 26.25mm
𝑙
𝑑
t
Hence the design is safe for deflection.
Check for crack control:
1. Reinforcement provided must be greater than minimum percentage of
reinforcement provided as per IS 456-2000.
Astmin = 0.12% of cross section area
= 0.12/100 × 1000× 185
= 222 mm2
Ast pro >Astmin,

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Hence it is safe.
2. Spacing is not greater than 3d.
3d = 3 ×160
= 480mm
Spacing < 3d,
Hence it is safe.
𝐷
3. Diameter of reinforcement should be less than
8
𝐷
d<
8
𝐷 185
=

ww = 28.12mm
8 8

w.E d<
𝐷
8

Reinforcement detailing: asy

Hence it is safe.

En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

2.A slab has clear dimensions 3.5 m x 6 m with wall thickness 230 mm the live
load on the slab is 5 kN/m2 and a finishing load of 1kN/m2 may be assumed. Using
M20 concrete and Fe415 steel, design the slab

Given data

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Dimension = 3.5 x 6
Shorter span 1x = 3.5
Longer span 1y =6
𝑙𝑦 6
=
𝑙𝑥 3.5
= 1.7 < 2
It is a two way slab
Width of support = 230 mm
Live load = 5 kN/m2
Materials ,fck = 20 N/mm2
Fy
ww = 415 N/mm2

w.E
Depth of slab,
Effective depth, d
asy =
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
25

En =
3500
25

Assume cover 20mm, 10mm diameter rod

gin
Overall depth, D = 140 + 20 + 10/2
eer
=165mm
= 125 mm ing
.ne
Effective span:

i. c/c of supports le =
𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
2
+ 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 +
2
t
𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠

0.23 0.23
= + 3.5 +
2 2

= 3.73 m
ii. clear span + effective depth = 3.5 + 0.14

= 3.64
Take least value, 1e = 2.6 m

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Load calculation:
Self weight =BXDX γ
= 1 X 0.165 X 25
= 4. 13 KN/ m
Live load = 5 KN/m
Floor finish = 1 KN/m
Total load = 4.13 + 5 + 1
= 10.13 KN/ m
Factor load = 1.5 x 10.13
= 15.2 KN/ m
ww
w.E
Bending moment & shear force:
MX = αX WUle2
asy My = αy WUle2
From table 26 of IS 456: 2000
En 𝑙y
lx gin
= 1.7

Four edges are discontinuous,

eer
αX = 0.098
αy =0.056
ing
Bending moment: .ne
MX = 0.098 x 15.2 x 3.642
= 19.74 KNm
t
MY = 0.056 x 15.2 x 3.642
= 11.24 KNm
Shear force :
SF = WUle/2
= (15.2 x 3.64 )/2
= 27.66 KN

Check for Depth :

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MU = 0.138 fckbd2
19.74×106
d = √0.138×20×1000

= 84.57 mm
dprov>dreq
Hence the design is safe

Area of reinforcement:
For shorter span:

ww MU = 0.87 fy × Ast × d [1 –
Ast ×fy
b×d×fck
]

w.E 19.74 ×106 = 0.87 × 415 × Ast × 140 [1-

19.74 × 106 = 50547 Ast – 7.49 Ast2

Ast ×415
1000×140×20
]

asy Ast= 416.19 mm2

En
Ast min = 0.12% × bd
=
0.12
100 gin
× 1000× 165
= 198 mm2
eer
Provide 10mm dia bar
Spacing : ing
𝑖
ast
× 1000 =
π⁄ ×102
4
× 1000 .ne
Ast 416.9

= 188.7 mm t
≈ 180mm
ii. 3d = 3 x 140
= 420 mm
Take the least value for spacing
provide 10 mm dia bar 180 mm c/c
For longer span:
Ast ×fy
MU = 0.87 fy × Ast × d [1 – ]
b×d×fck
Ast ×415
11.24 ×106 = 0.87 × 415 × Ast × 140 [1- ]
1000×100×20

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Ast= 230.2mm2
Spacing :
ast π⁄ ×102
4
i. × 1000 = × 1000
Ast 230.2

= 323.72mm
≈ 300mm
ii. 3d = 5 ×140
= 800mm
iii. 300 mm
Take the least value for spacing

ww
provide 10mm diameter bar, 300mm c/c

w.E
Check for shear:
vu
asy
Permissible shear stress, 𝜏v = ⁄b × d

En
=
27.66 ×103
1000×140

= 0.19N⁄mm2
gin
Nominal shear stress
To find 𝜏c ,
= 𝜏c × K
eer
Percentage of steel, pt = 100 ×
Ast
ing
= 100 ×
b×d
416.69
.ne
= 0.29%
1000×140

t
The value lies between 0.25 and 0.50, use interpolation
X1 0.25 Y1 0.36 X 0.29
X2 0.5 Y2 0.48 Y ?
(y2 − y1 )
Y = 𝜏c = y1 + (x – x1)
(x2 − x1 )
0.48−0.36
= 0.36 + (0.29 – 0.25)
0.50−0.25

= 0.38N⁄mm2
To find K ,
Overall depth, D = 165mm
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This value lies between 150 to 175, use interpolation

X1 150 Y1 1.3 X 165
X2 175 Y2 1.25 Y ?

(y2 − y1 )
Y = K= y1 + (x – x1)
(x2 − x1 )
1.25−1.3
= 1.3 + (165 - 150)
175−150

= 1.27
𝜏c× K = 0.38× 1.27
= 0.48N⁄mm2
ww 𝜏v <𝜏c× K,

w.E
Hence the design is safe.

asy
Check for deflection:
En
(l⁄d)max = (l⁄d)basic × Kb × Kc
gin
= 20 × 1.5 ×1
= 30 eer
(l⁄d)pro =
Effective span
ing
=
Effective depth
3.64 .ne
0.14

= 26mm t
(l⁄d)max> (l⁄d)pro
Hence the design is safe for deflection.

Check for crack control:

4. Reinforcement provided must be greater than minimum percentage of
reinforcement provided as per IS 456-2000.
Astmin = 0.12% of cross section area
= 0.12/100 × 1000× 165

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= 198 mm2
Ast pro >Astmin,
Hence it is safe.
5. Spacing is not greater than 3d.
3d = 3 ×140
= 420mm
Spacing < 3d
Hence it is safe.
6. Diameter of reinforcement should be less than D⁄8

ww d < D/8
D⁄ = 165⁄
8 8
w.E = 20.62mm

asy d < D/8

Hence it is safe.
Torsion reinforcement in corners: En
Area of reinforcement in each corners is, gin
Ast torsion= 0.75 × 416.19
eer
Spacing,
= 312.14 mm
ing
Provide 8 mm ∅ bar .ne
ast
Ast
×1000 =
π⁄ ×82
4
312.14
×1000 t
= 161mm
≈ 160mm
Length over which the torsion steel is provided,
1
= ×shorter span
5
1
= ×3500
5

= 700 mm
Provide 8 mm ∅ bar 160mm c/c , for the length of 700 mm at the corners

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Reinforcement details

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

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CONTINUOUS SLAB DESIGN

Design a one-way slab for an office floor which is continuous over T beams at 3.5m
intervals. Assume a live load 4kN/m2 adopt M20 grade concrete and Fe415 steel
HYSD bars.

Given:
L = 3.5 m
q = 4 kN/m2
fck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2

ww
Step: 1 Depth of slab

w.E
Assuming a span/depth ratio of 26 (Clause 23.2.1 of IS 456)
Effective depth d
asy=
= (span/26)
3500/26 = 135 mm
Adopt d En
= 140 mm
D = 160 mm gin
Step: 2 Load calculation
eer
Self-weight of slab = 0.165 x 25 =
ing
4.125 kN/m2

Finishes = 0.875 kN/m2

.ne
Total working load (g)
Service live load (q)
=
=
5.000 kN/m2
4 kN/m2
t
Step: 3 Bending moment calculation
Referring to Tables 12 and 13, IS 456-2000 code, maximum negative
BM at support next to the end support is:
gL2 qL2
Mu (-ve) = 1.5 [ + ]
10 9

5 x 3.52 4 x 3.52
= 1.5 [ + ]
10 9

= 17.35 kNm
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Positive BM at centre of span

gL2 qL2
Mu (+ve) = 1.5 [ + ]
12 10

5 x 3.52 4 x 3.52
= 1.5 [ + ]
12 10

= 15 kNm
Step: 4 Shear force calculation
Maximum shear force at the support
Vu = 1.5 x 0.6 (g + q) L
= (1.5 x 0.6) (5 + 4) 3.5

ww = 28.35 kN

w.E
Step: 5 Check for Depth of the slab
Mu lim = 0.138 fck bd2

asy = (0.138 x 20 x 103 x 1402) 10-6

Since Mu En =
<
54.1 kNm
Mu lim ,
Section is under – reinforced. gin
Step: 6 Reinforcement details
eer
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d (1 -
ing
fy Ast
fck bd
)

17.35 x 106 = 0.87 x 415x Ast x 140 (1 – .ne 140 Ast

20 × 1000 ×140
)

Solving Ast = 360 mm2

Provide 10 mm diameter bars at 150 mm centers (Ast = 524 mm2). The same
t
reinforcement is provided for positive BM at mid-span.
Distribution steel = 0.0012 x 103 x 165
= 198 mm2
Provide 10 mm diameter bars at 300 mm centers (Ast = 262 mm2).

Step: 7 Check for shear stress

Vu
τv =
bd

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28.35 x 103
=
103 x 140
= 0.20 N/mm2
100 x Ast
pt =
bd
100 x 262
=
103 x 140
= 0.187
Refer to Table 19, IS 456 and readout:
kτc = 1.27 x 0.30 = 0.38 N/mm2
Since 𝛕𝐜 > 𝛕𝐯 , the sab is safe against shear stresses.

ww
Step: 8 Check for Deflection

w(.)E
Considering the end and inferior spans
𝐋
(𝒅𝐋)Basic x kt x kc x kf
𝒅
max

Also kc
asy=

= kf = 1.00

𝐩𝐭 En 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐱 𝟑𝟗𝟑
=
𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝐱 𝟏𝟒𝟎
gin
=
From Fig.8.1, read out
0.28
kt = eer
1.5

(𝒅𝐋)max = (𝟐𝟎+𝟐𝟔
𝟐
)1.5 = 34.5ing
(𝒅𝐋)Actual 𝟑𝟓𝟎𝟎 .ne
=
𝟏𝟒𝟎

Hence the slab is safe against deflection control.

= 25 < 34.5
t

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UNIT –III DESIGN OF SLABS AND STAIRCASE

3.4 TYPES OF STAIRCASE

General
Staircases are generally provided connecting successive floors of a building and in small
buildings. They are only means of access between the floors. The staircase comprises of flight
of step generally with one or more intermediate landings provides between the floors level.
Dog-legged staircase is the most common type used in all types of buildings . it
comprises of two adjacent flights running parallel with a landing slab at mid height.
Loads on staircases
The various types of loads to be resisted by the staircases are grouped under dead and

ww
live load
1. Dead load which includes the self-weight of the stair , tread and risers and self

w.E weight of finishes

2. Live load to be considered are specified in IS 875-1987 for residential buildings a

asy
uniformly distributed live load of 2 to 3 KN/m2 depending upon the users and for
public buildings, a uniformly distributed load of 5KN/m2 is specifies in the code

TYPES OF STAIRCASE En
 Straight stairs
 Quarter turn stairs
gin
 Half turn stairs eer
 Spiral stairs
 Curved stairs ing
 Dog legged stair
.ne
t
STRAIGHT STAIRS
These are the stairs along which there is no change in direction on any flight between two
successive floors. The straight stairs can be of following types.

 Straight run with a single flight between floors

 Straight run with a series of flight without change in direction
 Parallel stairs
 Angle stairs

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 Scissors stairs

Straight stairs can have a change in direction at an intermediate landing. In case of angle
stairs, the successive flights are at an angle to each other. Scissor stairs are comprised of a pair
of straight runs in opposite directions and are placed on opposite sides of a fire resistive wall.

ww
w.E Straight Stair with Single Flight

asy
QUARTER TURN STAIRS En
gin
They are provided when the direction of flight is to be changed by 90 0. The change in

eer
direction can be effected by either introducing a quarter space landing or by providing winders
at the junctions.

ing
.ne
t

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HALF TURN STAIRS

These stairs change their direction through 1800. It can be either dog-legged or open newel
type. In case of dog legged stairs the flights are in opposite directions and no space is provided
between the flights in plan. On the other hand in open newel stairs, there is a well or opening
between the flights and it may be used to accommodate a lift. These stairs are used at places
where sufficient space is available.

SPIRAL STAIRS
These stairs are similar to circular stairs except that the radius of curvature is small and the
stairs may be supported by a center post. Overall diameter of such stairs may range from 1 to
2.5 m.

ww
CURVED STAIRS

w.E
These stairs, when viewed from above, appear to follow a curve with two or more centre of
curvature, such as ellipse.

DOG LEGGED STAIRCASE:

asy
En
Dog legged staircase is the simplest type of stairs by which a flight of stairs moves one-half

gin
step before 180 degrees and persevering upwards. Due to its appearance in sectional elevation,
it is a very common and popular stair consisting of two flights that run in opposite directions

eer
separated by a landing in the middle space. These staircases are used when the available space

ing
is equal to twice the width of the stairs and stairs lie in their compact layout that has better
circulation from a design point of view.

.ne
t

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ww
w.E

UNIT 4a syE
ngi
nee
rin
g.n
et

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UNIT IV DESIGN OF COLUMNS

Types of columns –Axially Loaded columns – Design of short Rectangular

Square and circular columns –Design of Slender columns- Design for Uniaxial and
Biaxial bending using Column Curves

Compression members are structural elements primarily subjected to axial compressive forces
and hence, their design is guided by considerations of strength and buckling. Examples of compression
member pedestal, column, wall and strut.

ww Effective length: The vertical distance between the points of inflection of the compression

w.E
member in the buckled configuration in a plane is termed as effective length le of that compression
member in that plane. The effective length is different from the unsupported length l of the member,

asy
though it depends on the unsupported length and the type of end restraints. The relation between the
effective and unsupported lengths of any compression member is

En le = k l

gin
Where k is the ratio of effective to the unsupported lengths.

eer
Pedestal: Pedestal is a vertical compression member whose effective length le does not exceed three

ing
times of its least horizontal dimension b. The other horizontal dimension D shall not exceed four times
of b.

.ne
t
Column: Column is a vertical compression member whose unsupported length l shall not exceed sixty
times of b (least lateral dimension), if restrained at the two ends. Further, its unsupported length of a
cantilever column shall not exceed 100b2/D, where D is the larger lateral dimension which is also
restricted up to four times of b

Wall: Wall is a vertical compression member whose effective height Hwe to thickness t (least lateral
dimension) shall not exceed 30. The larger horizontal dimension i.e., the length of the wall L is more
than 4t.

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Types of columns

A column may be classified based on different criteria such as:

1. Based on shape
 Rectangle
 Square
 Circular

2. Based on slenderness ratio or height

Short column and Long column or Short and Slender Compression Members

ww A compression member may be considered as short when both the slenderness ratios namely
lex/D and ley/b are less than 12:

w.E
Where
lex= effective length in respect of the major axis, D= depth in respect of the major axis, l ey=
effective length in respect of the minor axis, and b = width of the member.

asy
It shall otherwise be considered as a slender or long compression member.

En
The great majority of concrete columns are sufficiently stocky (short) that slenderness

gin
can be ignored. Such columns are referred to as short columns. Short column generally fails by
crushing of concrete due to axial force. If the moments induced by slenderness effects weaken

eer
a column appreciably, it is referred to as a slender column or a long column. Long columns
generally fail by bending effect than due to axial effect. Long column carry less load compared
to long column.
ing
3. Based on pattern of lateral reinforcement
.ne


Tied columns with ties as laterals
Columns with Spiral steel as laterals or spiral columns t
Majority of columns in any buildings are tied columns. In a tied column the longitudinal
bars are tied together with smaller bars at intervals up the column. Tied columns may be square,
rectangular, L-shaped, circular, or any other required shape. Occasionally, when high strength
and/or high ductility are required, the bars are placed in a circle, and the ties are replaced by a
bar bent into a helix or spiral. Such a column, called a spiral column. Spiral columns are
generally circular, although square or polygonal shapes are sometimes used. The spiral acts to
restrain the lateral expansion of the column core under high axial loads and, in doing so, delays
the failure of the core, making the column more ductile. Spiral columns are used more
extensively in seismic regions. If properly designed, spiral column carries 5% extra load at
failure compared to similar tied column.

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4. Based on type of loading

 Axially loaded column or centrally or concentrically loaded column (Pu)

 A column subjected to axial load and uniaxial bending (Pu + Mux) or (P + Muy)
 A column subjected to axial load and biaxial bending (Pu + Mux + Muy)

ww
w.E
asy
5. Based on materials
En


Timber
gin
eer
Stone
 Masonry


RCC
ing

PSC
Steel .ne


Aluminium ,
Composite column
t

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Minimum Eccentricity

In practical construction, columns are rarely truly concentric. Even a theoretical column loaded
axially will have accidental eccentricity due to inaccuracy in construction or variation of materials etc.
Accordingly, all axially loaded columns should be designed considering the minimum eccentricity

ex min ≥ greater of (l/500 + D/30) or 20 mm

ey min ≥ greater of (l/500 + b/30) or 20 mm
where l, D and b are the unsupported length, larger lateral dimension and least lateral dimension,
respectively.
Longitudinal Reinforcement

ww The longitudinal reinforcing bars carry the compressive loads along with the concrete. stipulates
the guidelines regarding the minimum and maximum amount, number of bars, minimum diameter of


w.E
bars, spacing of bars etc. The following are the salient points:
The minimum amount of steel should be at least 0.8 per cent of the gross cross-sectional area

asy
of the column required if for any reason the provided area is more than the required area.

En
The maximum amount of steel should be 4 per cent of the gross cross-sectional area of the
column so that it does not exceed 6 per cent when bars from column below have to be lapped
with those in the column under consideration.
gin

eer
Four and six are the minimum number of longitudinal bars in rectangular and circular
columns, respectively.
 The diameter of the longitudinal bars should be at least 12 mm. ing

.ne
Columns having helical reinforcement shall have at least six longitudinal bars within and in

t
contact with the helical reinforcement. The bars shall be placed equidistant around its inner
circumference.
 The bars shall be spaced not exceeding 300 mm along the periphery of the column.
 The amount of reinforcement for pedestal shall be at least 0.15 per cent of the cross-sectional
area provided.
Pitch and Diameter of Lateral Ties

Pitch: The maximum pitch of transverse reinforcement shall be the least of the following:
(i) the least lateral dimension of the compression members;
(ii) sixteen times the smallest diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement bar to be tied; and
(iii) 300 mm.
(b) Diameter: The diameter of the polygonal links or lateral ties shall be not less than one-fourth of the
diameter of the largest longitudinal bar, and in no case less than 6 mm.

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UNIT IV DESIGN OF COLUMNS

Types of columns –Axially Loaded columns – Design of short Rectangular

Square and circular columns –Design of Slender columns- Design for Uniaxial and
Biaxial bending using Column Curves

Axially Loaded columns

Assumptions
 The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is taken as 0.002.
 The maximum compressive strain at the highly compressed extreme fibre in concrete subjected

ww to axial compression and bending and when there is no tension on the section shall be 0.0035
minus 0.75 times the strain at the least compressed extreme fibre.

 w.E
Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending.
The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fibre is taken as 0.0035 in


bending.
asy
The relationship between the compressive stress distribution in concrete and the strain in

En
concrete may be assumed to be rectangle, trapezoid, parabola or any other shape which results
in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with the results of test.

gin
An acceptable stress strain curve is given in IS:456-200. For design purposes, the compressive
strength of concrete in the structure shall be assumed to be 0.67 times the characteristic strength.

eer
The partial safety factor y of 1.5 shall be applied in addition to this.
The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored.

Short Axially Loaded Members in Compression

ing
.ne
The member shall be designed by considering the assumptions given and the minimum eccentricity.

members may be designed by the following equation:

Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc
t
When the minimum eccentricity as per 25.4 does not exceed 0.05 times the lateral dimension, the

Pu = axial load on the member,

fck = characteristic compressive strength of the concrete,
Ac = area of concrete,
fy = characteristic strength of the compression reinforcement, and
As = area of longitudinal reinforcement for columns.

P.1.Design the reinforcement in a column of size 400 mm x 600 mm subjected to an axial load of
2000 kN under service dead load and live load. The column has an unsupported length of 4.0 m
and effectively held in position and restrained against rotation in both ends. Use M 25 concrete
and Fe 415 steel.

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Solution:
Step 1: To check if the column is short or slender
Given l = 4000 mm, b = 400 mm and D = 600 mm. Table 28 of IS 456 = lex = ley = 0.65(l) =
2600 mm. So, we have
lex/D = 2600/600 = 4.33 < 12
ley/b = 2600/400 = 6.5 < 12
Hence, it is a short column.
Step 2: Minimum eccentricity
ex min = Greater of (lex/500 + D/30) and 20 mm = 25.2 mm
ey min = Greater of (ley/500 + b/30) and 20 mm = 20 mm
0.05 D = 0.05(600) = 30 mm > 25.2 mm (= ex min)

ww 0.05 b = 0.05(400) = 20 mm = 20 mm (= ey min)

Hence, the equation given in cl.39.3 of IS 456 (Eq.(1)) is applicable for the design here.

w.E
Step 3: Area of steel

asy
Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc

En
3000(103) = 0.4(25){(400)(600) – Asc} + 0.67(415) Asc which gives,
Asc = 2238.39 mm2

gin
Provide 6-20 mm diameter and 2-16 mm diameter rods giving 2287 mm2 (> 2238.39 mm2)

eer
and p = 0.953 per cent, which is more than minimum percentage of 0.8 and less than maximum
percentage of 4.0. Hence, o.k.
Step 4: Lateral ties
ing
.ne
The diameter of transverse reinforcement (lateral ties) is determined from cl.26.5.3.2 C-2 of IS

t
456 as not less than (i) θ/4 and (ii) 6 mm. Here, θ = largest bar diameter used as longitudinal

reinforcement = 20 mm. So, the diameter of bars used as lateral ties = 6 mm.

The pitch of lateral ties should be not more than the least of

(i) the least lateral dimension of the column = 400 mm

(ii) sixteen times the smallest diameter of longitudinal reinforcement bar to be tied = 16(16) = 256 mm

(iii) 300 mm

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UNIT IV DESIGN OF COLUMNS

Types of columns –Axially Loaded columns – Design of short Rectangular Square

and circular columns –Design of Slender columns- Design for Uniaxial and Biaxial
bending using Column Curves

Design of short Rectangular columns

Design the reinforcement in a column of size 450 mm × 600 mm, subject to an axial load
of 2000 kN under service dead and live loads. The column has an unsupported length of 3.0m

ww
and its ends are held in position but not in direction. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.

w.EGiven:
leff= 3000 mm
b = 450 mm
asy
D = 600 mm
P =2000kN En
M20, Fe415 gin
eer
Ends are fixed. lex = ley = l = 3000 mm

lex 3000 ing

D

600
 12
.ne
lex
b

3000
450
 12 t
Short Column

Minimum eccentricity
leff D
emin  
500 30
In the longer direction

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In the Shorter direction

emin  0.05D  0.05  450  22.5mm

Minimum eccentricities are within the limits and hence code formula for axially loaded short
columns can be used.

P = service load × partial load factor

ww = 2000 × 1.5 = 3000 kN

w.E
Design of Longitudinal Reinforcement (39.3-71)

asy
Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc
or

En
Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + (0.67 fy - 0.4fck) Asc

gin
3000 X 103 = 0.4 × 20 × (450 × 600) + (0.67 × 415–0.4 × 20)Asc
ASC=3111mm 2

eer
ing
In view of the column dimensions (450 mm, 600 mm), it is necessary to place intermediate bars,

in addition to the 4 corner bars: .ne

Provide 4–25φ at corners

4 × 491 = 1964 mm2 and 4–20φ

t
additional ie, 4 × 314 = 1256 mm2

Asc = 3220 mm2 > 3111 mm2

p = (100×3220) / (450×600)

= 1.192 > 0.8 (minimum steel), OK.

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Design of transverse steel

Diameter of tie = ¼ diameter of main steel
= 25/4 =6.25 mm or 6 mm
Spacing:
i) 300 mm
ii) 16 x 20 = 320 mm
iii) LLD = 450mm.
Provide ties 8mm @ 300 mm c/c

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

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UNIT IV DESIGN OF COLUMNS

Types of columns –Axially Loaded columns – Design of short Rectangular Square

and circular columns –Design of Slender columns- Design for Uniaxial and Biaxial
bending using Column Curves

Design for Uniaxial using Column Curves

Determine the reinforcement to be provided in a square column subjected to uniaxial

bending with the following data
ww
Size of column 450 x 450 mm

w.E
Factored load 2500 kN
Factored moment 200 kN.m

asy
Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Arrangement of reinforcement
(a) On two sides En
( b) On four sides gin
eer
d 1  Assume 50mm ing
d1

50
 0.11 .ne
D 450

Chart for
d1
 0.15
t
D
Non Dimensional Parameters:
Pu 2500 103
  0.494
f ck bD 25  450  450

Mu 200 106
  0.088
f ck bD 2 25  450  4502

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a) Reinforcement on two sides

Referring to Chart 33

Percentage of reinforcement

b) Reinforcement on four sides

ww Referring Chart 45
P
w.E f ck
 0.10

P  0.10  25  2.5 %
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

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UNIT IV DESIGN OF COLUMNS

Types of columns –Axially Loaded columns – Design of short Rectangular Square

and circular columns –Design of Slender columns- Design for Uniaxial and Biaxial
bending using Column Curves

Design for Biaxial bending using Column Curves

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w.E
asy
En
gin
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.ne
t

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ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

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ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

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UNIT IV DESIGN OF COLUMNS

Types of columns –Axially Loaded columns – Design of short Rectangular Square

and circular columns –Design of Slender columns- Design for Uniaxial and Biaxial
bending using Column Curves

Determine the reinforcement to be provided in a circular column with the following data:

Diameter of column 500 mm

Grade of concrete M20
Factored moment 125 kN.m

ww
Characteristic strength 250 N/mm2
Factored load 1600 kN

w.E
Lateral reinforcement:
(a)Hoop reinforcement
(b) Helical reinforcement
asy
(Assume moment due to minimum eccentricity to be less than the actual moment).

En
Assuming 25 mm bars with 40 mm cover,

d1 = 40 + 12.5 = 52.5 mm
d1/D - 52.5/50 = 0.105 gin
Charts for d'/D = 0.10 will be used.
Let b=D eer
(a) Column with hoop reinforcement ing
1600103
.ne
Pu

f ck D 2 20 500 2
 0.32
t
Mu 125  10 6
  0.05
f ck D 3 20  500 3

Referring to Chart 52, for fy = 250 N/mm2

P
 0.87
f ck

Percentage of reinforcement, p = 0.87 x 20 = 1.74 %

1.74   500 2
As    3416 mm 2
100 4

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(b) Column with Helical Reinforcement

According to 38.4 of the Code, the strength of a compression member with helical
reinforcement is 1.05 times the strength of a similar member with lateral ties. Therefore,
the, given load and moment should be divided by 1.05 before referring to the chart.

Pu 1600103
  0.31
f ck D 2 1.05  20 500 2

Mu 125 10 6
  0.048
f ck D 3 1.05  20  5003

ww
Hence, From Chart 52, for fy = 250 N/mm2,
P
 0.078
w.E f ck
p = 0.078 x 20 = 1.56 %
asy 1.56   500 2
En
As 
100

4
 3063 mm 2

gin
eer
According to 38.4.1 of the Code the ratio of the volume of helical reinforcement to the
volume of the core shall not be less than

 Ag
0.36 
 f
1  ck
ing
 Ac  fy
.ne
t
where Ag is the gross area of the section and Ac is the area of the core measured to the
outside diameter of the helix. Assuming 8 mm dia bars for the helix

Core diameter = 500 - 2 (40 - 8) = 436 mm

Ag 500
  1.315
Ac 436

 Ag  f  500  20
0.36  1  ck = 0.36   1   0.0091
 Ac  fy  436  250

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Volume of helical reinforcement / Volume of core

 
Ash   428 /  / 4  436 2 s h
Ash
 0.9
Sh

where, Ash is the area of the bar forming the helix and sh is the pitch of the helix. In
order to satisfy the coda1 requirement,

0.09 Ash / sh = 0.0091

For 8 mm dia bar,
sh = 0.09 x 50 / 0.0091 = 49.7 mm.

ww
Thus provide 48 mm pitch

w.E
asy
En
gin
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.ne
t

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UNIT IV DESIGN OF COLUMNS

Types of columns –Axially Loaded columns – Design of short Rectangular

Square and circular columns –Design of Slender columns- Design for Uniaxial and
Biaxial bending using Column Curves

Problem:

A 4 m high column is effectively held in position at both ends and restrained against rotation at
one end. Its diameter is restricted to 40 cm. Calculate the reinforcement if it is required to carry

ww
a factored axial load of 1500 kN Use M20 mix and Fe 415 grade steel.

w.E
Solution:

asy
Effective height = 0.80 L = 0.80 x 400 = 320 cm

Slenderness ratio=𝑙𝐷=32040=8<12

En
Hence, it is a short column. 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛=𝑙500+𝐷30=320500 +4030

= 1.97 cm < 20 mm gin

Also, 0.05 D = 0.05 x 400 = 20 mm = 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 eer
ing
The strength of the column section is given by,
.ne
𝑃𝑢=0.4𝜎𝑐𝑘 𝐴𝑐 +0.67𝜎𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑐 1500×1000
t
=0.4×20 (𝜋/4 * 4002−𝐴𝑠𝑐) +0.67×415𝐴𝑠𝑐

𝐴𝑠𝑐=1830 𝑚𝑚2 ,

This steel should be more than minimum steel i.e., 0.8%

Use 6 – 20 mm bars (Area ‘A’ = 6 x 𝜋4 ×202=1884 𝑚𝑚2>1830 𝑚𝑚2) (OK)

Adopt 6 mm ties,

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Pitch p ≤400 𝑚𝑚

≤16 ∅𝐿 (16 x 20 = 320 mm)

≤ 300 mm

Adopt pitch of lateral ties as 300 mm c/c.

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w.E
asy
En
gin
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ing
.ne
t

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UNIT IV DESIGN OF COLUMNS

Types of columns –Axially Loaded columns – Design of short Rectangular

Square and circular columns –Design of Slender columns- Design for Uniaxial and
Biaxial bending using Column Curves

Design of Slender columns

Slender Columns

ww
Columns having both lex/D and ley/b less than twelve are designated as short and
otherwise, they are slender, where lex and ley are the effective lengths with respect to

w.E
major and minor axes, respectively; and D and b are the depth and width of rectangular
columns, respectively.
asy
Design of Slender Columns En
gin
The design of slender compression members shall be based on the forces and the

eer
moments determined from an analysis of the structure, including the effect of deflections

ing
on moments and forces. When the effect of deflections are not taken into account in the

.ne
analysis, additional moment given in cl no 39.7.1 of IS 456:2000 shall be taken into
account in the appropriate direction.
t
The additional moments M, and My, shall be calculated by the following formulae:

Where Pu = axial load on the member,

lex = effective length in respect of the major axis,
ley = effective length in respect of the minor axis,
D = depth of the cross-section at right angles to the major axis, and
b = width of the member.

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Problem:
Determine the reinforcement required for a braced column against sideway with the following
data: size of the column = 350 x 450 mm concrete and steel grades = M 30 and Fe 415, respectively;
effective lengths lex and ley = 7.0 and 6.0 m, respectively; unsupported length l = 8 m; factored load
Pu = 1700 kN; factored moments in the direction of larger dimension = 70 kNm at top and 30 kNm at
bottom; factored moments in the direction of shorter dimension = 60 kNm at top and 30 kNm at bottom.
The column is bent in double curvature. Reinforcement will be distributed equally on four sides.

Solution 1:
Step 1: Checking of slenderness ratios
lex/D = 7000/450 = 15.56 > 12,

ww ley/b = 6000/350 = 17.14 > 12.

Hence, the column is slender with respect to both the axes.

w.E
Step 2: Minimum eccentricities and moments due to minimum eccentricities

asy
ex min = l/500 + D/30 = 8000/500 + 450/30 = 31.0 > 20 mm
ey min = l/500 + b/30 = 8000/500 + 350/30 = 27.67 > 20 mm

En
Mox (Min. ecc.) = Pu(ex min) = (1700) (31) (10-3) = 52.7 kNm

gin
Moy (Min. ecc.) = Pu(ey min) = (1700) (27.67) (10-3) = 47.04 kNm

Step 3: Additional eccentricities and additional moments

Table I of SP-16 eer
For lex/D = 15.56, Table I of SP-16 gives: ing
eax/D = 0.1214, which gives eax = (0.1214) (450) = 54.63 mm
.ne
For ley/D = 17.14, Table I of SP-16 gives:
eay/b = 0.14738, which gives eay = (0.14738) (350) = 51.583 mm t
Step 4: Primary moments and primary eccentricities

Mox = 0.6M2 – 0.4M1 = 0.6(70) – 0.4(30) = 30 kNm, which should be ≥ 0.4 M2 (= 28 kNm). Hence, o.k.
Moy = 0.6M2 – 0.4M1 = 0.6(60) – 0.4(30) = 24 kNm, which should be ≥ 0.4 M2 (= 24 kNm). Hence, o.k.
Primary eccentricities:
ex = Mox/Pu = (30/1700) (103) = 17.65 mm
ey = Moy/Pu = (24/1700) (103) = 14.12 mm

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Since, both primary eccentricities are less than the respective minimum eccentricities (see Step 2), the
primary moments are revised to those of Step 2. So, Mox = 52.7 kNm and Moy = 47.04 kNm.

Step 5: Modification factors

To determine the actual modification factors, the percentage of longitudinal reinforcement

should be known. So, either the percentage of longitudinal reinforcement may be assumed or the
modification factor may be assumed which should be verified subsequently. So, we assume the
modification factors of 0.55 in both directions.

Step 6: Total factored moments

ww
Mux = Mox + (Modification factor) (Max) = 52.7 + (0.55) (92.548)
= 52.7 + 50.9 = 103.6 kNm

w.E
Muy = Moy + (Modification factor) (May) = 47.04 + (0.55) (87.43)
= 47.04 + 48.09 = 95.13 kNm

Step 7: Trial section asy

En
The trial section is determined from the design of uniaxial bending with Pu = 1700 kN and
Mu
gin
So, we have = (1.15){(103.6)2 + (95.13)2}1/2 = 161.75 kNm. eer
ing
With these values of Pu (= 1700 kN) and Mu (= 161.75 kNm),
.ne
t
we use chart of SP-16 for the d’ / D= 0.134. We assume the diameters of longitudinal bar as 25 mm,
diameter of lateral tie = 8 mm and cover = 40 mm, to get = 40 + 8 + 12.5 = 60.5 mm.

Accordingly, d’ / D = 60.5/450 = 0.134 and d’ / b = 60.5/350 = 0.173.

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Step 8: Calculation of balanced loads Pb

The values of Pbx and Pby are determined using Table 60 of SP-16. For this purpose, two parameters k1
and k 2 are to be determined first from the table. We have

ww
p/f ck

= 0.068, d/ D= 0.134 and d/ b= 0.173. From Table 60,

w.E
k1 = 0.19952 and k 2 = 0.243 (interpolated for d/ D = 0.134) for Pbx

So, we have: Pbx/fckbD = k1+ k2(p/fck) = 0.19952 + 0.243(0.068) = 0.216044,

asy
which gives Pbx= 0.216044(30)(350)(450)(10-3) = 1020.81 kN.

En
Similarly, for Pby : d/ D= 0.173, p/fck= 0.068. From Table 60 of SP-16, k1= 0.19048 and k2

gin
= 0.1225 (interpolated for d/ b= 0.173). This gives Pby/fckbD = 0.19048 + 0.1225(0.068) = 0.19881,

which gives Pby= (0.19881)(30)(350)(450)(10-3) = 939.38 kN.

eer
ing
Since, the values of Pbx and Pby are less than Pu , the modification factors are to be used.

.ne
t
Step 9: Determination of Puz

Puz = 0.45 fck Ag + (0.75 fy – 0.45 fck) Asc

= 0.45(30)(350)(450) + {0.75(415) – 0.45(30)}(3219) = 3084.71 kN

Step 10: Determination of modification factors

kax = (Puz – Pu)/(Puz – Pubx)

or
kax = (3084.71 – 1700)/(3084.71 – 1020.81) = 0.671 and

kay = (Puz – Pu)/(Puz – Puby)

or
kay = (3084.71 – 1700)/(3084.71 – 939.39) = 0.645

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The values of the two modification factors are different from the assumed value of 0.55 in Step 5.
However, the moments are changed and the section is checked for safety.

Step 11: Total moments incorporating modification factors

Mux = Mox (from Step 4) + (kax) Max (from Step 3)

= 52.7 + 0.671(92.548) = 114.8 kNm

Muy = Moy (from Step 4) + kay (May) (from Step 3)

= 47.04 + (0.645)(87.43) = 103.43 kNm.

Step 12: Uniaxial moment capacities

The two uniaxial moment capacities M ux1 and Muy1 are determined as stated: (i) For M ux1 , by
interpolating the values obtained from Charts 44 and 45, knowing the values of Pu/fckbD =0.3598

ww
(see Step 7),

w.E
p/fck= 0.068 (see Step 7), d’/ D= 0.134 (see Step 7), (ii) for Muy1, by interpolating the values
obtained from Charts 45 and 46, knowing the same values of Pu/fckbD and p/fck as those of (i)

asy
and d’/ D= 0.173 (see Step 7). The results are given below:
(i) Mux1/fckbD2 = 0.0882 (interpolated between 0.095 and 0.085)

En
(ii) Muy1/fckbb2= 0.0827 (interpolated between 0.085 and 0.08)

So, we have, Mux1= 187.54 kNm and Muy1= 136.76 kNm. gin
eer
Step 13: Value of  n ing
We have Pu /Puz
.ne
= 1700/3084.71 = 0.5511.
We have n = 0.67 + 1.67 (Pu/Puz) = 1.59. t
Step 14: Checking of column for safety

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ww
w.E

UNIT 5a syE
ngi
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rin
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et

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UNIT V DESIGN OF FOOTINGS

Concepts of Proportioning footings and foundations based on soil Properties-Design of

wall footing – Design of axially and eccentrically loaded Square, Rectangular pad and sloped
footings – Design of Combined Rectangular footing for two columns only.

A foundation is a integral part of the structure which transfer the load of the superstructure to the soil.
A foundation is that member which provides support for the structure and it's loads.It includes the soil
and rock of earth's crust and any special part of structure that serves to transmit the load into the rock
or soil.

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asy
En
gin
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Spread Footing

It is circular, square or rectangular slab of uniform thickness. Sometimes, it is stepped to spread

the load over a larger area. When spread footing is provided to support an individual column, it is called
“Isolated footing”

ww
w.E
asy
En
Strap Footing
gin
It consists of two isolated footings connected with a structural strap or a lever. The strap connects the

eer
footing such that they behave as one unit. The strap simply acts as a connecting beam. A strap footing
is more economical than a combined footing when the allowable soil pressure is relatively high and
distance between the columns is large.
ing
.ne
t

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Combined Footing

It is used when the two columns are so close to each other that their individual footings would overlap.
A combined footing is also provided when the property line is so close to one column that a spread
footing would be eccentrically loaded when kept entirely within the property line. By combining it with
that of an interior column, the load is evenly distributed. A combine footing may be rectangular or
trapezoidal in plan. Trapezoidal footing is provided when the load on one of the columns is larger than
the other column.

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
Strip/continuous footings
eer
ing
A strip footing is another type of spread footing which is provided for a load bearing wall. A
strip footing can also be provided for a row of columns which are so closely spaced that their spread

.ne
footings overlap or nearly touch each other. In such a cases, it is more economical to provide a strip
footing than to provide a number of spread footings in one line. A strip footing is also known as
“continuous footing”
t

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Deep Foundations

The shallow foundations are used in case of small buildings or structures, which carry lesser
loads, and hence the loads are dissipated into the soil mass at much lower depth. However when we are
considering large structures, which carry heavy loads, the loads are dissipated at greater depths where
usually the soil bearing capacity is quite high. One guideline of differentiating between the shallow and
deep foundations is that in case of the deep foundations the depth of foundations is more than the
dimension of the structure (usually the width is considered as the dimension).

Different Types of Deep Foundation

• Deep footings.
• Piles.
• Piers.
•
ww Caissons /Well foundations.

REQUIREMENT FOR DEEP FOUNDATIONS

•
•
w.E
Huge vertical load with respect to soil capacity.
Very weak soil or problematic soil.
•
• asy
Huge lateral loads eg. Tower, chimneys.
Scour depth criteria.
•
•
En
For fills having very large depth.
Uplift situations (expansive zones)
•
gin
Urban areas for future large and huge construction near the existing building.

eer
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
1. Based on material
• Timber piles
• Steel piles
• Concrete piles ing
• Composite piles (steel + concrete)
2. Based on method of installation .ne
• Driven piles (i) precast (ii) cast-in-situ.
• Bored piles.
3. Based on the degree of disturbance
• Large displacement piles (occurs for driven piles)
t
• Small displacement piles (occurs for bored piles)

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UNIT V DESIGN OF FOOTINGS

Concepts of Proportioning footings and foundations based on soil Properties-Design of wall

footing – Design of axially and eccentrically loaded Square, Rectangular pad and sloped footings –
Design of Combined Rectangular footing for two columns only.

Sl.No Sources Shallow Foundation Deep Foundation

1 Definition Foundation which is placed Foundation which is placed
near the surface of the earth at a greater depth or
or transfers the loads at transfers the loads to deep
shallow depth is called the strata is called the deep
shallow foundation. foundation.
2 The depth of the foundation The depth of shallow Greater than the shallow
foundation is generally foundation.
about 3 meters or the depth

3
ww Cost
of foundation is less than
the footing with.
A shallow foundation is Deep foundations are

4
w.E Feasibility
cheaper.

Shallow foundations are

generally more expensive
than shallow foundations.
The construction process of

asy easier to construct. a deep foundation is more

complex.
5
En
Mechanism of load transfer Shallow foundations
transfer loads mostly by end
Deep foundations rely both
on end bearing and skin
bearing.
gin friction, with few exceptions
like end-bearing pile.
6 Advantages
eer
Construction materials are
available, less labor is
Foundation can be provided
at a greater depth, Provides

ing
needed, construction lateral support and resists
procedure is simple at an uplift, effective when
affordable cost, etc. foundation at shallow depth

.ne
is not possible, can carry a
huge load, etc.
7 Disadvantages Possibility of a settlement,
usually applicable for
lightweight structure, weak
against lateral loads, etc.
t
More expensive, needs
skilled labors, complex
construction procedures, can
be time-consuming and
some types of deep
foundations are not very
flexible, etc.
8 Types Isolated foundation, strip Pier foundation, pile
foundation, mat foundation, foundation, caissons etc.
combined foundation, etc.

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UNIT V DESIGN OF FOOTINGS

5.1 Concepts of Proportioning footings and foundations based on soil properties

1. Foundation structures should be able to sustain the applied loads, moments, forces and
induced reactions without exceeding the safe bearing capacity of the soil.
2. The settlement of the structure should be as uniform as possible and it should be within the
tolerable limits. It is well known from the structural analysis that differential settlement of
supports causes additional moments in statically indeterminate structures. Therefore, avoiding
the differential settlement is considered as more important than maintaining uniform overall
settlement of the structure.
In addition to the two major requirements mentioned above, the foundation structure should
provide adequate safety for maintaining the stability of structure due to either overturning

ww
and/or sliding It is to be noted that this part of the structure is constructed at the first stage
before other components (columns / beams etc.) are taken up. So, in a project, foundation

w.E
design and details are completed before designs of other components are undertaken.
However, it is worth mentioning that the design of foundation structures is somewhat different

asy
from the design of other elements of superstructure due to the reasons given below. Therefore,
foundation structures need special attention of the designers.

En
1. Foundation structures undergo soil-structure interaction. Therefore, the behaviour of
foundation structures depends on the properties of structural materials and soil. Determination

gin
of properties of soil of different types itself is a specialized topic of geotechnical engineering.
Understanding the interacting behaviour is also difficult. Hence, the different assumptions and

eer
simplifications adopted for the design need scrutiny. In fact, for the design of foundations of

ing
important structures and for difficult soil conditions, geotechnical experts should be consulted
for the proper soil investigation to determine the properties of soil, strata wise and its
settlement criteria.
.ne
2. Accurate estimations of all types of loads, moments and forces are needed for the present as

once completed, is difficult to strengthen in future. t

well as for future expansion, if applicable. It is very important as the foundation structure,

3. Foundation structures, though remain underground involving very little architectural

aesthetics, have to be housed within the property line which may cause additional forces and
moments due to the eccentricity of foundation.
4. Foundation structures are in direct contact with the soil and may be affected due to harmful
chemicals and minerals present in the soil and fluctuations of water table when it is very near
to the foundation. Moreover, periodic inspection and maintenance are practically impossible
for the foundation structures.
5. Foundation structures, while constructing, may affect the adjoining structure forming
cracks to total collapse, particularly during the driving of piles etc. However, wide ranges of
types of foundation structures are available. It is very important to select the appropriate type
depending on the type of structure, condition of the soil at the location of construction, other
surrounding structures and several other practical aspects as mentioned above.

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Types of Foundation Structures Foundations are mainly of two types:

(i) shallow and

(ii) deep foundations.

The two different types are explained below: (A) Shallow foundations Shallow
foundations are used when the soil has sufficient strength within a short depth
below the ground level. They need sufficient plan area to transfer the heavy loads to
the base soil. These heavy loads are sustained by the reinforced concrete columns or
walls (either of bricks or reinforced concrete) of much less areas of cross-section
due to high strength of bricks or reinforced concrete when compared to that of soil.

ww
Isolated footings

w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

Figure: uniform and rectangular footing

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ww
w.E
asy
Figure: Stepped and rectangular footing
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En
Combined footings
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

combined footing
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UNIT V DESIGN OF FOOTINGS

Design of axially and eccentrically loaded Square, Rectangular pad and sloped footings
Design of Isolated Column Footing

The objective of design is to determine

1 Area of footing

2 Thickness of footing

4
ww Reinforcement details of footing (satisfying moment and shear considerations)

Check for bearing stresses and development length

w.E
This is carried out considering the loads of footing, SBC of soil, Grade of concrete and Grade of

asy
steel. The method of design is similar to the design of beams and slabs. Since footings are
buried, deflection control is not important. However, crack widths should be less than 0.3 mm.

En
gin
The steps followed in the design of footings are generally iterative. The important steps in the
design of footings are;

 Find the area of footing (due to service loads) eer



Assume a suitable thickness of footing
Identify critical sections for flexure and shear ing

.ne
Find the bending moment and shear forces at these critical sections (due to factored



loads)
Check the adequacy of the assumed thickness
Find the reinforcement details
t
 Check for development length
 Check for bearing stresses

Limit state of collapse is adopted in the design pf isolated column footings. The various design
steps considered are;

 Design for flexure

 Design for shear (one way shear and two way shear)

 Design for bearing

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 Design for development length

The materials used in RC footings are concrete and steel. The minimum grade of concrete to be
used for footings is M20, which can be increased when the footings are placed in aggressive
environment, or to resist higher stresses.

Cover: The minimum thickness of cover to main reinforcement shall not be less than 50 mm
for surfaces in contact with earth face and not less than 40 mm for external exposed face.
However, where the concrete is in direct contact with the soil the cover should be 75 mm. In
case of raft foundation the cover for reinforcement shall not be less than 75 mm.
Minimum reinforcement and bar diameter: The minimum reinforcement according to slab and
beam elements as appropriate should be followed, unless otherwise specified. The diameter of
main reinforcing bars shall not be less 10 mm. The grade of steel used is either Fe 415 or Fe
500.

ww
Problem

w.E
Design an isolated footing of uniform thickness for RCC bearing a vertical load 600
KN and having a box of size 500mm x 500mm. The Safe Bearing Capacity of soil is
asy
take is 120 𝑲𝑵⁄𝒎𝟐 , M20 , Fe415.
Step 1:
En
Size of column =
gin
500 x 500 mm
Weight of column ‘w’ =
S.B.C =
600 KN
120 𝐾𝑁⁄𝑚2 eer
fy = 415 𝐾𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 ing
fck = 20 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
.ne
Step 2:
Size of footing
t
W = 600 KN
Self weight of footing = 10% of column load
600 ×10
=
100

= 60 KN
Total load = 600 + 60
= 660 KN
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
Area of footing =
𝑆𝐵𝐶

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660
=
120

= 5.5𝑚2
Area of Square = 𝑎2 = 5.5
⇒ 𝑎 = √5.5
= 2.35m
Size of Footing = (2.35 x 2.35) m

Step 3:

ww Net upward pressure

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑

w.E po =

=
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔)
600

asy=
5.5

109.01 𝐾𝑁⁄𝑚2
Step 4: En
a) Depth on basis of Bending Compression
gin
M =
PO
8
(B – b) (B - b/4 ) eer
=
109.01
8 ing
[(2.35 – 0.5) (2.35 – 0.5⁄4 )]
M = 56.08 KNm
.ne
Factored Moment
Mu
=
=
1.5 x 56.08
84.12 KNm
t
0.36 𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.42 𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥
Mu lim = fck [1 - ] 𝑏𝑑 2
𝑑 𝑑

= 0.36 x 0.48 x 20 [1 – 0.42 (0.48)] (𝑏𝑑 2 )

Mu lim = 2.76 𝑏𝑑 2
` Mu lim = Mu
(2.759 x 2350) 𝑑 2 = 84.13 x 106
d = 113.91 ≅ 115mm
D = d + cover
= 115 + 60
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D = 175mm

b) Depth on basis of two way shear

Assume, pt = 0.3%
𝜏c from IS 456 Pg No: 73 0.25 → 0.36
0.50 → 0.48
𝜏c = 0.38
Permissible shear stress, 𝜏v = 𝜏c x K
D = 175 mm(IS 456 – 72 P ) , K = 1.25
𝜏v 0.38 x 1.25
ww 𝜏v
=
= 0.475

w.E
Critical section lies ‘d’ distance from the face of the unit,
𝐵 𝑏
𝑎
asy=
2
2350
−
2

−
500

𝑎 En
=
2

425 𝑚𝑚2
2

Vu
=
= 1.5 Po a gin
= 1.5 x 109.01 x 0.925 eer
Vu = 151.36 𝑁⁄𝑚2
ing
𝜏v =
Vu
𝑏𝑑
.ne
0.475

d
=

=
355.44
2350 ×𝑑

318.7mm ≅ 320mm
t
c) Depth on basis of two way shear,
𝑑 𝑑
b0 = + +b
2 2

d = 320mm
b0 = 820mm
Shear force, F = Po [ 𝐵2 − 𝑏0 2 ]
= 110 [2.352 − 0.8202 ]
F = 532.61 KN≅ 530 𝐾𝑁

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Fu = 1.5 x 530
= 795 KN
Shear stress
Fu
𝜏v =
4 ×𝑏0 ×𝑑

795 × 103
=
4 ×820 ×320

𝜏v = 0.757 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
Permissible shear stress
𝜏v ≤ ks𝜏𝑐
ks = 0.5 + Bc
ww Bc =
𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛

w.E =
500
500
=1
ks
asy= 0.5 + 1
ks
Take, ks En
=
=
1.5
1
𝜏𝑐 = 0.25 √𝑓𝑐𝑘 gin
= 0.25√20 eer
𝜏𝑐 = 1.118 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
ing
.ne
k s x 𝜏𝑐 =
=
1 x 1.118
1.118 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 t
𝜏v < ks𝜏𝑐
Hence Safe
Step 4: Design of Reinforcement
𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [1− ]
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑘
415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡
84.195 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 320 [1− ]
20 ×320 ×2350

= 115536 x Ast (1− 2.7 × 10−5 Ast)

Ast = 743.66 ≅ 745 mm
Provide 7nos of 12mm ∅ bars at 150mm spacing C/C.
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Step 5:
Check for development length
i. Ld = 47 x ∅
= 47 x 12
= 564 mm
ii. Length of bar, Lo = 1⁄ (B−𝑏) − dc
2
= 1⁄ (2350 – 500 ) − 60
2
= 865 mm
∵ Lo >Ld

ww Hence safe against development length.

w.E
Step 6:
Transfer of load at column base

asy 2
1
=
𝑏′
385

En 𝑏 ′ = 770mm
A1 =
5002
gin
(500 + 770 + 770)2 = 20402
A2 =

Adopt minimum value, √ 1= 2 ⇢

𝐴 eer
𝐴2
ing
(IS 456 pg: 65)

=√
20402
5002
= 4.08
.ne
Adopt value of 1 𝐴
√𝐴 = 2
2
t
𝐴1
Permissible bearing pressure = 0.45 fck√
𝐴2

= 0.45 x 20 x 2
= 18 N/mm2
Step 7:
Actual bearing pressure
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 600 × 103
A.B.P = =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 500 ×500

= 2.8 N/mm2

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Check :
Actual bearing pressure & permissible bearing pressure
2.4 < 18
Hence safe

Reinforcement Details

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

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UNIT V DESIGN OF FOOTINGS

Design of wall footing

Problem

Design a footing for 250mm thick has masonry wall with supports to carry a design
load of 200kn/m at service state. Consider unit weight of soil 20KN/𝒎𝟑 . Angle of
repose = 30°. Allowable bearing capacity 150KN/𝒎𝟐 , M20, Fe415 .

Given Data:
150𝐾𝑁⁄𝑚2
ww q0
𝛾
=
= 20 KN/𝑚3

w.E B = 250mm
pu
∅
=
= asy
200 KNm
30°
fck =
En
20 N/𝑚𝑚2
fy = 415 N/𝑚𝑚2
gin
Step 2:
Determination of depth of foundation eer
h =
𝑞0
x [ 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅⁄1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ ]2 ing
=
𝛾
150
x [ 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛30⁄1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛30 ]2 .ne
=
20

0.83 ≅ 1m t
Step 3:
Find width of footing
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
B =
𝑆.𝐵.𝐶
200
= = 1.35 m
150

Step 4:
Find total load
Self weight of footing = (L × B × D) 𝛾
= (1 × 1.35 × 1) 25

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= 33.75 ≅ 34
Total Load = pu + self weight
= 200 + 34
= 234 𝐾𝑁⁄𝑚2
Step 5:
Actual width of footing
234
Actual width = = 1.56≅ 1.6 m
150

Step 6:
Net upward pressure

ww Po =
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑(𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛)
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ ×1(𝑚 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛)

w.E =
200
1.6
= 125𝐾𝑁⁄𝑚2 /𝑚 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

Step 7:
asy
a) Depth of Basis of Bending Compression

M = En
𝑃𝑂
x (B – b) x (B - )
𝑏
8
125 gin 4

x ( 1.6 – 250 x 10−3 ) x ( 1.6 –

250 × 10−3

M
=

=
8

32.43 KNm eer 4

)

Factored Moment = 1.5 x M ing

= 1.5 x 32.43
.ne
Mu lim
Mu =
=
48.645 KNm
0.36 𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑑
fck [ 1-
0,42𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑑
] 𝑏𝑑 2
t
= 0.36 x 0.48 x 20 [1- 0.42 x 0.48 ]𝑏𝑑 2
= 2.759 𝑏𝑑 2
Mu lim = Mu
2.759 𝑏𝑑 2 = 48.645 x 103
2.759 x 10−3 x 103x𝑑 2 = 48.645 x 103
d = 132.78 mm
D = d + cover
= 132.78 + 60
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= 192.78 mm
D = 200 mm
b) Depth on basis of one way shear
Assume, pt = 0.3%
𝜏v = 𝜏c x K
𝜏c ref IS456 Pg No: 73 0.25 → 0.36
0.50 → 0.48
𝜏c = 0.38
Permissible shear stress, 𝜏v = 0.38 K

ww K ref IS 456 Pg No : 73
K = 1.20

w.E 𝜏v
𝜏v
= 0.38 x 1.20
=
asy0.456
c)Critical section lies ‘d’ distances from face of wall
Vu =
En
1.5 Po a

a =
𝐵
2
-
𝑏
2 gin
=
1.35
2
-
250
2 eer
a = 675 mm
ing
a = 0.675 m
.ne
Vu =
=
1.5 x Po x a
1.5 x 125 x 0.675 = 126.56 𝑁⁄𝑚2
𝑉𝑢
t
𝜏v =
𝑏𝑑
126.56 × 103
0.456 =
1000 ×𝑑

d = 277.54 mm ≅ 280 mm.

D = d + dc
= 280 + 60 = 340 mm
Design Reinforcement
fyAst
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [1- ]
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑘

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415 Ast
48.65 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 270 [1- ]
1000 ×270 ×20

Ast = 519.83
Provide 12mm ∅ at 200mm C/C.
Distribution Reinforcement
0.12
= x 1000 x 250
100

= 300mm

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

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UNIT V DESIGN OF FOOTINGS

RECTANGLE COLUMN FOOTING

Problem
Design a rectangular isolated footing of uniform thickness of R.C column, bearings
vertical load of 600 KN, have base size 400 x 600 mm, and have SBC of 120 KN/m2.
Use M20 and Fe415 grades.
Step 1:
b = 400 mm

ww d
w
=
=
600 mm
600 KN

w.E S.B.C = 120 KN/m2

fy
fck
=
= asy
415 N/mm2
20 N/mm2
Step 2: En
Size of footing
gin
W = 600 KN (Weight of column)
eer
Self weight of footing =
=
10% (column load )
10
x 600 ing
=
100

60 KN .ne
Total load =
=
600 + 60
660 KN
t
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
Area of footing =
𝑆.𝐵𝐶
660
120

= 5.5 m2
A = 5.5
BxL= A = 5.5 m2
2
B = L
3
2
xLxL = 5.5
3
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L = 2.87 m ≅ 3m
B = 1.91 m ≅ 2m
B = 2m , L = 3m
Step 3: Section Design
a) Depth on basis of Bending compression

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
Net upward pressure Po =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
600
=
3×2

= 100 KN/m2

ww Along x−x axis

Mx = Po x B x 1.2 x
1.22

w.E = 100 x 2 x 1.2 x

2
1.22
2

asy
Mx = 172.8
Mux
En = 1.5 x M = 259.2
Along y−y axis
gin 0.82
My = Po x L x 0.8 x
2
0.82
eer
= 100 x 3 x 0.8 x
2
ing
Muy
=
=
76.8
115.2 .ne
Mu lim
Mu lim
=
=
Take greater one
259.2 ≅ 260 KNm
t
b) Depth from Mulim
𝑀𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.42 𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥
Mu lim = 0.36 fck (1− ) bd2
𝑑 𝑑

260 x 106 = 0.36 x 0.48 x 20 [1− 0.42(0.48)] bd2

260 x 106 = 3.456 (1− 0.2016) bd2
bd2 = 94227807.47
2 x 103 d2 = 94227807.47
d = 217.0 ≅ 220 mm

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D = d + 𝑑′
= 220 + 60
= 280 mm

c) Depth of basis of one way shear

a = 1.2− d
Shear force, Vu = 1.5 x Po x B x a
= 1.5 x 100 x 2( 1.2− d)
Vu = 360 – 300d
Vu

ww 𝜏v

𝜏v
=
𝑏𝑑
360−300d
⇢ ①
w.E Assume, Pt
=

= 0.3%
2𝑑

asy
( 𝜏c ref IS 456 Pg No: 73) 0.25 → 0.36

En 0.50 → 0.48
𝜏c =
Permissible shear stress, 𝜏v
0.38 N/mm2
=gin 𝜏c x K
eer
K = 1.05
D=280mm ⇢ (IS 456 Pg: 72)
ing
.ne
275 → 1.05
300 → 1.00
𝜏v = K x 𝜏c t
= 0.38 x 1.05
= 0.4 N/mm2
𝜏𝑣 = 400 KN/m2 ⇢ ②
Eqn ①&②
360−300𝑑
= 400
2𝑑

360−300d = 800d
360 = 1100d
d = 0.327 m

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d = 3.27 ≅ 330 mm
D = 390 mm
Depth on basis of 2 way shear
Area of footing, AF = 6m2 (3 x 2)
𝑑 𝑑
BC = B+ +
2 2
330 330
= 400 + +
2 2

BC = 730mm
330 330
AB = 600 + +
2 2

AB = 930mm
ww Area = BC x AB

w.E =
=
730 x 930
678900 mm2
Shear force asy= Po [AF – Area of ABCD]

En
= 100[6 – 678900 x (10-3)2]
= 532.11 KN
gin
Fu =
=
1.5 x 532.11
798.17 KN eer
ing
Length of ABCD = (930 x 2) + (730 x 2)
.ne
𝜏𝑣
=
=
3320 mm
𝐹𝑢
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 ×𝑑
t
798.17 × 106
= = 0.73 N/mm2
3320 × 330

Permissible stress = k s x 𝜏𝑐
ks = 0.5 + 𝛽𝑐
𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝛽𝑐 =
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
400
= = 0.667
600

ks = 0.5 + 0.667
= 1.167

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But ks is not greater than one, so ks =1

𝜏𝑐 = 0.25 √𝑓𝑐𝑘
= 0.25 x √20
= 1.118 N/mm2
ks𝜏𝑐 = 1.167 x 1.118
= 1.3 N/mm2
𝜏𝑣 < ks𝜏𝑐
Hence safe
Step 4: Design of Reinforcement

ww
Find Astx :
𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑥

w.E Mux =

260 x 106 =
0.87 fy Astx d [1−
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑘

0.87 x 415 x Astx x 330 [1-

]
415 Astx
]

asy
Astx = 2356.82 mm2
20 ×2000 ×330

En
12mm Ø bar @ 50mm in x- direction C/C spacing.

Muy = gin
0.87 fy Asty d [1−
𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑦
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑘
]

eer 415 Asty

120 x 106 =
ing
0.87 x 415 x Asty x 330 [1-
20 ×2000 ×330
]

Asty = 987 mm2

.ne
12mm Ø bar @ 110mm spacing.

Check of development length

t
i. Ld = 47 x Ø

= 47 x 12 = 564 mm

ii. Length of bar,

Lo = 1⁄ × (B – b) − dc
2

= 1⁄ × (2000 – 400) – 60
2

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= 740mm

Lo > Ld Hence safe.

A1 = 2160 x 1960

A2 = 600 x 400

A 2160 ×1960
√𝐴 1 = √
600 ×400
2

= 4.2

A1

ww
Adopt values,√
𝐴2
= 2

w.E
Permissible bearing stress = 0.45 fck√
A1
𝐴2

asy = 0.45 x 20 x 2

En = 18 N/mm2

Actual bearing pressure = gin

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

600 × 103
eer
=
600 ×400
ing
= 2.5 N/mm2
.ne
Actual bearing pressure

2.5
<

<
t
Permissible bearing stress

18 N/mm2

Hence safe.

Reinforcement details

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ww
w.E [Source:R.C.C Designs by Dr.B.C.Punmia,page 1091]

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DESIGN OF COMBINED RECTANGULAR FOOTING FOR TWO COLUMNS

Whenever two or more columns in a straight line are carried on a single spread footing, it
is called a combined footing. Isolated footings for each column are generally the economical.
Combined footings are provided only when it is absolutely necessary, as
1.When two columns are close together, causing overlap of adjacent isolated footings
2.Where soil bearing capacity is low, causing overlap of adjacent isolated footings
3. Proximity of building line or existing building or sewer, adjacent to a building column.

Problem

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Two interior columns A and B carry 700 kN and 1000 kN loads respectively. Column A
is 350 mm x 350 mm and column B is 400 mm X 400 mm in section. The centre to centre

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spacing between columns is 4.6 m. The soil on which the footing rests is capable of
providing resistance of 130 kN/m2. Design a combined footing by providing a central

asy
beam joining the two columns. Use concrete grade M25 and mild steel reinforcement.
Solution: Data
En
fck = 25 N/mm2,
fy= 250 N/mm2, gin
fb = l30 kN/m2 (SBC),
eer
Column A = 350 mm x 350 mm,
Column B = 400 mm x 400 mm,
ing
.ne
c/c spacing of columns = 4.6 m, PA = 700 kN and PB = 1000 kN
Ultimate loads
P = 1.5 x 700 = 1050 kN,
ua
t
P = 1.5 x 1000 = 1500 kN
ub

Working load carried by column A = P = 700 kN

A
Working load carried by column B = P = 1000 kN
B
Self weight of footing 10 % x (P + P ) = 170 kN Total working load = 1870 kN
A B
Required area of footing = Af = Total load /SBC
=1870/130 = 14.38 m2
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Let the width of the footing = Bf = 2m

Required length of footing = Lf = Af /Bf = 14.38/2 = 7.19m
Provide footing of size 7.2m X 2m,Af = 7.2 x 2 = 14.4 m2

For uniform pressure distribution the C.G. of the footing should coincide with the C.G. of
column loads. Let x be the distance of C.G. from the centre line of column A
Then x = (PB x 4.6)/(PA + PB) = (1000 x 4.6)/(1000 +700)
= 2.7 m from column A.
If the cantilever projection of footing beyond column A is ‘a’
then, a + 2.7 = Lf /2 = 7.2/2, Therefore a = 0.9 m

ww Similarly if the cantilever projection of footing beyond B is 'b'

then, b + (4.6-2.7) = Lf /2 = 3.6 m,

w.E Therefore b = 3.6 - 1.9 = 1.7 m

The details are shown in Figure

asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

Rectangular Footing with Central Beam:-Design of Bottom slab

Total ultimate load from columns = Pu= 1.5(700 + 1000) = 2550 kN.
Upward intensity of soil pressure wu= P/Af= 2550/14.4 = 177 kN/m2

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Design of slab

Intensity of Upward pressure = wu =177 kN/m2

Consider one meter width of the slab (b=1m)
Load per m run of slab at ultimate = 177 x 1 = 177 kN/m
Cantilever projection of the slab (For smaller column)
=1000 - 350/2 = 825 mm
Maximum ultimate moment = 177 x 0.8252/2 = 60.2 kN-m.

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
For M25 and Fe 250, Q u max = 3.71 N/mm2 eer
Required effective depth = √ (60.2 x 10 /(3.71 x 1000)) = 128 mm
6

ing
.ne
Since the slab is in contact with the soil clear cover of 50 mm is assumed.
Using 20 mm diameter bars
Required total depth = 128 + 20/2 + 50 =188 mm say 200 mm
Provided effective depth = d = 200-50-20/2 = 140 mm
t
Check the depth for one - way
shear considerations- At ‘d’ from face
Design shear force=Vu=177x(0.825-0.140)=121kN
Nominal shear stress=τv=Vu/bd=121000/(1000x140) =0.866MPa
Permissible shear stress
Pt = 100 x 2415 /(1000 x 140 ) = 1.7 %, τuc = 0.772 N/mm2
Value of k for 200 mm thick slab =1.2
Permissible shear stress = 1.2 x 0.772 = 0.926 N/mm2
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τuc > τv and hence safe

The depth may be reduced uniformly to 150 mm at the edges.

Check for development length

Ldt= [0.87 x 250 / (4 x 1.4)]Ф =39 Ф
= 39 x 20 = 780 mm
Available length of bar=825 - 25 = 800mm
> 780 mm and hence safe.

Transverse reinforcement

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Required Ast=0.15bD/100
=0.15x1000 x 200/100 = 300mm2

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Using Ф8 mm bars, Spacing=1000x50/300
= 160 mm

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Provide distribution steel of Ф8 mm at 160 mm c/c,<300, <5d

En
Design of Longitudinal Beam
gin
Load from the slab will be transferred to the beam.
eer
ing
As the width of the footing is 2 m, the net upward soil pressure per meter length of the beam
= wu = 177 x 2 = 354 kN/m
Shear Force and Bending Moment .ne
VAC= 354 x 0.9 =318.6 kN, VAB = 1050-318.6 =731.4 kN
VBD= 354 x 1.7 = 601.8kN, VBA = 1500-601.8 = 898.2 kN
t
Point of zero shear from left end C
X1 = 1050/354 = 2.97m from C or
X2 = 7.2-2.97 = 4.23 m from D
Maximum B.M. occurs at a distance of 4.23 m from D
MuE = 354 x 4.232 / 2 - 1500 (4.23 - 1.7) = -628 kN.m
Bending moment under column A= MuA=354x0.92 /2 = 143.37 kN.m
Bending moment under column B = MuB = 354 x 1.72 = 511.5 kN-m
Let the point of contra flexure be at a distance x from the centre of column A
Then, Mx= I050x - 354 (x + 0.9 )2/ 2 = 0

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Therefore x = 0.206 m and 3.92 m from column A

i.e. 0.68 m from B.

Depth of beam from B.M.

The width of beam is kept equal to the maximum

width of the column i.e. 400 mm. Determine the
depth of the beam where T- beam action is not available.
The beam acts as a rectangular section in the cantilever portion, where the maximum positive
moment = 511.5 kN/m.

ww d =√ (511.5 x 106/ (3.73 x 400)) = 586 mm

Provide total depth of 750 mm. Assuming two rows of bars with effective cover of 70 mm.

w.E
Effective depth provided = d= 750-70 = 680 mm
(Less than 750mm and hence no side face steel is needed

asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t
In this case b=D=400 mm, db=680 mm, ds=140 mm
Area resisting two - way shear
= 2(b x db + ds x d s) + 2 (D + d b)ds
= 2 (400 x 680+ 140 x 140) + 2(400+680) 140= 885600 mm2
Design shear=Pud= column load – W u x area at critical section
= 1500 - 177 x(b + ds) x (D + db)
=1500-177 x (0.400+0.140) x (0.400+ 0.680) =1377.65kN
τv=Pud/bod

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= 1377.65x1000/885600=1.56 MPa
Shear stress resisted by concrete = τuc = τuc x K s
where, τuc = 0.25 √ f ck= 0.25√ 25 = 1.25 N/mm2
K s = 0.5 + d / D = 0.5 + 400/400 = 1.5 ≤ 1 Hence K s = 1

ww τuc = 1 x 1.25 = 1.25 N/mm2 .

w.E
Therefore Unsafe

asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
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CE8501 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE ELEMENTS
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