1.

INTRODUCTION

In India, around 70% of the population depends on agriculture, making the identification of
plant diseases crucial to prevent yield losses. Manually monitoring plant health is highly
labor-intensive, requires significant expertise, and consumes a great deal of time. As a result,
employing image processing and machine learning models can offer an efficient solution for
detecting plant diseases. This project presents a method for identifying diseases by analyzing
images of plant leaves. Image processing, a branch of signal processing, extracts valuable
information from images, while machine learning a subset of artificial intelligence automates
tasks based on trained data. The goal of machine learning is to analyze this data and fit it into
models that help make informed decisions and accurately predict outcomes. For disease
detection, factors such as leaf color, damage extent, leaf area, and texture are used to classify
different diseases.

In the past, plant disease detection relied on visual inspections or chemical analyses by experts,
which is costly and time-consuming, especially for large farms. The system proposed here
addresses these challenges by enabling automated monitoring of extensive crop fields. This
solution simplifies and reduces the cost of disease detection by allowing diseases to be
identified from symptoms visible on plant leaves. It’s also more efficient and faster than other
deep learning approaches, as it relies on statistical machine learning and image processing
algorithms, making it computationally less demanding.

Plant health is vital for agriculture, food security, and environmental sustainability. Diseases can
cause substantial crop losses, endangering farmers' livelihoods and global food supplies.
Traditional detection methods, which depend on expert knowledge and visual inspections, are
not only subjective but also time-consuming. With recent technological advancements, machine
learning has become an effective tool for automating plant disease detection. By utilizing large
datasets and advanced algorithms, machine learning can detect patterns and anomalies in plant
images, making it a reliable approach for identifying diseases.

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1.1 MOTIVATION

The agriculture system is supported by farmers. Agriculture, as is well known, is an integral

part of a country's development. Agriculture is very important in India's economy and job
market. One of the most common problems faced by Indian farmers is that they do not
choose the appropriate crop for their soil. One of the most popular issues that Indian farmers
face is failing to protect their crops/plants in time from diseases. Traditional methods of
disease identification are often labour-intensive and slow, making it difficult to manage vast
agricultural areas effectively. Machine learning offers a solution by automating the detection
process, utilizing advanced algorithms to analyse images quickly and accurately. This
technology not only streamlines monitoring but also enables precision agriculture, allowing
for targeted interventions that minimize chemical use and promote environmental
sustainability. By empowering farmers with real-time insights into plant health, machine
learning can transform agricultural practices, ultimately contributing to a more resilient and
efficient food system.

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1.2 PROBLEM DEFINITION

Plant diseases pose a major threat to agricultural productivity, but traditional methods of
detecting these issues typically relying on visual inspection and expert judgment—face
several limitations. They’re often slow, not very scalable, and prone to inaccuracies. As a
result, farmers frequently find it hard to catch diseases in their early stages, leading to lower
crop yields and greater economic losses. Additionally, manual inspections require a lot of
labor and struggle to meet the growing demands for food as the global population rises. This
project aims to address these challenges by developing an automated solution using machine
learning to detect and classify plant diseases from leaf images. With advanced image
processing techniques and machine learning algorithms, the goal is to create a model
capable of identifying various plant diseases at different stages, and doing so quickly and
accurately.

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 2. LITERATURE SURVEY

This Plant Disease Detection using CNN is proposed by Kushal M U, Mrs Nikitha S ell an
automated leaf disease diagnosis of banana plant. Plant disease detection and classification have
been successfully researched through Convolution Neural Networks (CNN); nevertheless, CNN
fails to capture the posture and orientation of objects due to the inherent incapacity of the max
pooling layer in CNN. In view of these drawbacks, they used a new model called Capsule
Network (caps net). With a test accuracy of 95%, the constructed model correctly detected
banana bacterial wilt, black sigatoka, and healthy leaves. In terms of rotation invariance, it beat
three kinds of CNN architectures: installed a trained CNN model from scratch, lenet5, and
resnet50. The test dataset without rotation using the resnet50 architecture, on the other hand,
outperforms the suggested model. But with rotation the proposed model gives the best result.
For leaf disease identification in plants, the authors suggested an enhanced feature computation
technique based on Squeeze and Excitation (SE) Networks before processing by the original
Capsule networks.

This Plant Disease Detection and Classification proposed by Usha Mittal, Ankita Wadhawan a
significant majority of the population in India makes their living through agriculture. Different
illnesses that develop due to changing weather patterns and are caused by pathogenic
organism’s impact the yields of diverse plant species. The present article analysed some of the
existing techniques in terms of data sources, pre-processing techniques, feature extraction
techniques, data augmentation techniques, models utilized for detecting and classifying diseases
that affect the plant, how the quality of images was enhanced, how overfitting of the model was
reduced, and accuracy. The research papers for this study were selected using various keywords
from peer-reviewed publications from various databases published between 2010 and 2022. A
total of 182 papers were identified and reviewed for their direct relevance to plant disease
detection and classification, of which 75 papers were selected for this review after exclusion
based on the title, abstract, conclusion, and full text. Researchers will find this work to be a
useful resource in recognizing the potential of various existing techniques through data-driven
approaches while identifying plant diseases by enhancing system performance and accuracy.

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This smart plant care: plant disease detection using machine learning algorithms proposed by
Bharti Joon’s Ravi Kumar Amit Jaiswal’s The rising need for enhanced agricultural efficiency,
along with escalating environmental hurdles, highlights the pressing need for innovative
approaches to detect and manage plant diseases. This study presents a machine learning-based
system designed to identify and determine the cause of plant ailments. By harnessing
advancements in "machine learning and artificial intelligence", the system delivers a scalable
and proficient solution for accurately detecting plant diseases in real-time. The paper delineates
the architecture, components, and methodologies integrated into the system, alongside
experimental findings showcasing its efficacy and potential impact on agricultural practices.
Moreover, we provide insights into the comparative analysis of machine learning techniques,
including "k-nearest neighbours (knn)", "naive Bayesian" and "random forest", within the
framework of the system. Furthermore, we explore the forthcoming obstacles and potential
future directions in the domain of machine learning-driven plant disease detection and diagnosis
systems .

Year Authors Title Intro

May 2022 Kushal M U, Mrs Plant Disease Focus on
Nikitha S, Shashank L banana plant
M, Partha Sarathi S, Detection using CNN
diseases.
Maruthi M N

Mar 2023 Usha Mittal, Ankita Plant Disease Detection Focus on reducing
Wadhawan and Classification overfitting and
enhancing image
quality.

June 2024 bharti joon’s, Ravi Smartplantcare: plant Developed a system

for identifying and
Kumar, Amit disease detection using
diagnosing plant
Jaiswal’s machine learning diseases.
algorithms
Addresses
agricultural
efficiency and
environmental
challenges

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 Table 1 : Literature survey table

3. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This Software Requirements Specification (SRS) outlines the functional and non-functional
requirements for a Plant Disease Detection System using machine learning. The system aims to
assist farmers and agricultural professionals in identifying plant diseases through image
analysis, providing timely insights to enhance crop management and yield.

3.1.1 Project Scope

India is an agriculture-based country and about 70% of the population depends on it as their
main source of income and food. Farmers have wide range in selecting their crops and finding a
suitable pesticide for it but in spite of all their efforts it can all be vain if they can’t identify the
disease plaguing their crops. Thus disease on crops can significantly reduce the quality and
quantity of agricultural products along with economical damage to the farmers. To successfully
cultivate crops without incurring much loss we need to properly identify the disease and remedy
it, this requires a lot of work and processing time as detecting each and every plant can be
tedious can time consuming. To lessen the burden of the farmers along with their losses we
propose the use of a system which can detect infected plants so that we can curb the spread of
infection and diseases at an earlier step thus reducing losses and crop failure.

In most cases symptoms like fungal infection and rot can be seen on the leaves, stem and fruit.
This paper provides an insight into how we deal with the problem and further discuss the
challenges of our work and how we can improve upon it in future work. So, to classify different
plant diseases, we plan to design a deep learning system so that a person without expertise in
software should also be able to use it easily. The proposed system is made to predict plant
diseases using the leaves as an identifying factor. It explains the analysis of our methodology
along with some of the feature engineering of the data. A large number of images is collected
for each disease and is classified into database images and input images. The primary attributes
of the leaves that are important are the shape and texture-oriented features. The figure provided
below gives us an insight into the basic principle of our system along with an idea about how
the system works.

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3.1.2 User Classes and Characteristics
1 Farmers
1.1 Goals: Quickly identify diseases to take corrective actions and improve crop
yield.
1.2 Skills: May have limited technical skills; requires a user-friendly interface.

1.3 Device Usage: Primarily mobile devices or tablets for on-field use.

2 Agronomists

2.1 Goals: Provide expert advice based on accurate disease detection; analyze
trends in plant health.
2.2 Skills: Proficient in agricultural science and technology; familiar with data
analysis.
2.3 Device Usage: Desktops and laptops for detailed analysis and report
generation.

3 Researchers

3.1 Goals: Explore new methodologies for disease detection and improve existing
models.
3.2 Skills: Strong analytical skills, programming, and familiarity with machine
learning frameworks.
3.3 Device Usage: Workstations with high processing capabilities for training
models.
4 Extension Workers

4.1 Goals: Educate farmers on plant diseases and promote best practices in
agriculture.
4.2 Skills: Intermediate knowledge of agriculture and technology; requires
effective communication tools.
4.3 Device Usage: Laptops and tablets for training sessions and field visits. 5
System Administrators
5.1 Goals: Ensure the smooth operation of the system and manage user data
securely.
5.2 Skills: High technical expertise in IT and system management.

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 5.3 Device Usage: Desktops for system monitoring and maintenance tasks.

3.1.3 Assumptions and Dependencies

 Assumptions

1. User Familiarity: It is assumed that users, especially farmers and agronomists, have
basic knowledge of smartphones or computers and can navigate apps or web interfaces.
2. Image Quality: The system assumes that users will provide high-quality images of plant
leaves for accurate disease detection. This includes well-lit images that clearly show leaf
details.
3. Stable Internet Connection: It is assumed that users will have a stable internet
connection to upload images and receive results promptly.
4. Access to Technology: It is assumed that target users will have access to the necessary
technology, including smartphones or computers, to utilize the system effectively.
5. Data Availability: It is assumed that a sufficiently diverse and representative dataset of
plant diseases is available for training machine learning models to ensure accurate
predictions.

 Dependencies

1. Machine Learning Frameworks: The system depends on robust machine learning

frameworks (e.g., tensor flow, pytorch) for developing and deploying disease detection
models.
2. Image Processing Libraries: The functionality relies on image processing libraries (e.g.,
opencv, PIL) for pre-processing and analysing uploaded images.
3. Database Management Systems: The system depends on a reliable database (e.g.,
PostgreSQL, mongo DB) for storing user data, uploaded images, and model outputs.
4. Cloud Services: If implemented, the system may depend on cloud services (e.g., AWS,
Azure) for storage, computational resources, and scalability to handle a large number of
users and data.

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 5. User Input and Feedback: The system’s accuracy and effectiveness depend on
continuous user input and feedback, which will help improve the models and user
experience.

3.2 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

3.2.1 User management

• The system shall allow users to register and create accounts.

• The system shall provide user authentication (login/logout).

• The system shall allow users to reset their passwords.

3.2.2 Image upload and processing

• The system shall enable users to upload images of plant leaves.

• The system shall pre-process the images (resizing, normalization).

• The system shall apply machine learning models to detect and classify plant diseases.

3.2.3 Disease classification

• The system shall provide accurate identification of plant diseases.

• The system shall display the confidence level of the predictions.

• The system shall offer detailed information about identified diseases (symptoms,
treatment options).

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3.3 EXTERNAL INTERFACE REQUIREMENTS

3.3.1 User Interface

1. Web Interface

• User Dashboard: Provide an overview of detected diseases, analytics, and system status.

• Image Upload: Enable users to upload images of plants for disease analysis.

• Results Display: Show disease diagnosis, confidence levels, and suggested treatments.

• User Feedback: Allow users to submit feedback or corrections on detected diseases.

2. Mobile Application

• Camera Integration: Allow users to capture images directly through the app for instant
analysis.
• Push Notifications: Inform users of new features, updates, or urgent alerts regarding
plant health.
• Offline Mode: Provide limited functionality when the device is not connected to the
internet.

3.3.2 Hardware Interfaces

• Cameras Integration with Drones: Enable image capture using drones equipped with
cameras for large-scale monitoring.
• IoT Devices: Interface with smart sensors that can detect plant health metrics (moisture,
temperature).

3.3.3 Software Interfaces

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• Dashboard: A main screen displaying an overview of plant health status, recent uploads,
and alerts.
• Image Upload Section: A simple drag-and-drop area for users to upload images of
plants.
• Results Display: Clear results showing detected diseases, confidence levels, and
suggested treatments.
• History Log: A section to view past diagnoses and recommendations.

3.3.4 Communication Interfaces

• Web Application: A user-friendly dashboard for uploading images, viewing results, and
accessing resources.
• Mobile App: An app that allows users to upload images and receive notifications on the
go.
• Chatbot Integration: A chatbot on the website or app that answers user questions and
guides them through the diagnosis process.

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3.4 NON FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

3.3.1 Performance Requirements

1. The system shall process images and return results on upload leaf image.

2. The system shall support at least 100 concurrent users without performance
degradation.

3.3.2 Safety Requirements

The maintenance should not be done without taking backup.

3.3.3 Security Requirements

1. The system shall encrypt sensitive user data (passwords, personal information).

2. The system shall implement secure user authentication methods (e.g., OAuth).

3.3.4 Software Quality Attributes

1. Reliability: The system should consistently perform as expected, with minimal

downtime. Regular maintenance and monitoring will help ensure that the system
remains reliable over time.
2. Usability: The user interface must be intuitive and easy to navigate, catering to users
with varying levels of technical expertise. Providing clear instructions and helpful
resources can enhance user satisfaction and engagement.
3. Maintainability: The system architecture should be modular and well-documented,
allowing for easy updates, bug fixes, and the integration of new features or machine
learning models as needed.
4. Performance: The system should process images quickly, ideally returning results within
a few seconds, to allow for timely decision-making in agricultural practices. Efficient
resource management and optimization techniques are crucial for achieving this.

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3.5 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

3.4.1 Database Requirements

1. Size: The dataset should be large enough to train a robust model. A minimum of
several thousand images is generally recommended.
2. Quality: The images should be high-quality, well-labelled, and representative of the
different plant diseases and healthy plants.
3. Diversity: The dataset should include a variety of plant species, growing conditions,
and disease stages to ensure the model's generalizability

3.4.2 Software Requirements (Platform Choice)

1. Operating System: Windows, macOS, or Linux are common choices.

2. Programming Language: Python is a popular choice for machine learning due to its
extensive libraries and frameworks.
3. Deep Learning Framework: Tensor Flow, Pytorch, or Keras are popular options for
building and training deep learning models.
4. Image Processing Library: OpenCV or PIL can be used for image preprocessing and
augmentation.
5. Data Science Libraries: NumPy, Pandas, and Scikit-learn are essential for data
manipulation and analysis.

3.4.3 Hardware requirements

1. CPU: A multi-core processor with high clock speed is recommended for efficient
computation.
2. GPU: A dedicated GPU with sufficient memory can significantly accelerate training
and inference, especially for deep learning models.
3. RAM: Adequate RAM is essential to handle the dataset, model parameters, and
intermediate calculations. 8GB or more is typically recommended.
4. Storage: Sufficient storage space is needed to store the dataset, trained models, and
results. An SSD can provide faster read/write speeds compared to a traditional HDD.

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3.6 ANALYSIS MODELS: SDLC MODEL TO BE APPLIED

The Agile Model is a highly suitable approach for developing a Plant Disease Detection
system using Machine Learning. The flexibility, iterative nature, and focus on user feedback
make Agile ideal for a project that requires continuous model improvement,
experimentation, and the incorporation of user needs as shown in fig 1 Agile Model. 
Project Planning & Initial Sprint Setup:

Define the problem: Early detection and accurate identification of plant diseases using
image processing.
Identify stakeholders: Farmers, agronomists, agricultural experts, and developers.
Prioritize features: Begin with core functionalities like disease detection and model
performance, and leave advanced features (like treatment suggestions) for later sprints.
Set the sprint duration: Usually 1-2 weeks for each sprint.
Create a product backlog: List the required features, starting with data collection, model
development, and UI.

• Sprint 1: Data Collection and Pre-processing:

Collect images of plant diseases from publicly available datasets or through
collaboration with agricultural organizations.
Label the dataset with disease types and ensure balance in healthy and diseased plant
images.
Perform data pre-processing: Image resizing, augmentation, and cleaning to ensure
high-quality inputs.
Create the initial sprint backlog: Data pre-processing pipeline, early exploratory data
analysis (EDA), and data labelling.

• Sprint 2: Model Development - Initial Prototype:

Build a basic Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to classify plant diseases based on
images.
Split the dataset into training, validation, and testing sets.
Implement basic metrics to evaluate model performance (accuracy, precision, recall).
Create a basic API or script to test the model with sample image

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• Sprint 3: Basic User Interface (UI) and Integration:
Develop a web or mobile interface where users can upload plant images.
Integrate the trained machine learning model into the backend.
Display model results (e.g., disease type, confidence score) to users.
Ensure that the interface is simple, with easy-to-understand instructions for farmers.

• Sprint 4: Testing and User Feedback:

Conduct unit tests, integration tests, and end-to-end tests to ensure the system works
smoothly.
Test the model in different environments (e.g., low-light images, damaged leaves) to see
how it performs.
Collect feedback from users: How accurate is the model? Is the UI intuitive? Are there
other diseases to include?

• Sprint 5: Adding Advanced Features:

Add new functionalities such as disease severity grading or treatment recommendations
based on disease type.
Enable multi-language support for better user accessibility in different regions.
Optimize the model for mobile deployment (e.g., compressing the model for faster
inference).

• Sprint 6: Deployment and Continuous Improvement:

Deploy the model on cloud infrastructure (AWS, Google Cloud) or as an offline mobile
app, depending on user needs.
Set up continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipelines for regular
model updates.
Implement monitoring to track system performance, identify bugs, and collect data for
future model retraining.

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 Fig 1: Agile Model

By using the Agile Model, your team can create a more user-focused, adaptable, and evolving
plant disease detection system that keeps up with new data, model improvements, and user
requirements.

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3.5 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

Phase 1: Requirement analysis

• Activities:

o Conduct stakeholder interviews to gather functional and non-functional

requirements.
o Identify target users and their needs (e.g., farmers, agronomists).

o Define system objectives, such as desired accuracy and response time.

• Deliverables:

o Requirement specification document.

o User personas and use cases.

Phase 2: System design

• Architecture design:

o Design a system architecture that includes components like data ingestion,

processing, machine learning model, and user interface. o Choose between a
web-based or mobile application depending on user needs.  Data flow design:
o Create data flow diagrams to visualize how data moves through the system.

• Model design:

o Select appropriate algorithms (e.g., cnn for image classification) and define
model parameters.
• Deliverables:

o Architectural design document.

● Data flow diagrams and model design specifications.

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Phase 3: Data collection and preparation

• Activities:

o Collect a diverse dataset of plant images representing various diseases and

healthy samples.
o Pre-process the data (e.g., resizing images, normalizing pixel values, data
augmentation).
• Tools:

o Use libraries like opencv and pandas for data manipulation.

• Deliverables:

o Cleaned and processed dataset ready for training.

Phase 4: Model development

• Activities:

o Develop and train machine learning models using frameworks like tensor flow or
pytorch.
o Implement techniques for feature extraction and selection as needed.

o Optimize model hyper parameters through techniques like grid search or random
search.
• Deliverables:
o Trained machine learning model with performance metrics (e.g., accuracy,
precision, recall).

Phase 5: Testing

• Testing strategy:

o Unit testing: test individual components of the application for functionality. o

Integration testing: ensure that all components work together seamlessly.
o System testing: validate the entire system against specified requirements using
real-world data.

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 o User acceptance testing (uat): involve target users in testing to gather feedback
and make adjustments.
• Deliverables:

o Test plans, test cases, and results documentation. o Uat feedback report.

Phase 6: Deployment

• Deployment steps:

o Prepare the production environment (e.g., cloud server or local server). o

Deploy the trained machine learning model along with the user interface.
o Ensure data storage and model serving are properly configured.

• Deliverables:

o Deployed system accessible to users.

o Deployment documentation outlining setup procedures.

Phase 7: Maintenance and iteration

• Ongoing support:

o Monitor system performance and user feedback continuously.

o Regularly update the model with new data to improve accuracy.
o Implement necessary enhancements based on user feedback and technological
advancements.
• Deliverables:

o Maintenance logs and update records.

o Version releases and enhancement documentation.

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 4. SYSTEM DESIGN
4.1 SYSTEM ARCHITETURE

Fig 2: System Architecture

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4.2 DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS

A data flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the "flow" of data through an
information system, modelling its process aspects. A DFD is often used as a preliminary step to
create an overview of the system without going into great detail, which can later be elaborated.
DFDs can also be used for the visualization of data processing (structured design). A DFD
shows what kind of information will be input to and output from the system, how the data will
advance through the system, and where the data will be stored. It does not show information
about process timing or whether processes will operate in sequence or in parallel, unlike a
traditional structured flowchart which focuses on control flow, or a UML activity workflow
diagram, which presents both control and data flows as a unified model. Data flow diagrams are
also known as bubble charts. DFD is a designing tool used in the top down approach to Systems
Design. Symbols and Notations Used in DFDs Using any 10 convention’s DFD rules or
guidelines, the symbols depict the four components of fig 3 data flow diagrams.

External entity: an outside system that sends or receives data, communicating with the system
being diagrammed. They are the sources and destinations of information entering or leaving the
system. They might be an outside organization or person, a computer system or a business
system. They are also known as terminators, sources and sinks or actors. They are typically
drawn on the edges of the diagram.

Process: any process that changes the data, producing an output. It might perform computations,
or sort data based on logic, or direct the data flow based on business rules.

Data store: files or repositories that hold information for later use, such as a database table or a
membership form.

Data flow: the route that data takes between the external entities, processes and data stores. It
portrays the interface between the other components and is shown with arrows, typically
labelled with a short data name, like “Billing details.”

DFD levels and layers A data flow diagram can dive into progressively more detail by using
levels and layers, zeroing in on a particular piece. DFD levels are numbered 0, 1 or 2, and
occasionally go to even Level 3 or beyond. The necessary level of detail depends on the scope
of what you are trying to accomplish. DFD Level 0 is also called a Context Diagram. It’s a basic

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overview of the whole system or process being analysed or modelled. It’s designed to be an
at-a-glance view, showing the system as a single high-level process, with its relationship to
external entities. It should be easily understood by a wide audience, including stakeholders,
business analysts, data analysts and developers.

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4.3 ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM

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4.4 UML DIAGRAMS

Fig 5: Use Case Diagram

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4.4.3 Activity Diagram

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 5. OTHER SPECIFICATION

5.1 ADVANTAGES:

1. Early Detection

Rapid Diagnosis: Machine learning models can analyse images of plants quickly, enabling early
detection of diseases before they spread extensively.

Preventive Measures: Early identification allows farmers to take timely actions, reducing crop
loss and minimizing the need for drastic interventions.

2. Increased Accuracy

High Precision: Advanced algorithms can achieve high accuracy in identifying specific
diseases, often outperforming traditional methods.

Consistency: Machine learning models provide consistent results, reducing human error
associated with manual inspections.

3. Scalability

Large Datasets: Machine learning can handle and learn from large volumes of data, making it
suitable for analysing extensive fields or various crops.

Adaptability: Models can be retrained with new data to improve accuracy and adapt to emerging
diseases or changing environmental conditions.

4. Cost-Effectiveness

Reduced Labor Costs: Automating disease detection reduces the need for labour-intensive
manual inspections, saving costs for farmers.

Minimized Chemical Use: Accurate disease detection helps target treatments, reducing
unnecessary pesticide and fungicide applications.

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5.2 LIMITATIONS

1. Data Dependency

Quality of Data: Machine learning models require large amounts of high-quality, labelled data
for training. Poor quality or insufficient data can lead to inaccurate predictions.

Data Variability: Variations in lighting, camera quality, and plant conditions can affect image
quality and model performance.

2. Complexity of Plant Diseases

Similar Symptoms: Many plant diseases can exhibit similar symptoms, making it challenging
for models to distinguish between them without extensive training.

Multiple Diseases: A single plant may suffer from multiple diseases simultaneously,
complicating diagnosis.

3. Model Generalization

Overfitting: Models trained on a specific dataset may perform poorly on new or unseen data,
especially if the new data does not reflect the training conditions.

Limited Adaptability: Models may struggle to generalize across different crops or

environmental conditions without retraining.

4. Technical Requirements

Computational Resources: Training sophisticated machine learning models, especially deep

learning models, requires significant computational power and resources.

Technical Expertise: Implementing and maintaining machine learning systems often requires
specialized knowledge, which may not be readily available in all agricultural contexts.

5. User Acceptance

Trust in Technology: Farmers may be skeptical about relying on automated systems for disease
detection, preferring traditional methods they are familiar with.

Training Needs: Users may require training to effectively use machine learning tools and
interpret their results.

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5.3 APPLICATIONS

1. Early Disease Diagnosis

Mobile Applications: Farmers can use smartphone apps equipped with machine learning models
to take pictures of their plants and receive instant feedback on potential diseases, enabling early
intervention.

2. Precision Agriculture

Targeted Treatments: Machine learning can help identify specific areas of a field that require
treatment, allowing farmers to apply pesticides or fertilizers more precisely, reducing waste and
environmental impact.

3. Crop Monitoring

Automated Surveillance: Drones and cameras equipped with machine learning algorithms can
monitor large agricultural areas, providing real-time data on plant health and identifying disease
outbreaks quickly.

4. Yield Prediction and Management

Data Analysis: By analyzing historical data and current plant health status, machine learning
models can predict crop yields, helping farmers make informed decisions about resource
allocation and harvest timing.

5. Disease Trend Analysis

Predictive Analytics: Machine learning can analyze trends in disease occurrence over time,
helping researchers and farmers understand the conditions that lead to outbreaks and enabling
proactive management strategies.

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 6. CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK

6.1 COCLUSION

Plant disease detection using machine learning offers a promising solution to a significant
challenge in modern agriculture: the timely and accurate identification of crop diseases. By
leveraging powerful machine learning models, such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs),
we can automate the process of diagnosing plant diseases from images, providing farmers with
real-time insights and actionable recommendations. This not only reduces the dependence on
human expertise but also accelerates the detection process, enabling more proactive disease
management and preventing significant crop losses. The implementation of a machine learning
based plant disease detection system follows a structured and iterative approach, such as the
Agile SDLC, allowing flexibility, continuous improvement, and user feedback integration.
Starting with data collection and preprocessing, progressing through model development and
testing, and finally deploying a user-friendly interface, each phase contributes to refining the
system for practical, real-world application. The incorporation of farmer and expert feedback
ensures that the system remains user-centric and adaptable to evolving agricultural needs.

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6.2 FUTURE WORK

Future work in plant disease detection using machine learning holds significant potential for
enhancing agricultural practices. One promising direction is the development of robust data
collection methods through drones and iot devices, allowing for real-time monitoring of
plant health. Additionally, leveraging transfer learning can facilitate the application of
models across different plant species, reducing the need for extensive datasets. The
integration of explainable AI will enhance transparency in model predictions, providing
farmers with actionable insights. By combining data from various sources, such as satellite
imagery and soil health metrics, multi-modal approaches can improve prediction accuracy.
Mobile applications designed for user-friendly disease identification will empower farmers
to take immediate action. Furthermore, collaboration with agronomic experts can validate
findings and enhance the overall quality of datasets. Ultimately, focusing on ethical and
sustainable practices will ensure that these technological advancements contribute positively
to agricultural resilience and food security.

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 7. REFERENCE

[1] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-34549-2
[2] Plant Disease Detection and Classification by Deep Learning by Muhammad Hammad
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[3] Plant Disease Detection and Classification Using a Deep Learning-Based Framework by
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[4] Plant Disease Detection and Classification Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning
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[5] Main. (2023, February). apple-cucumber-tomato-grape Dataset [Open Source Dataset].

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[8] Md Nasim Adnan “Improving theRandom Forest Algorithm byRandomly Varying the
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[9] Haseeb Nazki, Sook Yoon, Alvaro Fuentes, Dong Sun Park “Unsupervised image
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[10] Manjunath Badiger, Varuna kumara,Sachin CN shetty,Sudhir poojary “Leaf and skin
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[11]https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375660975Plant_Disease_Detection_and_Classifi
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[12] Mohanty SP, Hughes DP and Salathé M (2016) Using Deep Learning for Image-Based
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[13] Barbedo, J. G. A. (2018). "Digital image processing techniques for detecting,

quantifying and classifying plant diseases." Sprouts: Working Papers on Plant and Food
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[14] Zhang, Z., et al. (2020). "Deep learning for plant disease recognition: A review."
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