NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL & MANUFACTURING

ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LAB

Measurement of DC voltage and current in a circuit, its control and

verification of Ohm’s law

Submitted By:
Mohammad Gulzaib
460917

Section:
ME – 15 (C)

Submitted To:
Engr. Sania Shaheen
Electrical Engineering Lab Report 3

Assessment Rubrics for EE-103 Electrical Engineering Lab

Excellent (9-10) Good (7-8) Fair (4-6) Poor (1-3)
Introduction and Complete and well Nearly complete, missing Some introductory Very little
Theory written; provides all some minor points information, but still background
necessary missing some major information
background principles points provided, or
for information is
the experiment incorrect
Experimental Well-written in Written in paragraph Written in paragraph Missing several
Procedure paragraph format, all format, important format, still missing important
experimental details experimental details some important experimental details
are covered are covered, some experimental details or not written in
minor details missing paragraph format
Results: data, �igures, All �igures, graphs, tables All �igures, graphs, Most �igures, graphs, Figures, graphs, tables
graphs, tables, etc. are correctly drawn, are tables are correctly tables OK, some still contain errors or are
numbered and contain drawn, but missing some poorly constructed, have
titles/captions. some have minor important or required missing titles, captions
problems or could features. or numbers, units
still be improved missing or incorrect, etc.
Discussion All-important trends and Almost all the Some of the results Very incomplete or
data comparisons have results have been have been correctly incorrect
been interpreted correctly interpreted and interpretation of
correctly and discussed, interpreted and discussed; partial but trends and
good understanding of discussed, only Incomplete comparison of data
results is conveyed. minor understanding of indicating a lack of
improvements are results is still evident. understanding of
needed. results.
Conclusion All-important All-important Conclusions regarding Conclusions missing or
conclusions have been conclusions have been major points are missing the important
clearly made, drawn, could be better drawn, but many are points
student shows good stated misstated, indicating a
understanding lack of understanding
Report Formatting, All sections in order, All sections in order, Sections in order, Sections out of order,
structure and well formatted, very formatting generally contains the minimum too much
referencing readable. References well, but could still be allowable amount of handwritten copy,
provided appropriately improved. References handwritten copy, sloppy formatting. No
provided, but not formatting is rough referencing at all.
entirely but
readable. Improper
References
Plagiarism in any case will result in zero mark in that session.

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Electrical Engineering Lab Report 3

Contents
Lab Objectives ................................................................................................................................................... 4
Lab Equipment .................................................................................................................................................. 4
Related Theory .................................................................................................................................................. 4
• Measure DC voltage and Current .......................................................................................................... 4
• Circuit diagram ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Ohm law and Resistors ...................................................................................................................................... 5
• Ohm law ................................................................................................................................................ 5
Lab Task............................................................................................................................................................. 6
• Task ....................................................................................................................................................... 6
Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................... 6
Results ............................................................................................................................................................... 7
Discussion.......................................................................................................................................................... 9
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................... 9
References ....................................................................................................................................................... 10

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Electrical Engineering Lab Report 3

Circuit symbols. Resistors. Color coding and use of multimeter for resistance
measurement

Lab Objectives

• To be able to measure DC voltage and current in a circuit

• To be able to control the current in a circuit through resistance and voltage
• Verification of Ohm’s law

Lab Equipment

1. Resistor
2. Digital Multimeter
3. DC power supply
4. Bread board

Related Theory

• Measure DC voltage and Current

To measure DC voltage and current using a multimeter, first set the multimeter dial to the appropriate settings
for each measurement. For DC voltage, select the DC voltage setting (denoted by a "V" with a straight line)
and connect the black probe to the COM port and the red probe to the V port. When measuring voltage, the
multimeter should be connected in parallel with the component or across the two points where you want to
measure. The red probe goes to the point of higher potential (positive side), and the black probe to the lower
potential (negative/ground). The voltage reading will then be displayed on the screen.
For DC current measurement, set the multimeter to the DC current (A with a straight line) setting, and if
needed, switch to a higher current range (mA or A). Connect the black probe to the COM port and the red
probe to the A or mA port, depending on the expected current. When measuring current, the multimeter must
be connected in series with the circuit, meaning you need to break the circuit and insert the multimeter at
the point where you want to measure current. The red probe should be connected closer to the power supply,
and the black probe closer to the load. The current reading will be displayed on the multimeter [1].

• Circuit diagram

The circuit diagram of the circuit which we made in lab to verify ohm’s law to study the relationship between
resistance and current, when voltage is kept constant, and to study relationship between current and voltage
when resistance is kept constant. The circuit diagram is as follows:

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Electrical Engineering Lab Report 3

Figure 1: Circuit Diagram

Ohm law and Resistors

• Ohm law

One of the most basic and important laws of electric circuits is Ohm’s law.
“Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing
through it, provided all physical conditions and temperatures remain constant.”

𝑉𝑉 = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝑉𝑉
𝐼𝐼 =
𝑅𝑅
𝑉𝑉
𝑅𝑅 =
𝐼𝐼
Ohm’s law only holds true if the provided temperature and the other physical factors remain constant. In
certain components, increasing the current raises the temperature. An example of this is the filament of a
light bulb, in which the temperature rises as the current is increased. In this case, Ohm’s law cannot be
applied. The lightbulb filament violates Ohm’s Law [2].
Practical Applications of Ohm’s Law:
1. Circuit Design: Engineers use Ohm's Law to determine the appropriate values of resistors needed in
electronic circuits to control the current.

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Electrical Engineering Lab Report 3

2. Safety: Ohm's Law helps in designing safe electrical systems by calculating how much current will
flow in a system and ensuring it doesn't exceed safe limits, which could cause overheating or fire.
3. Troubleshooting: Electricians and engineers use Ohm's Law to diagnose issues in electrical circuits.
By measuring two of the variables (e.g., current and resistance), they can calculate the third (voltage)
to check for faults.
Limitations of Ohm’s Law:
Ohm’s Law applies to ohmic conductors—materials that have a constant resistance regardless of the voltage
or current applied. In some cases, such as in semiconductors, diodes, or when the temperature changes
significantly, the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance may not be linear, and Ohm's Law
may not hold [2].

Lab Task

• Task

The lab taks is to measure current, first by keeping resistance constant and changing voltage and in second
part keep voltage constant and changing resistance. Verify ohm’s law. Then also measure voltage difference
in each iteration of both part.

Procedure

• Create the circuit using according to the circuit diagram as shown above.
• Measure the resistance using multimeter, note the resistance.
• Connect DC power source and note the reading of applied voltage and measure current, connecting
multimeter in series and also measure voltage difference across resistor using multimeter in parallel.
• Repeat point 3 with two more different voltages.
• Now repeat the above whole process, but this time make voltage constant and repeat the steps using
different resistances.
Formula to calculate error:
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 − 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 (%) = × 100
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴

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Electrical Engineering Lab Report 3

Results

Resistance is constant.
Voltage Resistance Current (mA) Current through Percentage error
(V) kΩ 𝑽𝑽 multimeter (mA) (%)
𝑰𝑰 =
𝑹𝑹
5 5.61 0.89 0.88 1.1

10 5.61 1.78 1.76 1.1

15 5.61 2.67 2.65 0.7

Graph:

Voltage vs Current
3

2.5

2
Current

1.5

0.5

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Votage

Voltage is constant.
Voltage Resistance Current (mA) Current through Percentage error
(V) kΩ 𝑽𝑽 multimeter (mA) (%)
𝑰𝑰 =
𝑹𝑹
10 5.6 1.78 1.75 1.6

10 5.5 1.81 1.76 2.7

10 2.2 4.54 4.45 1.9

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Electrical Engineering Lab Report 3

Graph:

Resistance vs Current
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
CURRENT

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
RESISTANCE

Voltage difference across resistor with resistor constant.

Voltage Resistance Voltage difference
(V) kΩ (V)
5 5.61 4.97
10 5.61 9.97
15 5.61 15.04

Voltage difference across resistor with voltage constant.

Voltage Resistance Voltage difference
(V) kΩ (V)
10 5.6 9.94
10 5.5 9.94
10 2.2 9.94

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Electrical Engineering Lab Report 3

Discussion

In this experiment, we verified Ohm’s law by performing two methods. First, we kept the resistance constant
and varied the voltage, observing a proportional increase in current, consistent with Ohm’s law. In the second
method, we kept the voltage constant and varied the resistance, noting that as resistance increased, current
decreased, further validating the law. In both cases, the measured values closely matched theoretical predictions,
with minor deviations attributed to factors like measurement errors and resistor tolerance. This confirmed the
relationship between voltage, current, and resistance as described by Ohm’s law.

Conclusion

The experiment effectively demonstrated Ohm’s law through two methods: by varying voltage while keeping
the resistance constant and by varying resistance with a constant voltage. Both methods confirmed the
proportionality between voltage and current, as well as the inverse relationship between current and resistance.
The results aligned well with theoretical predictions, and any minor discrepancies were within acceptable
experimental error. Overall, the experiment successfully verified Ohm’s law, proving it to be a fundamental
principle governing the behavior of resistive DC circuits.

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Electrical Engineering Lab Report 3

References

[1] Measure Voltage and Current:

https://www.fluke.com/en/learn/blog/digital-multimeters/how-to-measure-dc-voltage-with-a-
digital-multimeter

[2] Ohm’s Law:

https://byjus.com/physics/ohms-law/

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