BINARY NUMBER

SYSTEM
BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM
DENARY TO BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM
TWO’S COMPLEMENT (BRAIN FORMULA)

B Convert into 7-bit binary

R Reverse the numbers
A Add 1 to the answer
1
N Put 1st bit as a negative number
TWO’S COMPLEMENT (BRAIN FORMULA)
CONVERT -126 INTO BINARY
1 B Convert into 7-bit binary 111 1110

2 R Reverse the numbers. 0000001

3 A Add 1 to the answer. 0000001

+1
------------
1 0000010

4 N Put 1st bit as ‘1’ for a 10000010

negative number.
CONVERT BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL
HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY
ASCII CODES
AND
UNICODES
ASCII CODES
Definition:
 ASCII stands for the "American Standard Code for Information
Interchange".
 ASCII is a 7-bit character set containing 128 characters.
 It contains the numbers from 0-9, the upper and lower case
English letters from A to Z, and some special characters.
 The character sets used in modern computers, in HTML, and on
the Internet, are all based on ASCII.
UNI CODES
Definition:
 Unicode stands for universal code.
 Unicode is a 16 bit or 32 bit code.
 Unicode allows characters in a code form to represent all
languages of the world.
 Supports many operating systems, search engines and internet
browsers used globally.
 It support several thousand different characters in total.
 ASCII uses one byte to represent a character, whereas Unicode
will support up to four bytes per character.
BIT-MAP IMAGES
BIT MAP IMAGES
Bit-map images are made up of pixels (picture elements); the
image is stored in a two dimensional matrix of pixels.
When storing images as pixels, we have to consider at least 8 bits
(1 byte) per pixel are needed to code a colored image (this gives
256 possible colours by varying the intensity of the blue, green
and red elements)
True colour requires 3 bytes per pixel (24 bits), which gives more
than one.
IMAGE RESOLUTION & SCREEN RESOLUTION
• Image resolution refers to the number of pixels that make up an image; for
example, an image could contain 4096 × 3192 pixels (12 738 656 pixels in total).
• Screen resolution refers to the number of horizontal pixels and the number of
vertical pixels that make up a screen display (for example, if the screen resolution is
smaller than the image resolution then the whole image cannot be shown on the
screen or the original image will now be a lower quality).
VECTOR GRAPHICS
 Vector graphics are images that use 2D points to describe lines and curves
and their properties that are grouped to form geometric shapes.
 Vector graphics can be designed using computer aided design (CAD)
software or using an application which uses a drawing canvas on the screen.
PROPERTIES OF VECTOR GRAPHICS
A vector graphic will contain a drawing list (included in a file header) that is made up
of
• the command used for each object that makes up the graphic image
• the attributes that define the properties that make up each object (for example
consider the ellipse of the robot’s mouth – this will need the position of the two
centres, the radius from centres, the thickness and style of each line, the line colour
and any fill colour used)
• the relative position of each object will also need to be included
• the dimensions of each object are not defined, but the relative positions of
objects to each other in the final graphic need to be defined; this means that scaling
up the vector graphic image will result in no loss of quality.
COMPARISON BETWEEN VECTOR AND BITMAP GRAPHICS
• Vector graphic images • Bit-map graphic images
• made up of geometric shapes which • made up of tiny pixels of different colours
require definition/attributes
• to alter/edit the design, it is necessary to • possible to alter/edit each of the pixels to
change each of the geometric shapes change the design of the image
• they do not require large file size since it • because of the use of pixels (which give
is made up of simple geometric shapes very accurate designs), the file size is very
large
• because the number of geometric shapes • since images are built up pixel by pixel,
is limited, vector graphics are not usually the final image is usually very realistic
very realistic
• file formats are usually .svg, .cgm, .odg • file formats are usually .jpeg, .bmp, .png
MEASUREMENT OF DATA STORAGE
MEASUREMENT OF DATA STORAGE
CALCULATION OF A FILE SIZE
One of the images is 16384 pixels wide and 512 pixels high. The developer decides
to save it as a 256-colour bit-map image. Calculate the size of the image file in
gibibytes.
Total Resolution = 16384 x 512 = 8,388,608 px
256 color = 8 bits
File size in bits = 67,108,864 bits
= 67,108,864/8*1024*1024*1024 = 0.0078125 GiB
CALCULATION OF A FILE SIZE
SOUND FILES
Sampling: Sampling is the process of transforming a musical source into a digital
file. Digital audio recording does this by taking samples of the audio source along
the soundwaves at regular intervals.
Sampling Resolution: Sample resolution (the number of bits per sample) determines
how many gradations of amplitude (corresponding to loudness) can be represented
in the digital waveform.
Sampling rate: Sampling rate is the number of sound samples taken per second. The
higher the sampling rate and/or sampling resolution, the greater the file size. For
example, a 16-bit sampling resolution is used when recording CDs to give better
sound quality.
HOW IS SAMPLING USED TO RECORD A SOUND
CLIP?
The amplitude of the sound wave is first determined at set time intervals (the
sampling rate).
• This gives an approximate representation of the sound wave.
• The sound wave is then encoded as a series of binary digits.
PROS AND CONS OF USING HIGHER SAMPLING
RESOLUTION
Pros Cons
• larger dynamic range • produces larger file size
• better sound quality • takes longer to
transmit/download
sound files
• less sound distortion • requires greater
processing power
CALCULATION OF FILE SIZE
FEATURES OF AN AUDIO EDITING SOFTWARE
edit the start/stop times and duration of a sample
• extract and save (or delete) part of a sample
• alter the frequency and amplitude of a sample
• fade in and fade out
• mix and/or merge multiple sound tracks or sources
• combine various sound sources together and alter their properties
• remove ‘noise’ to enhance one sound wave in a multiple of waves (for example, to identify
and
extract one person’s voice out of a group of people)
• convert between different audio formats.
THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LOSSY AND LOSSLESS
COMPRESSION
FILE COMPRESSION APPLICATIONS (LOSSY)
MPEG-3 (MP3) AND MPEG-4 (MP4)
MPEG-3 (MP3) uses technology known as audio compression to convert music and
other sounds into an MP3 file format.
This compression technology will reduce the size of a normal music file by about
90%.
For example, an 80 MB music file on a CD can be reduced to 8 MB using MP3
technology.
PROCESS OF LOSSLESS COMPRESSION
Perceptual music shaping removes certain sounds. For example
• Frequencies that are outside the human hearing range
• If two sounds are played at the same time, only the louder one can be heard by the
ear, so the softer sound is eliminated.
• This means that certain parts of the music can be removed without affecting the
quality too much.
• MP3 files use what is known as a lossy format, since part of the original file is lost
following the compression algorithm.
• This means that the original file cannot be put back together again.
FILE COMPRESSION APPLICATIONS (LOSSLESS)
Run-length encoding (RLE)
• Run-length encoding (RLE) can be used to compress a number of different
file formats.
• It is a form of lossless/reversible file compression that reduces the size of a
string of adjacent, identical data (such as repeated colors in an image).
• A repeating string is encoded into two values.
• The first value represents the number of identical data items (such as
characters) in the run. The second value represents the code of the data item
(such as ASCII code if it is a keyboard character).
• RLE is only effective where there is a long run of repeated units/bits.
WORKING OF RUN LENGTH ENCODING
GENERAL METHODS OF COMPRESSING FILES