GRADE 7

NOTES OF LESSON
ENGLISH

CHIVVY (Poem)
By Michael Rosen
Question and Answers:
1. When is a grown-up likely to say this? Don’t talk with your mouth full.
Ans: The grown-ups are likely to say this when kids are eating and have their mouths full,
and are trying to speak simultaneously.

2. When are you likely to be told this? Say thank you.

Ans: Grown-ups instruct kids to say thank you when someone offers them something or
when someone helps them.

3. When do you think an adult would say this? No one thinks you are funny.
Ans: Adults would say this when children are told to perform some activity and they are
feeling shy.

4. The last two lines of the poem are not prohibitions or instructions. What is the adult now
asking the child to do? Do you think the poet is suggesting that this is unreasonable? Why?
Ans: The last two lines of the poem are not prohibitions or instructions. Instead, the last two
lines pose an irony. In these lines, the adult asks the children to take independent decisions.
Yes, the poet suggests that this is unreasonable because, at all times, the grown-ups expect
children to listen and follow the instructions of adults blindly. And suddenly, they want them
to take their decisions.

5. Why do you think grown-ups say the kind of things mentioned in the poem? Is it important
that they teach children good manners, and how to behave in public?
Ans: I think the grown-ups say the kind of things mentioned in the poem in order to teach
children decent and proper ways of doing things. Yes, it is important that adults teach
children good manners and how to behave in public because they have experienced and
learnt these things. But sometimes adults become so strict with children that they lose their
innocence and playfulness.

6. If you had to make some rules for grown-ups to follow, what would you say? Make at
least five such rules. Arrange the lines as in a poem.
Ans: Don’t shout at children. Don’t beat them. Don’t use your mobile while eating. Don’t
use abusive language for anyone. Spend more time with pets and children. Don’t stop
children from playing.

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 TREES (Poem)
By Shirley Bauer
Question and Answers:
1. What are the games or human activities which use trees, or in which trees also
‘participate’?
Ans: The games or human activities which use trees or in which trees also participate are
the following:
• Trees are used by children to hide while playing hide and seek.
• Children make tree houses to play in.
• Adults have their tea parties under the shade of the trees.
• Adults also use them as a scene to paint

2: (i) “Trees are to make no shade in winter.” What does this mean?
Ans: Trees provide shade during the scorching summer. During winter, trees shed their
leaves as people enjoy the sun during winters. Hence, trees are to make no shade in winter.
(ii) “Trees are for apples to grow on, or pears.” Do you agree that one purpose of a tree is
to have fruit on it? Or do you think this line is humorous?
Ans: Yes, I agree that one purpose of a tree is to provide fruits and eatables. Humans
receive a lot of eatables from trees.

Trees (Summary)
The poet lists down the various activities done on trees. Birds live in the trees. Children
climb trees and play. They make tree houses, swing swings on trees. The wind also blows
through the trees. The children hide behind trees when they play hide and seek. People sit
under the shade of the tree and enjoy tea parties. The kites flying in the sky get caught in the
trees, The cool shade of the tree is enjoyed by people during the hot summer months. In the
winter months they do not give shade because they have shed all the leaves. Trees bear many
fruits like apples and pears. They are cut and the wood is used as timber. The mothers see
the beautiful trees and say that the scene is good to paint a picture. The fathers see the trees
and say that the trees are full of leaves and they will have to collect a lot of leaves when they
fall off the trees, during the fall season.

Lesson: 3
Golu Grows a Nose (Supplementary)

Summary

Introduction to Golu
The story begins with a baby elephant named Golu, who is curious and asks endless
questions about the world around him. Unlike other elephants, Golu doesn’t have a trunk
but only a small, bulging nose.
Golu's Curiosity
Golu is always eager to learn and questions various animals in the jungle about different
things he observes. He asks the giraffe, the hippopotamus, and the ostrich strange
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questions, each time receiving no helpful answers, yet Golu's curiosity only grows.
The Journey to Find Answers
One day, Golu wonders about the crocodile and decides to seek out answers from one.
Determined, he embarks on a journey to the river where he hopes to find a crocodile and
get his questions answered.
Meeting the Crocodile
When Golu reaches the river, he encounters a crocodile, who tells Golu that he can come
closer for answers. The crocodile, however, grabs Golu by his nose and tries to pull him
into the water.
Golu’s New Nose
Golu resists, pulling back with all his strength. During this struggle, his small nose
stretches longer and longer. Eventually, Golu frees himself with the help of a bird, but his
nose has now become a long trunk.
Discovering the Advantages
At first, Golu is upset about his elongated nose, but he soon realizes its benefits. His new
trunk allows him to do many things, like swatting away flies, plucking grass, and
gathering food easily.
Conclusion
Golu returns to his jungle, no longer the same curious little elephant but one who now has
a unique trunk that serves him well. Through his journey, he learns not only about the
crocodile but also discovers that change can bring unexpected advantages.

Lesson:5
Quality (Prose)

Question and Answers:

1. What was the author’s opinion about Mr Gessler as a bootmaker?
Ans: The author was highly impressed with the work of Mr Gessler as a bootmaker. The
boots made by Mr Gessler used to have an exceptional fit. They were made only on order
and had the best materials. They lasted so long.

2. Why did the author visit the shop so infrequently?

Ans: The author visited the shop so infrequently because the boots made by Mr Gessler
used to stay quite long.

3. What was the effect on Mr Gessler of the author’s remark about a certain pair of boots?
Ans: On hearing the author’s remark about a certain pair of boots, Mr Gessler looked at the
author for a while as if expecting him to take back his words. Then he said that maybe the
author had got them wet. He told the author to bring the boots back to him so that he would
either repair or adjust the price of the boots in the bills.

4. What was Mr Gessler’s complaint against “big firms”?

Ans: Mr Gessler complained that the big firms were making money by attracting
customers through advertisements. They were not earning because of the quality of their
work but because of the marketing. And, because of them, small shops had to suffer the
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loss of customers.

5. Why did the author order so many pairs of boots? Did he really need them?
Ans: No, the author did not really need so many pairs of boots. He ordered so many of
them because he wanted to help the bootmaker financially

Chapter: 4
Chandni (Supplementary)

I. Question and Answers:

1. Why did Abbu Khan’s goats want to run away? What happened to them in the hills?
Ans: Abbu Khan’s goats wanted to run away because they wanted freedom to go to the
beautiful hills and enjoy eating the fresh green grass. A wolf used to kill and eat them in
the hills.

2. Abbu Khan said, “No more goats in my house ever again.” Then he changed his mind.
Why?
Ans: Abbu Khan said, “No more goats in my house ever again.” Then he changed his
mind because he felt very lonely.

3. Why did he buy a young goat?

Ans: He bought a young goat with the thought that the young goat would stay with him
for a longer time and would not leave him for freedom.

4. Why did Chandni hate the rope round her neck?

Ans: Chandni hated the rope around her neck because it pulled her back from going to the
beautiful hills. She wanted to be free of it, knowing the possible consequences.

5. “Now Abbu Khan understood Chandni’s problem…” What was Chandni’s problem?
Ans: Chandni’s problem was that, in spite of knowing the consequences, she wanted to go
to the hills. She chose freedom over life. She thought that it was better to face the wolf
while being free than to stay chained forever.

6. Why did Chandni refuse to join the group of wild goats?

Ans: Chandni refused to join the group of wild goats because she wanted to enjoy her
freedom entirely.

7. Why did the wise old bird say, “Chandni is the winner”?
Ans: The wise old bird said, “Chandni is the winner” because she faced her fear like a
warrior. She did not stay chained just to be alive. On the contrary, she fought for her
freedom. She did not lose her freedom.

8.Who is Abbu Khan?

Ans: Abbu Khan was an old and popular man who lived in Almora. He lived all alone
except for a few goats which he always kept as pets. Abbu gave his goats funny names
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such as Kalua, Moongia or Gujri.

9. How did Abbu Khan treat his goats?

Ans: Abbu Khan treated his goats as pets He would take them out for grazing during the
day and talk to them as one talks to one’s own children. Later, at night he would bring
them back to his little hut and put a string around the neck of each goat.

10. Why did Abbu Khan’s goats leave him one by one?
Ans: Abbu Khan’s goats were of the best hill breed. Goats in hilly regions hate being tied
to trees or poles, and they love their freedom. So, very often at night, one of the goats
would pull and pull at the string till it broke loose and then would disappear in the hills
beyond.

Mystery Of The Talking Fan(Poem)

by Maude Rubin
Question and Answers:

1.What do you think the talking fan was demanding?

Ans: The talking fan was demanding some oil. It was seeking the attention of the people at
home to put oil into the motors. Once it got oiling, it became silent.

2. How does an electric fan manage to throw so much air when it is switched on?
Ans: An electric fan manages to throw so much air when it is switched on as it has an
electric motor which rotates and makes the three blades of the fan move round and round
at a specified speed.

3. Complete the following sentences.

Ans: (i) The chatter is electrical because the noise is being produced by the electrical
motor of the fan.
(ii) It is mysterious because we cannot understand what the fan is speaking.

Summary
The poem tells us that once upon a time, the poet had a talking fan, which used to give an
electrical chatter. The poet couldn’t hear what the talking fan would say, and she wrote that
she hoped that the electrical chatter was meaningless in context. This is because one day
someone came and oiled the fan so that it couldn’t make its chatter-like noise, and since then
there had been no mysterious noises from it, no mystery behind its chatter as it worked as
noiseless or as still as stagnant water.

Lesson – 5
The Bear Story (Supplementary)
I. Question and Answers
1. Where did the lady find the bear cub? How did she bring it up?
Ans: The lady found the bear cub in the forest, half dead of hunger. It was very small. The
lady had to bring it up on a bottle with the help of the cook.
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2. The bear grew up, but “he was a most amiable bear”. Give three examples to prove this.
Ans: The three examples that prove that he indeed was a most amiable bear are:
• He used to watch the cattle grazing in a friendly way.
• The three dogs used to play with him, pull his ears and tease him.
• Children used to ride his back.

3. What did the bear eat? There were two things he was not allowed to do. What were
they?
Ans: The bear ate the food the same as the dogs – porridge, bread, cabbage, potato, and
turnip. He liked fruits.
He was not allowed to do the following:
• Pluck apples from the apple tree.
• Harm the beehives on the tree.

4. When was the bear tied up with a chain? Why?

Ans: The bear was tied up on Sundays because his mistress used to go for a visit to her
sister.

5. What happened one Sunday when the lady was going to her sister’s house? What did
the lady do? What was the bear’s reaction?
Ans: One Sunday, when the lady was going to her sister’s house, she heard the sound of
cracking branches behind her. She saw the bear. She was angry at him for having left the
room. She hit him with her parasol. The bear turned around and began to walk back.

6. Why was the bear looking sorry for himself in the evening? Why did the cook get angry
with her mistress?
Ans: The bear was looking very sorry for himself in the evening because he did not like to
stay locked in the room and instead wanted to join his mistress on the walk.
The cook got angry with her mistress because the mistress was scolding the bear for
following her to the forest. The cook told her that he did not leave the room anytime and
had been sitting there gently all day long.

7. Most people keep dogs and cats as pets. Can you think of some unusual pets that people
keep?
Ans: Most people keep dogs and cats as pets. Some unusual pets that people keep are -
snakes such as python, bears, tigers, wolves.

8. The second bear did not attack the lady because he was afraid of her. Do you agree?
Ans: Yes, I agree that the second bear did not attack the lady because he was afraid of her.
Usually, people get scared when they see a bear around. But the bear saw that the lady was
confident and was even scolding him. This frightened the bear.

9. What was the pet of the lady?

Ans:The pet of the lady who lived in an old manor house on the border of a big forest was
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a bear. She was very fond of it. The bear was found in the forest, half dead of hunger, so
small and helpless that it had to be brought up on a bottle by the lady and the old cook.

10. How did the three dogs play with the bear?
Ans:The three dogs loved to play all sorts of games with the bear by pulling his ears and his
stump of a tail and by teasing him in every way. But the bear did not mind all this in the
least. All of them ate the same food and often on the same plate too.

11. Where does the lady go every Sunday?

Ans:The lady visited her sister every Sunday. Whenever she goes for the visit, she leaves
the bear on a chain for the whole afternoon. One Sunday, while walking through the dense
forest, she found him following her. She was so angry with the disobedient bear that she hit
him on the nose with her umbrella.

My School (Olive Tree Global School)

My school is my second home, where I spend most of my time. Above all it gives me a
platform to do better in life and also builds my personality. I feel blessed to study in one of
the most prestigious and esteemed schools in the city.
My school has magnificent infrastructure with child friendly amenities. There are many
classrooms, a well-equipped library, an art lab, a computer lab, a math lab, science labs and
a huge auditorium.
My school emphasizes on the overall development of the students. Along with academics,
extracurricular activities & sports activities are also organized at our school.
My school is more than simply an educational institution; it is also my second home.
I adore my school because it is where I learn how to be a good citizen and how to reach my
goals.
I am proud to be an Olivian.

***************************************

MATHEMATICS
CH 11: EXPONENTS AND POWERS
An exponent is a number that indicates how many times a number is multiplied by itself
and a power is the expression that shows the repeated multiplication of a number.

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 EXERCISE 11.1
1. Find the value of
(i) 26
Soln:
2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 64

(ii) 93
Soln:
9 × 9 × 9 = 729

2. Express the following in exponential form:

(i) 6 × 6 × 6 × 6
Soln:
6 × 6 × 6 × 6 = 64

(ii) t × t
Soln:
t × t = t2

(vi) a × a × a × c × c × c× c × d
Soln:
a3 × c4 × d

3. Express each of the following numbers using exponential notation:

(i) 512
Soln:

(iii) 729
Soln:

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(iv) 3125
Soln:

4.Identify the greater number, wherever possible, in each of the following?

(i) 43 or 34
Soln:
43 = 4 × 4 × 4 = 64,
34 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 81
Since 81 > 64
∴ 34 is greater than 43.

(ii) 53 or 35
Soln:
53 = 5 × 5 × 5 = 125
35= 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 243
Since 243 > 125
∴ 35is greater than 53.

(iii) 1002 or 2100

Soln:
1002= 100 × 100 = 10000
2100= 2 × 2 × 2 × … 100 times
Here 2 × 2 × 2 ×2 × 2 × 2 × 2 ×2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 214 = 16384
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Since 16384 > 10,000

∴ 2100 is greater than 1002.

5.Express each of the following as the product of powers of their prime factor.

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 6.Simplify:

(i) 2 × 103
Soln:
2 × 10 × 10 × 10 = 2000

(ii) 72 × 22
Soln:
7 × 7 × 2 × 2 = 196

(viii) 32 × 104
Soln:
3× 3 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 = 90000

7.Simplify:
(i) (-4)3
Soln :
(-4) × (-4) × (-4) = -64 [∵ (-a) odd number = -a odd number]

(ii) (-3) × (-2)3

Soln:
(-3) × (-2) × (-2) × (-2)
(-3) × (-8) = 24

8.Compare the following:

(i) 2.7 × 1012; 1.5 × 108
Soln:

Here, 1012> 108

∴ 2.7 × 1012> 1.5 × 108
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LAWS OF EXPONENTS

EXERCISE 11.2

1. Using laws of exponents, simplify and write the answer in exponentialform:

i) 32×34×38

Soln:
The given expression is:
32×34×38
By laws of exponents, we have
am × an = am +n
So, we can write the given expression as,
14
3(2+4+8) = 3
Hence, the required answer is 314

ii) 615 ÷ 610

Soln:
The given expression is:
615 ÷ 610
By laws of exponents, we have
am ÷ an = am - n
So, we can write the given expression as,
6 15- 10 = 65
Hence, the required answer is 65

(v) (52)3 ÷ 53
Soln:
(52)3 ÷ 53
= 52×3 ÷ 53
= 56 ÷ 5 3
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 = 56-3 = 53 [(a3)n = amn, am ÷ an = am-n]

(x) 8t ÷ 82
Soln:
8t ÷ 82
= 8t-2 [am ÷ an = am-n]

2.Simplify and express each of the following in exponential form:

Soln:

3.Say true or false and justify your answer:

(i) 10 × 1011 =10011

Soln:
= 101+11 = 1012
RHS = 10011 = (102)11 = 1022
1012 ≠ 1022
∴ Statement is false.

(ii) 23 > 52
LHS = 23 = 8
RHS = 522 = 25
8 < 25
∴ 23 < 52
Thus, the statement is false.

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(iii) 23 × 32 = 65
Soln:
LHS = 23 × 32 = 8 × 9 = 72
RHS = 65 = 6 × 6 × 6 × 6 × 6 = 7776
∴ 72 ≠ 7776
∴ The statement is false.

(iv) 30 = (1000)0
Soln:
⇒ 1 = 1 True [∵ a0 = 1]

4.Express each of the following as a product of prime factors only in exponential form:
(i) 108 × 192
Soln:

108 × 192 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
=28 × 34

(iii) 729 × 64

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729 × 64 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
=36 × 26

5.Simplify:

Exercise 11.3

1. Write the following numbers in the expanded forms:

(a) 279404
Soln:-
The expanded form of the number 279404
= (2 × 100000) + (7 × 10000) + (9 × 1000) + (4 × 100) + (0 × 10) + (4 × 1)
Now, we can express it using powers of 10 in the exponent form,
(2 × 105) + (7 × 104) + (9 × 103) + (4 × 102) + (0 × 101) + (4 × 100).

(b) 3006194
Soln:-
The expanded form of the number 3006194
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= (3 × 1000000) + (0 × 100000) + (0 × 10000) + (6 × 1000) + (1 × 100) + (9 × 10) + 4
Now, we can express it using powers of 10 in the exponent form,
(3 × 106) + (0 × 105) + (0 × 104) + (6 × 103) + (1 × 102) + (9 × 101) + (4 × 100).

2. Find the number from each of the following expanded forms:

(a) (8 ×10)4 + (6 × 10)3 + (0 × 10)2 + (4 × 10)1 + (5 × 10)0

Soln:-
The expanded form
= (8 × 10000) + (6 × 1000) + (0 × 100) + (4 × 10) + (5 × 1)
= 80000 + 6000 + 0 + 40 + 5
= 86045

(b) (4 ×10)5 + (5 × 10)3 + (3 × 10)2 + (2 × 10)0

Soln:-
The expanded form
= (4 × 100000) + (0 × 10000) + (5 × 1000) + (3 × 100) + (0 × 10) + (2 × 1)
= 400000 + 0 + 5000 + 300 + 0 + 2
= 405302

3. Express the following numbers in standard form:

(i) 5,00,00,000
Soln:-
The standard form of the given number is 5 × 107

(ii) 70,00,000
Soln:-
The standard form of the given number is 7 × 106

(iii) 3,18,65,00,000
Soln:-
The standard form of the given number is 3.1865 × 109

4. Express the number appearing in the following statements in standard form.

(a) The distance between Earth and Moon is 384,000,000 m.

Soln:-
The standard form of the number appearing in the given statement is 3.84 × 10 8m.

(b) Speed of light in a vacuum is 300,000,000 m/s.

Soln:-
The standard form of the number appearing in the given statement is 3 × 10 8m/s.

(f) The universe is estimated to be about 12,000,000,000 years old.

Soln:-
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The standard form of the number appearing in the given statement is 1.2 × 10 10.

(g) The distance of the Sun from the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy is estimated to be
300,000,000,000,000,000,000 m.
Soln:-
The standard form of the number appearing in the given statement is 3 × 10 20m.

(h) 60,230,000,000,000,000,000,000 molecules are contained in a drop of water weighing

1.8 gm.
Soln:-
The standard form of the number appearing in the given statement is 6.023 × 10 22.

CH 5: LINES AND ANGLES

Complementary angles:
When the sum of two angles is 90°, they are complementary angles. When two
complementary angles are adjacent, they form a right angle. For example, 65° and 25°

Supplementary angles:
When the sum of two angles is 180°, they are supplementary angles. When two
supplementary angles are joined together, they form a straight line and a straight
angle. For example, 130° and 50°

Transversal:
A transversal is defined as a line that passes through two lines in the
same plane at two distinct points in the geometry.

EXERCISE:5.1

1. Find the complement of each of the following angles:

(i)

Soln:-
The given angle is 20o
Let the measure of its complement be xo.
Then,
= x + 20o = 90o
= x = 90o – 20o
= x = 70o
Hence, the complement of the given angle measures 70o.

(ii)

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Soln:-
The given angle is 63o
Let the measure of its complement be xo.
Then,
= x + 63o = 90o
= x = 90o – 63o
= x = 27o
Hence, the complement of the given angle measures 27o.

2. Find the supplement of each of the following angles:

(i)

Soln:-
The given angle is 105o
Let the measure of its supplement be xo.
Then,
= x + 105o = 180o
= x = 180o – 105o
= x = 75o
Hence, the supplement of the given angle measures 75o.
(ii)

Soln:-
The given angle is 87o
Let the measure of its supplement be xo.
Then,
= x + 87o = 180o
= x = 180o – 87o
= x = 93o
Hence, the supplement of the given angle measures 93o.

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3. Identify which of the following pairs of angles are complementary and which are
supplementary.
(i) 65o, 115o
Soln:-
65o + 115o
= 180o
If the sum of two angle measures is 180o, then the two angles are said to be supplementary.
∴ These angles are supplementary angles.

(ii) 63o, 27o

Soln:-
63o + 27o
= 90o
If the sum of two angle measures is 90o, then the two angles are said to be complementary.
∴ These angles are complementary angles.

(iii) 112o, 68o

Soln:-
112o + 68o
= 180o
If the sum of two angle measures is 180o, then the two angles are said to be supplementary.
∴ These angles are supplementary angles.

4. Find the angles which are equal to their complement.

Soln:-
Let the measure of the required angle be xo.
We know that the sum of measures of complementary angle pair is 90o.
Then,
x + x = 90o
2x = 90o
x = 90/2
x = 45o
Hence, the required angle measure is 45o.

5. Find the angles which are equal to their supplement.

Soln:-
Let the measure of the required angle be xo.
We know that the sum of measures of supplementary angle pair is 180 o.
Then,
x + x = 180o
2x = 180o
x = 180/2
x = 90o
Hence, the required angle measure is 90o.

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6. In the given figure, ∠1 and ∠2 are supplementary angles. If ∠1 is decreased, what
changes should take place in ∠2 so that both angles still remain supplementary?

Soln:-
From the question, it is given that
∠1 and ∠2 are supplementary angles.
If ∠1 is decreased, then ∠2 must be increased by the same value. Hence, this angle pair
remains supplementary.

7. Can two angles be supplementary if both of them are:

(i). Acute?
Soln:-
No. If two angles are acute, which means less than 90o, then they cannot be supplementary
because their sum will always be less than 90o.

(ii). Obtuse?
Soln:-
No. If two angles are obtuse, which means more than 90o, then they cannot be
supplementary because their sum will always be more than 180o.

(iii). Right?
Soln:-
Yes. If two angles are right, which means both measure 90o, then they can form a
supplementary pair.
∴ 90o + 90o = 180

8. An angle is greater than 45o. Is its complementary angle greater than 45o or equal
to 45o or less than 45o?
Soln:-
Let us assume the complementary angles be p and q,
We know that the sum of measures of complementary angle pair is 90o.
Then,
p + q = 90o
It is given in the question that p > 45o
Adding q on both sides,
p + q > 45o + q
90o > 45o + q
90o – 45o > q
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q < 45o
Hence, its complementary angle is less than 45o.

10. In the adjoining figure, name the following pairs of angles.

(i) Obtuse vertically opposite angles

Soln:-
∠AOD and ∠BOC are obtuse vertically opposite angles in the given figure.

(ii) Adjacent complementary angles

Soln:-
∠EOA and ∠AOB are adjacent complementary angles in the given figure.
(iii) Equal supplementary angles
Soln:-
∠EOB and EOD are the equal supplementary angles in the given figure.

(iv) Unequal supplementary angles

Soln:-
∠EOA and ∠EOC are the unequal supplementary angles in the given figure.

(v) Adjacent angles that do not form a linear pair

Soln:-
∠AOB and ∠AOE, ∠AOE and ∠EOD, ∠EOD and ∠COD are the adjacent angles that do
not form a linear pair in the given figure.

Exercise 5.2

1. State the property that is used in each of the following statements?

(i) If a ∥ b, then ∠1 = ∠5.

Soln:-
Corresponding angles property is used in the above statement.

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(ii) If ∠4 = ∠6, then a ∥ b.
Soln:-
Alternate interior angles property is used in the above statement.

(iii) If ∠4 + ∠5 = 180o, then a ∥ b.

Soln:-
Interior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary.

2. In the adjoining figure, identify

(i) The pairs of corresponding angles.

Soln:-
By observing the figure, the pairs of the corresponding angles are,
∠1 and ∠5, ∠4 and ∠8, ∠2 and ∠6, ∠3 and ∠7

(ii) The pairs of alternate interior angles.

Soln:-
By observing the figure, the pairs of alternate interior angles are,
∠2 and ∠8, ∠3 and ∠5

(iii) The pairs of interior angles on the same side of the transversal.
Soln:-
By observing the figure, the pairs of interior angles on the same side of the transversal are
∠2 and ∠5, ∠3 and ∠8

(iv) The vertically opposite angles.

Soln:-
By observing the figure, the vertically opposite angles are,
∠1 and ∠3, ∠5 and ∠7, ∠2 and ∠4, ∠6 and ∠8

3. In the adjoining figure, p ∥ q. Find the unknown angles.

22
Soln:-
By observing the figure,
∠d = ∠125o … [∵ corresponding angles]
We know that Linear pair is the sum of adjacent angles is 180o
Then,
∠e + 125o = 180o … [Linear pair]
∠e = 180o – 125o
∠e = 55o
From the rule of vertically opposite angles,
∠f = ∠e = 55o
∠b = ∠d = 125o
By the property of corresponding angles,
∠c = ∠f = 55o
∠a = ∠e = 55o

4. Find the value of x in each of the following figures if l ∥ m.

(i)

Soln:-
Let us assume the other angle on the line m be ∠y.
Then,
By the property of corresponding angles,
∠y = 110o
We know that Linear pair is the sum of adjacent angles is 180o
Then,
∠x + ∠y = 180o
∠x + 110o = 180o
∠x = 180o – 110o
∠x = 70o
23
(ii)

Soln:-
By the property of corresponding angles,
∠x = 100o
5. In the given figure, the arms of the two angles are parallel.

If ∠ABC = 70o, then find

(i) ∠DGC
(ii) ∠DEF
Soln:-
(i) Let us consider AB ∥ DG.
BC is the transversal line intersecting AB and DG.
By the property of corresponding angles
∠DGC = ∠ABC
Then,
∠DGC = 70o

(ii) Let us consider that BC ∥ EF.

DE is the transversal line intersecting BC and EF.
By the property of corresponding angles
∠DEF = ∠DGC
Then,
∠DEF = 70o

6. In the given figures below, decide whether l is parallel to m.

(i)

24
Soln:-
Let us consider the two lines, l and m.
n is the transversal line intersecting l and m.
We know that the sum of interior angles on the same side of the transversal is 180o.
Then,
126o + 44o
=170o
But, the sum of interior angles on the same side of transversal is not equal to 180 o.
So, line l is not parallel to line m.
(iii)

Soln:-
Let us assume ∠x be the vertically opposite angle formed due to the intersection of the
straight line l and transversal line n.

Let us consider the two lines, l and m.

n is the transversal line intersecting l and m.
We know that the sum of interior angles on the same side of the transversal is 180 o.
Then,
= 123o + ∠x
= 123o + 57o
= 180o
∴ The sum of interior angles on the same side of the transversal is equal to 180 o.
So, line l is parallel to line m.

CH 6: TRIANGLE AND ITS PROPERTIES

Median of a Triangle:
A median of a triangle is a line segment that joins a vertex to the mid-point of the side that
is opposite to that vertex.

Altitude of a Triangle:
25
The altitude of a triangle is a line segment that extends from a vertex of a triangle to the
line that contains the opposite side, or base, of the triangle.

EXERCISE 6.1

2. Draw rough sketches for the following:

(a) In ΔABC, BE is a median.
Soln:-
A median connects a vertex of a triangle to the mid-point of the opposite side.

(b) In ΔPQR, PQ and PR are altitudes of the triangle.

Soln:-

An altitude has one endpoint at a vertex of the triangle and another on the line containing
the opposite side.
EXERCISE 6.2
1. Find the value of the unknown exterior angle x in the following diagram:
(i)

Soln:-
We know that,
An exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of its interior opposite angles.
x = 50o + 70o
x = 120o

(ii)

26
Soln:-
We know that,
An exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of its interior opposite angles.
x = 65o + 45o
x = 110o

(iii)

Soln:-
We know that,
An exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of its interior opposite angles.
x = 30o + 40o
x = 70o

2. Find the value of the unknown interior angle x in the following figures:
(i)

Soln:-
We know that,
An exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of its interior opposite angles.
= x + 50o = 115o
By transposing 50o from LHS to RHS, it becomes – 50o
= x = 115o – 50o
= x = 65o

(ii)

27
Soln:-
We know that,
An exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of its interior opposite angles.
70o + x = 100o
By transposing 70o from LHS to RHS, it becomes – 70o
x = 100o – 70o
x = 30o

(iii)

Soln:-
We know that,
An exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of its interior opposite angles.
The given triangle is a right-angled triangle. So, the angle opposite to the x is 90o.
x + 90o = 125o
By transposing 90o from LHS to RHS, it becomes – 90o
x = 125o – 90o
x = 35o
EXERCISE 6.3

1. Find the value of the unknown x in the following diagrams:

(i)

Soln:-
We know that,
28
The sum of all the interior angles of a triangle is 180o.
Then,
∠BAC + ∠ABC + ∠BCA = 180o
x + 50o + 60o = 180o
x + 110o = 180o
By transposing 110o from LHS to RHS, it becomes – 110o
x = 180o – 110o
x = 70o

(ii)

Soln:-
We know that,
The sum of all the interior angles of a triangle is 180o.
The given triangle is a right-angled triangle. So, the ∠QPR is 90o.
Then,
= ∠QPR + ∠PQR + ∠PRQ = 180o
= 90o + 30o + x = 180o
= 120o + x = 180o
By transposing 110o from LHS to RHS, it becomes – 110o
= x = 180o – 120o
= x = 60o

(iii)

Soln:-
We know that,
The sum of all the interior angles of a triangle is 180o.
Then,
∠XYZ + ∠YXZ + ∠XZY = 180o
110o + 30o + x = 180o
140o + x = 180o
29
By transposing 140o from LHS to RHS, it becomes – 140o
x = 180o – 140o
x = 40o

2. Find the values of the unknowns x and y in the following diagrams:

(i)

Soln:-
We know that,
An exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of its interior opposite angles.
Then,
50o + x = 120o
By transposing 50o from LHS to RHS, it becomes – 50o
x = 120o – 50o
x = 70o
We also know that,
The sum of all the interior angles of a triangle is 180o.
Then,
50o + x + y = 180o
50o + 70o + y = 180o
120o + y = 180o
By transposing 120o from LHS to RHS, it becomes – 120o
y = 180o – 120o
y = 60o

(ii)

Soln:-
From the rule of vertically opposite angles,
y = 80o
Then,
We know that,
The sum of all the interior angles of a triangle is 180o.
Then,
30
50o + 80o + x = 180o
130o + x = 180o
By transposing 130o from LHS to RHS, it becomes – 130o
x = 180o – 130o
x = 50o

(iii)

Soln:-
We know that,
The sum of all the interior angles of a triangle is 180o.
Then,
50o + 60o + y = 180o
110o + y = 180o
By transposing 110o from LHS to RHS, it becomes – 110o
y = 180o – 110o
y = 70o
Now,
From the rule of linear pair,
x + y = 180o
x + 70o = 180o
By transposing 70o from LHS to RHS, it becomes – 70o
x = 180o – 70
x = 110o

Exercise 6.4
1. Is it possible to have a triangle with the following sides?
(i) 2 cm, 3 cm, 5 cm
Soln:-
Clearly, we have
(2 + 3) = 5
5=5
Thus, the sum of any two of these numbers is not greater than the third.
Hence, it is not possible to draw a triangle whose sides are 2 cm, 3 cm and 5 cm.

(ii) 3 cm, 6 cm, 7 cm

Soln:-
Clearly, we have
(3 + 6) = 9 > 7
(6 + 7) = 13 > 3
31
(7 + 3) = 10 > 6
Thus, the sum of any two of these numbers is greater than the third.
Hence, it is possible to draw a triangle whose sides are 3 cm, 6 cm and 7 cm.

(iii) 6 cm, 3 cm, 2 cm

Soln:-
Clearly, we have
(3 + 2) = 5 < 6
Thus, the sum of any two of these numbers is less than the third.
Hence, it is not possible to draw a triangle whose sides are 6 cm, 3 cm and 2 cm.

2. Take any point O in the interior of a triangle PQR. Is

(i) OP + OQ > PQ?
(ii) OQ + OR > QR?
(iii) OR + OP > RP?

Soln:-
If we take any point O in the interior of a triangle PQR and join OR, OP, OQ.
Then, we get three triangles ΔOPQ, ΔOQR and ΔORP are shown in the figure below.

We know that,
The sum of the length of any two sides is always greater than the third side.
(i) Yes, ΔOPQ has sides OP, OQ and PQ.
So, OP + OQ > PQ

(ii) Yes, ΔOQR has sides OR, OQ and QR.

So, OQ + OR > QR

(iii) Yes, ΔORP has sides OR, OP and PR.

So, OR + OP > RP

3. AM is a median of a triangle ABC.

Is AB + BC + CA > 2 AM?
(Consider the sides of triangles ΔABM and ΔAMC.)

32
Soln:-
We know that,
The sum of the length of any two sides is always greater than the third side.
Now consider the ΔABM,
Here, AB + BM > AM … [eqn i]
Then, consider the ΔACM
Here, AC + CM > AM … [eqn ii]
By adding equations [i] and [ii], we get,
AB + BM + AC + CM > AM + AM
From the figure we have, BC = BM + CM
AB + BC + AC > 2 AM
Hence, the given expression is true.

4. ABCD is a quadrilateral.
Is AB + BC + CD + DA > AC + BD?

Soln:-
We know that,
The sum of the length of any two sides is always greater than the third side.
Now consider the ΔABC,
Here, AB + BC > CA … [eqn i]
Then, consider the ΔBCD
Here, BC + CD > DB … [eqn ii]
Consider the ΔCDA
Here, CD + DA > AC … [eqn iii]
Consider the ΔDAB
Here, DA + AB > DB … [eqn iv]
By adding equations [i], [ii], [iii] and [iv], we get,
AB + BC + BC + CD + CD + DA + DA + AB > CA + DB + AC + DB
2AB + 2BC + 2CD + 2DA > 2CA + 2DB
Take out 2 on both the side,
2(AB + BC + CA + DA) > 2(CA + DB)
33
AB + BC + CA + DA > CA + DB
Hence, the given expression is true.

5. ABCD is quadrilateral. Is AB + BC + CD + DA < 2 (AC + BD)

Solution:-
Let us consider ABCD as a quadrilateral, and P is the point where the diagonals intersect.
As shown in the figure below.

We know that,
The sum of the length of any two sides is always greater than the third side.
Now consider the ΔPAB,
Here, PA + PB < AB … [eqn i]
Then, consider the ΔPBC
Here, PB + PC < BC … [eqn ii]
Consider the ΔPCD
Here, PC + PD < CD … [eqn iii]
Consider the ΔPDA
Here, PD + PA < DA … [eqn iv]
By adding equations [i], [ii], [iii] and [iv], we get,
PA + PB + PB + PC + PC + PD + PD + PA < AB + BC + CD + DA
2PA + 2PB + 2PC + 2PD < AB + BC + CD + DA
2PA + 2PC + 2PB + 2PD < AB + BC + CD + DA
2(PA + PC) + 2(PB + PD) < AB + BC + CD + DA
From the figure, we have, AC = PA + PC and BD = PB + PD
Then,
2AC + 2BD < AB + BC + CD + DA
2(AC + BD) < AB + BC + CD + DA
Hence, the given expression is true.
6. The lengths of two sides of a triangle are 12 cm and 15 cm. Between what two
measures should the length of the third side fall?
Soln:-
We know that,
The sum of the length of any two sides is always greater than the third side.
From the question, it is given that two sides of the triangle are 12 cm and 15 cm.
So, the third side length should be less than the sum of the other two sides,
12 + 15 = 27 cm
The difference of the two sides,
15 – 12 = 3 cm
So, the length of the third side falls between 3 cm and 27 cm.

34
 Exercise 6.5

1. PQR is a triangle, right-angled at P. If PQ = 10 cm and PR = 24 cm, find QR.

Soln:-
Let us draw a rough sketch of a right-angled triangle.

By the rule of Pythagoras’ Theorem,

Pythagoras’ theorem states that for any right-angled triangle, the area of the square on the
hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the areas of squares on the legs.
In the above figure, RQ is the hypotenuse,
QR2 = PQ2 + PR2
QR2 = 102 + 242
QR2 = 100 + 576
QR2 = 676
QR = √676
QR = 26 cm
Hence, the length of the hypotenuse QR = 26 cm

2. ABC is a triangle, right-angled at C. If AB = 25 cm and AC = 7 cm, find BC.

Soln:-
Let us draw a rough sketch of the right-angled triangle.

By the rule of Pythagoras’ Theorem,

Pythagoras’ theorem states that for any right-angled triangle, the area of the square on the
hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the areas of squares on the legs.
In the above figure, RQ is the hypotenuse,
AB2 = AC2 + BC2
252 = 72 + BC2
625 = 49 + BC2
By transposing 49 from RHS to LHS, it becomes – 49
BC2 = 625 – 49
BC2 = 576
BC = √576
BC = 24 cm
35
Hence, the length of the BC = 24 cm

3. A 15 m long ladder reached a window 12 m high from the ground on placing it

against a wall at a distance a. Find the distance of the foot of the ladder from the
wall.

Soln:-
By the rule of Pythagoras’ Theorem,
Pythagoras’ theorem states that for any right-angled triangle, the area of the square on the
hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the areas of squares on the legs.
In the above figure, RQ is the hypotenuse,
152 = 122 + a2
225 = 144 + a2
By transposing 144 from RHS to LHS, it becomes – 144
a2 = 225 – 144
a2 = 81
a = √81
a=9m
Hence, the length of a = 9 m

4. Which of the following can be the sides of a right triangle?

(i) 2.5 cm, 6.5 cm, 6 cm
(ii) 2 cm, 2 cm, 5 cm
(iii) 1.5 cm, 2cm, 2.5 cm
In the case of right-angled triangles, identify the right angles.
Soln:-
(i) Let a = 2.5 cm, b = 6.5 cm, c = 6 cm
Let us assume the largest value is the hypotenuse side, i.e., b = 6.5 cm.
Then, by Pythagoras’ theorem,
b2 = a2 + c2
6.52 = 2.52 + 62
42.25 = 6.25 + 36
42.25 = 42.25
The sum of squares of two sides of the triangle is equal to the square of the third side,
∴ the given triangle is a right-angled triangle.
The right angle lies on the opposite of the greater side, 6.5 cm.

(ii) Let a = 2 cm, b = 2 cm, c = 5 cm

Let us assume the largest value is the hypotenuse side, i.e. c = 5 cm.
Then, by Pythagoras’ theorem,
36
c2 = a 2 + b 2
52 = 22 + 22
25 = 4 + 4
25 ≠ 8
The sum of squares of two sides of the triangle is not equal to the square of the third side,
∴ the given triangle is not a right-angled triangle.

(iii) Let a = 1.5 cm, b = 2 cm, c = 2.5 cm

Let us assume the largest value is the hypotenuse side, i.e., b = 2.5 cm.
Then, by Pythagoras’ theorem,
b2 = a2 + c2
2.52 = 1.52 + 22
6.25 = 2.25 + 4
6.25 = 6.25
The sum of squares of two sides of the triangle is equal to the square of the third side,
∴ the given triangle is a right-angled triangle.
The right angle lies on the opposite of the greater side 2.5 cm.

5. A tree is broken at a height of 5 m from the ground, and its top touches the ground
at a distance of 12 m from the base of the tree. Find the original height of the tree.
Soln:-
Let ABC is the triangle and B be the point where the tree is broken at the height of 5 m
from the ground.
Treetop touches the ground at a distance of AC = 12 m from the base of the tree,

By observing the figure, we came to conclude that a right-angle triangle is formed at A.

From the rule of Pythagoras’ theorem,
BC2 = AB2 + AC2
BC2 = 52 + 122
BC2 = 25 + 144
BC2 = 169
BC = √169
BC = 13 m
Then, the original height of the tree = AB + BC
= 5 + 13
= 18 m

6. Angles Q and R of a ΔPQR are 25o and 65o.

Write which of the following is true:
(i) PQ2 + QR2 = RP2
37
(ii) PQ2 + RP2 = QR2
(iii) RP2 + QR2 = PQ2

Soln:-
Given that ∠Q = 25o, ∠R = 65o
Then, ∠P =?
We know that sum of the three interior angles of a triangle is equal to 180 o.
∠PQR + ∠QRP + ∠RPQ = 180o
25o + 65o + ∠RPQ = 180o
90o + ∠RPQ = 180o
∠RPQ = 180 – 90
∠RPQ = 90o
Also, we know that the side opposite to the right angle is the hypotenuse.
∴ QR2 = PQ2 + PR2
Hence, (ii) is true.

7. Find the perimeter of the rectangle whose length is 40 cm and a diagonal is 41 cm.
Soln:-

Let ABCD be the rectangular plot.

Then, AB = 40 cm and AC = 41 cm
BC =?
According to Pythagoras’ theorem,
From the right angle triangle ABC, we have
= AC2 = AB2 + BC2
= 412 = 402 + BC2
= BC2 = 412 – 402
= BC2 = 1681 – 1600
= BC2 = 81
= BC = √81
= BC = 9 cm
Hence, the perimeter of the rectangle plot = 2 (length + breadth)
Where, length = 40 cm, breadth = 9 cm
Then,
38
= 2(40 + 9)
= 2 × 49
= 98 cm

8. The diagonals of a rhombus measure 16 cm and 30 cm. Find its perimeter.

Soln:-

Let PQRS be a rhombus, all sides of the rhombus have equal length, and its diagonal PR
and SQ are intersecting each other at point O. Diagonals in the rhombus bisect each other
at 90o.
So, PO = (PR/2)
= 16/2
= 8 cm
And, SO = (SQ/2)
= 30/2
= 15 cm
Then, consider the triangle POS and apply the Pythagoras theorem,
PS2 = PO2 + SO2
PS2 = 82 + 152
PS2 = 64 + 225
PS2 = 289
PS = √289
PS = 17 cm
Hence, the length of the side of the rhombus is 17 cm
The perimeter of the rhombus = 4 × side of the rhombus
= 4 × 17
= 68 cm
∴ the perimeter of the rhombus is 68 cm.
**************************************
SCIENCE
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 10: ELECTRIC CURRENT AND ITS EFFECTS
NEW WORDS
1. Batteries 2.Electric Circuit
3. Fuse 4. Magnetic current
5. Electromagnet 6. Gong
7. Compass Needle 8. Filament
9. Compact Fluorescent Lamp 10. Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)

39
ELECTRONIC COMPONENT AND THEIR SYMBOLS

• An electronic component can be an element of electric circuit that helps in

functioning.
• An electric circuit allows electricity to flow through it and is used to provide
electricity or various purposes such as electric motors, fan.
• A battery is defined as a combination of two or more cells. The negative terminal of
the one cell is connected to the positive terminal of the other cell and so on.
They are used in devices such as toys, torches and transistors

• Electric circuit consists of a key that acts as a switch.

• Open circuit-when the key is switched OFF is said to be open circuit as it is
incomplete.

40
 • Closed circuit-when the key is switched ON is said to be closed circuit as it is
complete.
• It consists of a bulb. The bulb has wire present inside it called the filament, when
the electric current passes through the filament it closed. The filament breaks down
when the bulb gets fused.
Conductors and Insulators
• Substances or materials that offer comparatively less opposition to electric current
through them are called conductors. For example, copper, iron, water, etc.
• Substances which offer larger opposition to electric current through them are called
insulators. For example, rubber, wood, sand, etc.
Heating Effects of Electric Current
• A current-carrying wire gets hot whenever electricity passes through it. This is the
heating effect of electric current.
• The amount of heat produced in the wire depends on the material, thickness and
length of the conductor.
• If a large amount of electric current passes through the wire, the wire may become
so hot that it may melt and break.
• The heating effects of electricity are applied to many household appliances such as
electric heaters, toasters, and water heaters.
• They are also used in bulbs and used as safety devices (fuses).
Electric Bulb and Electric Fuse
• Coils of wire that utilize the heating effects of electric current are called elements.
These coils can be found in an electric room heater or electric iron box, or any other
electric appliance.
• Two important appliances based on the heating effects of electric current, which are
widely used, are the electric bulb and electric fuse.
• The filament of an electric bulb becomes so hot when an electric current passes
through that it starts glowing.
• When wires are made of a material that melts on the passage of electric current is
called a fuse. Electrical fuses are used as safety device that breaks a circuit in times
of overloading. They prevent the cause of fire and damage to electrical circuits.

COMPACT FLUROSCENT LAMP (CFLs)

41
 • CFL lamps do not work on the heating effect of current.
• They do not have a filament inside them instead they contain two electrodes that
produce light.
• These bulbs have a florescent coating inside them which makes the light brighter.

What is an ISI mark?

• ISI stands for Indian Standards Institute which standardizes all electrical
appliances.
• The appliances which do not have ISI mark conform to the standard guidelines
of ISI and hence it is not safe to use.
• ISI mark appliances will not lead to wastage of electricity.

WHAT IS MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER (MCB)?

• It is used instead of fuses.

• A fuse breaks due to excessive current so that the circuit opens up and the damage
can be prevented and it cannot be used again

42
 • MCB, On the other hand is a switch which turns OFF on its own when a circuit
overloads. When the circuit is rectified we can switch ON the MCB Again.

Magnetic Effect of Electric Current

• When electric current flows through a current-carrying conductor, it produces a

magnetic field around it. This can be seen with the help of a magnetic needle, which
shows deflection. The more the current, the higher the deflection.
• If the direction of the current in the circuit is reversed, the direction of deflection of
the magnetic needle is also reversed.

The magnetic needle experiences deflection only if there is an electric current flowing
through the wire.
Electromagnets
• An electromagnet is an artificial magnet which produces a magnetic field around a
conductor due to the passage of electric current through it.
• This magnetic field disappears when there is no current flowing through the
conductor.
• There are differences between electromagnets and permanent magnets.
Difference between Electromagnets and Permanent Magnets
• Permanent magnets maintain their magnetism for long periods of time
• Electromagnets have their own magnetic field as long as current is flowing through
them. Once the circuit is broken, they lose their magnetism.

Electric Bell
Hazards of Electricity
• Electricity can be hazardous as it can cause a fire due to heating or loss of life.
43
• Electric circuits must be properly insulated. If the insulation breaks and wires come
in contact with each other, they can cause a short circuit, which may give electric
shocks when touched.

• An electric bell consists of an electromagnet. The switch we press is used to make the
circuit complete.
• The working of the bell is illustrated below. When the switch is pressed, current flows
through the circuit.
• The electromagnet (E) is powered and generates a magnetic field that attracts the iron
strip towards it.
• The striker strikes the gong or bell (B).
• When the striking arm (A) strikes the gong, the contact at is broken, and the current
stops flowing through the circuit.
• This causes the electromagnet to lose its magnetic field
• The connected spring arm returns the striker to its original rest position
• The contact is restored, and current flows through the circuit.

***************************************

CHEMISTRY

Chapter 5: PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL CHANGES NOTES

Key Words & their definitions

1. Physical change – Changes in which no new substances are formed and are
usually reversible are called Physical changes.
2. Chemical reaction or Chemical change - A change in which one or more new
substances are formed is called a chemical change.
Examples of Chemical change
a. Photosynthesis - Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, water,
and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar.
b. Burning of coal – It is a chemical change as it produces Carbon dioxide gas, heat and
44
light
c. Rusting-- The process of formation of a reddish-brown substance on the surface of
the iron objects in the presence of flaky moisture and air is called rusting.
3. Crystallisation- The process of obtaining large crystals of pure substance from its
solution is called crystallization.
4. Galvanization- The process of coating a layer of Zinc on iron is known as
galvanization

CHEMICAL CHANGES
A. Reaction between copper sulphate and iron
Procedure:
1. Dissolve some Copper Sulphate in water
2. Add few drops of dil. Sulphuric acid to it. Solution must be in blue colour
3. Drop a nail / shaving blade into it.
4. Observe the colour after half an hour

Observation:
1. Brown deposit of copper is formed on the nail/
blade
2. Solution changes to green colour due to the
formation of Iron Sulphate.
Word equation
Copper Sulphate + Iron Iron Sulphate + Copper
Chemical equation
CuSO₄ + Fe FeSO₄ + Cu

B. Reaction between vinegar and baking soda

Procedure:
Take some vinegar in a test tube. Add baking soda to it.
Observation:
Gas bubbles of Carbon dioxide are produced with a hissing sound.
Word equation:
Vinegar + Baking Soda Carbon dioxide + other substances
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 CO2 + other substances

When the carbon dioxide gas is passed through the lime water, the lime water turns
milky due to formation of calcium carbonate
Word equation:
Carbon dioxide + Lime water Calcium Carbonate + Water
Chemical Equation:
45
CO₂ + Ca (OH)₂ CaCO₃ + H₂O

C. Rusting of iron
Rusting causes damage to articles made of iron.
Rusting takes place due to the reaction of Iron with oxygen and water /water vapour
Word equation:
Iron + Oxygen + Water Rust (Iron Oxide)
Chemical equation:
Fe +O₂ +H₂O Fe₂O₃.H₂O

Prevention of rusting
1. Applying oil or grease
2. Applying paint
3. Coating a layer of metals like Zinc or Chromium. (The process of coating a layer of
Zinc on iron is known as galvanization. It prevents rusting of iron.)

46
 Crystallisation (physical change)
The process of obtaining large crystals
of pure substance from its solution is
called crystallization.

Preparing crystals of copper sulphate

Procedure:
1. Take some water in a beaker and add
few drops of dilute Sulphuric acid to it.
2. Heat the water. When it boils add
powdered copper sulphate solution
slowly.
3. Stir the solution till no more powder
can be dissolved
4. Filter the solution and allow it to
cool.

Observation:
Blue crystals of copper sulphate are formed.

*Happy Learning worksheets Physical and chemical changes 3 & 4*

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BIOLOGY
CHAPTER 6 – RESPIRATION IN ORGANISMS
NEW WORDS
1. RESPIRATION 2. ORGANISMS 3. AEROBIC
4. ANAEROBIC 5. CRAMPS 6. BREATHING RATE
7. INHALATION 8. EXHALATION 9. NASAL CAVITY
10. TRACHEA 11.BRONCHI 12. BRONCHIOLES
13. ALVEOLI 14. CAPILLARIES 15. OXYHAEMOGLOBIN
16. DIAPHRAGM 17. SNEEZING 18. SPIRACLES
19. GILLS 20. LENTICEL
TERMINOLOGIES
1. RESPIRATION:
a. Respiration is the process of taking in oxygen, using it for the release of energy
by breakdown of food and eliminating the waste products- carbon dioxide and
water.
2. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION (breathing):
a. The process of taking in air, rich in oxygen and giving out air, rich in carbon
dioxide by the living organisms with the help of their respiratory organs is
known as external respiration.
47
 3. INTERNAL RESPIRATION (cellular respiration):
a. The process of breakdown of food in the cells with the release of energy is
called internal respiration.
4. AEROBIC RESPIRATION:
a. Breakdown of food into carbon dioxide and water to release energy using
oxygen is called aerobic respiration.
b. C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2-----------> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
5. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION:
a. Breakdown of food into alcohol and carbon dioxide with the release of energy
without the use of oxygen is called anaerobic respiration.
b. C6 H12 O6 ----------->2 C2 H5 OH + 2 CO2 + energy
6. AEROBES
The living organisms that carry out aerobic respiration are called aerobes
7. ANAEROBES
The organisms that carry out anaerobic respiration are called anaerobes
8. INHALATION
The taking in of air, rich in oxygen into the body is called inhalation
9. EXHALATION
The giving out of air rich in carbon dioxide outside the body is called exhalation
10. BREATHING RATE
The number of times a person breathes in a minute is called the breathing rate. A
healthy adult human being ,at rest ,breathes in and out 12-18 times a minute .
During a heavy exercise it increases up to 25 times per minute.
11. STOMATA
The leaves of the plants have tiny pores called stomata for exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide
12. LENTICEL
Lenticel is a tiny opening on the bark where the cells are loosely packed and have
intercellular spaces allowing the exchange of gases.
13. Pleura– Airtight sacs surrounding each lung
14. Diaphragm -it is air large dome-shaped muscle located below the lung. Itis the
primary muscle of respiration.
15. ROOT HAIR- The roots of a plant have a very large number of tiny hairs on them
called root hair.
PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Therespiratorysystemconsistsofmorethanjustthelungs.Thesearethemajorpartsof the
respiratory system:
Nasal cavity–The passage for air entering and leaving the lungs.
Cilia – The lining of the nasal cavity. These are tiny hair-like structures that trap the
small particles of dust and foreign matter that don’t belong in the lungs. This is a very
important function that helps keep our lungs clean and clear, allowing us to breathe
efficiently.

48
 Mouth–A passage way for air as well as food into the body.
Pharynx – Located in the throat, this is the passageway for food into the esophagus.

Epiglottis – Acting as a trapdoor to the trachea, it keeps food from entering the
trachea and blocking the airway.

Trachea – Branching off from the esophagus, this is the passageway for air to the
lungs, often called the windpipe.

Larynx – it is a hollow tube that allow air to pass from throat to trachea

Bronchi – branches off from the trachea, with one branch going to each lung

Bronchioles – after entering the lungs, each bronchus divides to form a large number
of smaller tubes called bronchioles.
Bronchioles are only as thick as a single strand of the finest hair

Alveoli –the bronchioles have tiny air sacs at their ends called alveoli.
The oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange happen sin these tiny air sacs.There are
about 300 million alveoli in the lungs.
The walls of alveoli are very thin and surrounded by thin capillaries.

Lungs – In these two large organs the oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange occurs.
The left lung is slightly smaller than the right as the heart intrudes into the left
lung area a bit.
The left lung has two lobes, while the right one has three.
The lungs are large, taking up most of the chest or thoracic cavity, and are soft, spongy,
expandable, and light. Each one weighs about a pound (454 grams) and contains about
30,000 bronchio

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SOCIAL STUDIES

CIVICS - CHAPTER: 3

HOW THE STATE GOVERNMENT WORKS

I.NEW WORDS:

1) Coalition 6) Parliament
2) Constituency 7) Government
3) Sanitation 8) Vidhan parishad
4) Legislative 10) Council of Ministers
5) Executive 11) Representatives

49
 II. VERY SHORT ANSWERS QUESTIONS:
1) What is a coalition government?
Answer:
⚫ At times, the ruling party may not be a single party but a group of parties working
together. This is called coalition government.
2) What is a role of the opposition?
Answer: The opposition keeps a check on the functions of the ruling party by questioning
its policies, decisions and functions.
3) Name the subjects that come under the state list.
Answer: public health, water, sanitation, land revenue, agriculture, law and order, police
etc.
4) What do you mean the term 'constituency'?
Answer:
• A constituency is a particular area from which all the voters living there choose their
representatives.
• This could be a panchayat ward or an area that chooses an MLA
5) What is a Legislative Assembly?
Answer:
A Legislative Assembly is a place where all the MLAs, whether from the ruling party
or from the opposition meet to discuss various things.
6) Define Legislature.
Answer:
• All the MLAs who gather together (assemble) in the Legislative Assembly are
called the legislature.
• They are the ones who authorise and supervise the work.
7) Define Executive.
Answer:
The work of the Chief Minister, Ministers and MLAs is called the executive part of the
government.
III.SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1) Define Government.
Answer:
• MLAs are together responsible for the work of the government.
• In common usage the word ‘government’ refers to government departments and
various ministers who head them.
• The overall head is the Chief Minister
2) What are the qualification to become a MLA?
Answer:
• MLA’s are elected by the people.
• They become the members of Legislative Assembly and form the government or
opposition.
• Thus they represent the people.
50
 3)What are the qualifications for appointment of a governor?
Answer:
• Must be a citizen of India.
• Must not be less than 35 years of age.
• Must not be a Member of Parliament or state legislature.
4) Highlight the composition of the vidhan parishad.
Answer:
• The members in the vidhan parishad cannot be more than 1/3rd of the member in the
vidhan sabha.
• Some members are elected by MLAs local bodies, teachers, and graduates.
• Some members are nominated by the governor.
5) Highlight the functions of the council of ministers.
Answer:
• The administration in the state is actually carried on by the council of ministers
headed by the chief ministers
• Its implements the policies and laws by the legislative assembly
• Its runs various department of the government.
6)What is a Legislative Assembly?
Answer:
A Legislative Assembly is the place where all the MLAs, whether from the ruling party or
from the opposition parties, meet to discuss and deliberate upon various issues.

IV. DETAIL ANSWER QUESTIONS:

1) Discuss the power and functions of the chief minister.
Answer:
• He is the leader of the council of ministers.
• The governor appoints the council of ministers on the chief minister’s advice.
• He coordinates the work of different department.
• He presides over cabinet meeting.
• He allocates portfolios to ministers.
2) What problem, the people of Patalputram facing? What do they expect from the
MLA of their area?
Answer:
• The people of Patalpuram are facing acute water crisis.
• In the worst affected areas, villagers have been carrying water across great
distances.
• Patalpuram receive water supply once in three days.
• The District Hospital there is full of patients with acute diarrhea.
• The people of Patalpuram demand that the authorities must take immediate action to
bring the public health situation under control.

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51
 CHAPTER 4

GROWING UP AS BOYS AND GIRLS

I.NEW WORDS:
1) Masculine 6) courtyard
2) Domestic worker 7) strenuous
3) Employers 8) organisation
4) Double burden 9) crèches
5) Anganwadis 10) Responsibility

II.VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:

1)What do we teach boys and girls in their early childhood?
Answer:
We teach boys that they need to be tough and masculine. On the contrary, we, teach girls
that they need to be soft and mild.

2) How are domestic workers treated by their employers?

Answer:
Domestic workers are often not treated well by their employers. Despite the hard work they
do, their employers often do not show them much respect.

3)What do you mean by the term ‘double burden’?

Answer:
Several women today work both inside and outside the home. This is often referred to as
‘double burden’.

4) How was the girls’ school in Madhya Pradesh in the 1960s designed differently from
the boys’ school?
Answer:
Girls’ school had a central courtyard where girls played in total seclusion and safety from
the outside world. The boy’s school had no such courtyard.

5) Housework commonly involves many different tasks. Name some of them.

Answer:
Washing clothes, cleaning, sweeping, cooking, etc.

III. SHORT ANSWER BASED QESTIONS:

1) Why do you think that men and boys generally do not do housework?
Answer:
Men and boys generally do not do housework because it is assumed that this is something
that comes naturally to women. Thus, across the world, the main responsibility for
housework and care giving tasks lies with women.
52
2) “The work women do is strenuous and physically demanding.” Explain why?
Answer:
⚫ Tasks like washing clothes, cleaning, sweeping and picking up loads require bending,
lifting and carrying.
⚫ Many chores, like cooking, involve standing for long hours in front of hot stoves.
⚫ Thus, the work women do is strenuous and physically demanding.
3) What role was assigned to young boys and girls in the Samoan islands?
Answer:
Roles of boys and girls in the Samoan islands
⚫ Both boys and girls looked after their younger siblings.
⚫ But by the time a boy was about nine years old, he joined the older boys in learning
outdoor jobs like fishing and planting coconuts.
⚫ Cooking was done in special cooking houses where boys were supposed to do most of
the work while girls helped with the preparations.
.4) Why Harmeet think that her mother did not work?
Answer:
⚫ The main responsibility for housework and care-giving tasks, like looking after the
family, especially children, the elderly and sick members, lies with women.
⚫ The work that women do within the home is not recognised as work.
⚫ It is also assumed that this is something that comes naturally to women. It, therefore,
does not have to be paid for.
IV. DETAIL ANSWER QUESTIONS:
1) Discuss the initiatives taken by the government to promote equality between the
male or female.
Answer:
⚫ Government recognises that burden of child-care and housework falls on women and
girls.
⚫ The government has set up anganwadis or child-care centres in several villages in the
country.
⚫ The government has passed laws that make it mandatory for organisations that have
more than 30 women employees to provide crèche facilities.
⚫ The provision of crèches helps many women to take up employment outside the home.
⚫ It also makes it possible for more girls to attend schools.

2)Why is the work of men and women not valued equally?

Answer:
In most societies the work of men and women is valued differently.
⚫ Men work outside the house.
⚫ Women do all the household chores like cleaning, washing, cooking, care giving etc.
⚫ These works are not considered real works and are not recognized as work.
⚫ It is assumed that these come naturally to women. These do not have to be paid for.
⚫ Society devalues this work.

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53
 GEOGRAPHY

CHAPTER: 5

WATER

I.NEW WORDS:

1) Precipitation 5) high tide and low tide

2) Atmosphere 6) fertilisers
3) Ocean current 7) pesticides
4) Neap tide 8) deterioration
II.VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTION:

1) What is precipitation?
Answer:
Falling of moisture in the form of rainfall, snow, fog, sleet, and hailstone is termed as
precipitation.

2) What is the water cycle?

Answer:
The water cycle is the process by which water continually changes its form and circulates
between oceans, atmosphere, and land.

3) What are the factors affecting the height of the waves?

Answer:
● Winds, earthquakes, volcanic eruption, or underwater landslides are the factors
affecting the height of the waves.
● The stronger the wind blows, the bigger the wave becomes.

4) What are tides and how are they caused?

Answer:
● Tides are the rhythmic rise and fall of ocean water that occurs twice in a day.
● The strong gravitational pull exerted by the sun and the moon on the earth’s surface
cause the tides.

5) What are ocean currents?

Answer:
Ocean currents are streams of water flowing constantly on the ocean surface in definite
directions.

54
III.SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1)Explain Neap Tides.

Answer:

● When the moon is in its first and last quarter, the ocean waters get drawn in
diagonally opposite directions by the gravitational pull of the sun and the earth.
● It results in low tides.
● These tides are called Neap Tides.

2)Distinguish between high tide and low tide.

Answer:
⚫ The rise in the water level is called the high tide while the fall in the water level is
called the low tide.
⚫ In high tide, water covers much of the shore by rising to its highest level.
⚫ In low tide, water falls to its lowest level and recedes from the shore.

3)Define vertical distribution of sea water.

Answer:
⚫ When surface water gets heated by sun, water evaporates and increases the
concentration of salts.
⚫ Surface water becomes denser sinks and sub surface water rises up.
⚫ Thus, salinity of sea water causes vertical circulation.

IV.LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS:

1)Which factors affect the movement of ocean water?

Answer:
The factors affecting the movement of ocean water are as follows:
● Temperature
● The gravitational pull of sun and moon
● Warm and cold currents
● Wind

2)Give reasons. The quality of water is deteriorating.

Answer:
● Deforestation
● Throwing garbage and other waste in water bodies
● Chemicals released from industries
● Increased use of fertilisers and pesticides

55
3)How are Tsunamis formed? How do they cause destruction?
Answer:
● Tsunami is a Japanese word meaning harbour waves.
● Winds blowing at high speed during a storm form huge waves.
● An earthquake, volcanic eruption or underwater landslides can shift a large amount
of ocean water.
● These tidal waves called Tsunami may be as high as 15 m.

*********************************

HISTORY

CHAPTER 4
THE MUGHALS (16TH -17TH) CENTURY

CHAPTER 5

TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES

I.NEW WORDS:

1) Durgaivaii 5)Ahom societies

2) Brahmans 6) influential
3) Garha katanga 7) varna
4) Administration 8) Nomadic pastoralists

56
II.VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:

1) How did the castes of entertainers earn their livelihood?

Answer:
They earned their livelihood by performing in different towns and villages.

2) Who was Durgaivaii?

Answer:
She was the daughter of Salbahan, the Chandel Rajput raja of Mahoba. She got married to
Dalpat, the son of the Gond raja Aman Das.

3) What made Garha Katanga a rich state?

Answer:
Garha Katanga earned huge wealth by trapping and exporting wild elephants to other
kingdoms. This made it a rich state.

4) What made the Brahmanas more influential in the Gond Society?

Answer:
The Gond raja began to grant land to the Brahmanas. This made them influential.

5)Which tribe was very influential in Punjab during the thirteenth and fourteenth
centuries?
Answer:
The Khokhar tribe was very influential in Punjab during the thirteenth and fourteenth
centuries

6)What was varna?

Answer:
As per varna system, the hindu society was divided into four groups on the basis of the
works they had to perform.

III.SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:

1)Mention some special features of tribal societies.

Answer:
Some special features of tribal societies are :
⚫ They did not follow the social rules and rituals which the Brahmanas prescribed.
⚫ They were not divided into many unequal classes.
⚫ Members of the society were united by kinship bonds.
2)Write a brief note on the administrative system of the Gond kingdom.
Answer:
⚫ The Gond Kingdom was divided into garhs.
⚫ Each garh was controlled by a particular Gond clan.
⚫ This was further divided into units of 84 villages called chaurasi. The chaurasi was
subdivided into barhots which were made up of 12 villages each.
57
3)Write about the occupation of Ahom society.
Answer:
Almost all adult males served in the army during war
⚫ . At other times, they were engaged in building dams, irrigation systems and other
public works.
⚫ The Ahoms also introduced new methods of rice cultivation.

IV.LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS:

1)How do the present day historians use to write tribal histories?
Answer:
⚫ Contemporary historians and travellers give very scanty information about tribes.
⚫ A few exceptions apart, tribal people did not keep written records.
⚫ But they preserved rich customs and oral traditions.
⚫ These were passed down to each new generation.
⚫ Present day historians have started using such oral traditions to write tribal histories.
2)Who are nomadic pastoralists?
Answer:
⚫ Nomadic pastoralists moved over long distances with their animals.
⚫ They lived on milk and other pastoral products.
⚫ They also exchanged wool, ghee, etc., with settled agriculturists for grain, cloth,
utensils and other products.
⚫ They bought and sold these goods as they moved from one place to another,
transporting them on their animals.

******************************
COMPUTER SCIENCE
Chapter 5 – Spreadsheets – An Introduction

I. Fill in the blanks:

1. The intersection of a row and a column forms a cell.
2. Each tab is divided into groups.
3. The columns are labelled by letters ranging from A to XFD
4. The maximum number of rows in a worksheet is 10,48,576
5. A spread sheet is a table that stores data which are arranged in rows and
columns.
II. Answer in one word:
1. Expand QAT. Quick Access Toolbar
2. How many tabs are there in the Ribbon?7
3. Name the tab that allows to open, save, print, send, or close a work sheet.
File
4. Which feature fills cell data in a worksheet into a selected range of cells?

58
 Auto Fill
5. What is the maximum number of columns in a worksheet? 16,384
III. Match the following:
1. Cut option – Clipboard group
2. Orientation icon – Alignment group
3. Auto fill Feature – Use fill handle
4. Delete button – Cells group
5. Fill color con – Font group
IV. Identify the icon/button:
1. Cut 2. Merge & Centre icon 3. Orientation
4.Paste 5. Align text left
V. Answer the following in detail:
1. Define formula.
Formulas are mathematical equations that work in combination with data from
other cells on the spreadsheet. Simple formulas are used to add or subtract
numbers. Advanced formulas perform algebraic equations. Spreadsheet
functions are formulas that are built into Excel.
2. Write notes on inserting columns, rows and cells in a worksheet.
To insert a column,
Step 1: Place the cursor where you want a new column to be inserted.
Step 2: Click the Insert button from the Home tab.
Step 3: Click on Insert Sheet Columns to insert a new column.
To insert a row,
Step 1: Place the cursor where you want a new row to be inserted.
Step 2: Click the Insert button from the Home tab.
Step 3: Click on Insert Sheet Rows to insert a new row.
To insert a cell,
Step 1: Place the cursor on the cell.
Step 2: Click the Insert button on the Cells group of the Home tab.
Step 3: Click on the Insert Cells option.
Step 4: Choose where you want to insert cell from the Insert dialog box.
3. Write a short note on status bar.
The Status Bar provides you with additional information when you select a
range of cells. The status of Scroll Lock key on your keyboard will be shown
in the Status Bar.
When you select a group of cells with numbers, the Status bar displays the sum,
average and count also. Now that we learnt about the various types of selecting
cells, rows and columns, we should now learn the ways of editing, copying and
moving data in the cells.
59
 4. Define formatting.
The appearance of every part of the spreadsheet lies under your total control.
You can specify the font style and size used for numbers and text, define the
border width and cell size of tables, add images, and color everything with a
brilliant palette. You can also export your creation in a variety of file formats so
it can be used in everything from printed documents, group presentations and
websites.
5. Name the methods to select cells.
Selection of cells in a worksheet can be done using;
• Mouse
• Keyboard
6. What is the group?
The groups are logical collections of features designed to perform functions
that you will utilize in developing or editing your excel spreadsheets
7. What is the backstage view?
The backstage view has been introduced in Excel 2010 Fi and acts as a central
page for managing your sheets. You can view it by clicking on the File tab.
8. Write a note on Charting.
Charts make numerical information understandable by presenting them as a
graphic. Creating them used to require drawing tools that could only
approximate values. With a spreadsheet, you simply select the numbers you
want to include and choose a chart type. The program automatically creates
the image using precise values. You can easily change options, such as type
and color, transforming charting from a tiresome manipulation of numbers to
an easy exercise in customizing art.
VI. Fill in the blanks to complete the procedures:
1. Complete the procedure to Copy and Paste data.
a. Select the cells that you wish to copy.
b. On the Clip board group of the Home tab.
c. Click copy option and select the destination cell.
d. Click on the paste option to make a duplicate copy of the data in a
cells.
2. Complete the procedure to change the text color
a. Select the text that you want to change text color.
b. From the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, point to the icon.
c. Select a color of your desire.
3. Complete the procedure to shrink the text into one cell.
a. Type the data you required into the cell and press enter key.

60
 b. Right click on the selected cells, click format cells option from the
pop up menu.
c. From the Format Cells dialog box displayed, click on the Alignment
tab.
d. Under the Text Control section, tick the Shrink to fit check box and
click OK.
Chapter 6 – Database and DBMS – An Introduction
I. Choose the correct answer:
1. The pane stores the object in your data base.
a. Table tool b. Navigation c. Collection
2. To get information from a database, are used.
a. Report b. Forms c. Queries
3. The is used to uniquely identify rows or records in the table.
a. Primary key b. Access key c. Selection key
4. Results of a query can be printed out using a .
a. Table b. Form c. Report
5. Press the key to move between fields within a record.
a. Enter b.Tab c. Shift

II. Match the following:

1. Start up screen - Back stage view
2. External data tab - Data source into MS Access
3. Tables group - Create tab
4. Design tab - Run button
5. Delete button - Home tab
III. Answer the following in one word:
1. Expand DBMS - Database Management System
2. Name the tab on which table button is found. Create tab
3. Expand SQL. Structured Query Language
4. Write the full form of QAT. Quick Access Toolbar
5. Which tab contains controls for changing fonts, performing queries,etc.?
Home tab
IV. Identify the icon/button:
1. Form
2. Run
3. Macro
4. Primary key
61
 5. Tables
6. Query Wizard
7. Blank Database
8. Design View
V. Fill in the blanks to complete the procedures:
1. Complete the procedure to add data to the table.
a. Click on the Home tab of the ribbon
b. Click on the View button in the left corner of the window.
c. Select Datasheet view option, from the list of views displayed.

2. Complete the procedure to perform sort.

a. Open a table or query in Query Design view.
b. Under the field you want to sort, click the down arrow and the choose
Ascending or Descending.
c. Click the Run button.

3. Complete the procedure to create relationships between tables.

a. Click on the Database Tools tab.
b. Click on the Relationships button and add the table.
c. To create new relationships, drag a key field from one table and drop it
on associated in another table.

VI. Answer the following:

1. Name the default options in QAT.
Save, undo, redo
2. What is a data base?
A database is a collection of data that is stored in a computer system.
3. What is a design view?
Design view allows you to create or change the table, form or any other database object.
4. Write a note on primary key.
• A key that uniquely identifies a record in a table.
❖There can be only one primary key in a table.
❖When you create a table, you can define the primary key after you define the
columns.

62
5. What is database object? Pg no99

6. What is DBMS? Pg. no97

A database management system is the software system that allows users to define,
create and maintain a database and provides controlled access to the data. A Database
Management System (DBMS) is basically a collection of programs that enables users
to store, modify, and extract information from a database as per the requirements.

7. What is a Datasheet view?

❖ A datasheet view displays the information stored in a table in columns and rows.
❖ You can use a datasheet to create a table, enter data, retrieve data and perform some
other tasks.

COMPUTER SCIENCE
Chapter 5 – Spreadsheets – An Introduction
VII.Fill in the blanks:
1. The intersection of a row and a column forms a cell.
2. Each tab is divided into groups.
3. The columns are labelled by letters ranging from A to XFD
4. The maximum number of rows in a worksheet is10,48,576
5. A spreadsheet is a table that stores data which are arranged in rows and
columns.

VIII.Answer in one word:

1. Expand QAT. Quick Access Toolbar
2. How many tabs are there in the Ribbon?7
3. Name the tab that allows to open, save, print, send, or close a worksheet.
File
4. Which feature fills cell data in a worksheet into a selected range of cells?
Auto Fill
5. What is the maximum number of columns in a worksheet?16,384
IX. Match the following:
1. Cut option – Clipboard group
2. Orientation icon – Alignment group
3. Auto fill Feature – Use fill handle
63
 4. Delete button – Cells group
5. Fill color icon – Font group

X. Identify the icon/button:

1. Cut 2. Merge & Centre icon 3. Orientation
4.Paste 5. Align text left

XI. Answer the following in detail:

1. Define formula.
Formulas are mathematical equations that work in combination with data from
other cells on the spreadsheet. Simple formulas are used to add or subtract
numbers. Advanced formul as perform algebraic equations. Spreadsheet
functions are formulas that are built into Excel.
2. Write notes on inserting columns, rows and cells in a worksheet.
To insert a column,
Step 1: Place the cursor where you want a new column to be inserted.
Step 2: Click the Insert button from the Home tab.
Step 3: Click on Insert Sheet Columns to insert a new column.

To insert a row,
Step 1: Place the cursor where you want a new row to be inserted.
Step 2: Click the Insert button from the Home tab.
Step 3: Click on Insert Sheet Rows to insert a new row.
To insert a cell,
Step 1: Place the cursor on the cell.
Step 2: Click the Insert button on the Cells group of the Home tab.
Step 3: Click on the Insert Cells option.
Step 4: Choose where you want to insert cell from the Insert dialog box.

3. Write a short note on status bar.

The Status Bar provides you with additional information when you select a
range of cells. The status of Scroll Lock key on your keyboard will be shown
in the Status Bar.
When you select a group of cells with numbers, the Status bar displays the sum,
average and count also.Now that we learnt about the various types of selecting
cells, rows and columns, we should now learn the ways of editing, copying
and moving data in the cells.

4. Define formatting.
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 The appearance of every part of the spreadsheet lies under your total control.
You can specify the font style and size used for numbers and text, define the
border width and cell size of tables, add images, and color everything with a
brilliant palette. You can also export your creation in avariety of file formats
so it can be used in everything from printed documents, group presentations
and websites.

5. Name the methods to select cells.

Selection of cells in a worksheet can be done using;
• Mouse
• Keyboard
6. What is the group?
The groups are logical collections of featuresdesigned to perform functions that
you willutilize in developing or editing your excelspreadsheets
7. What is the backstage view?
The backstage view has been introduced in Excel 2010 Fi and acts as a central
page for managing your sheets. You can view it by clicking on the File tab.
8. Write a note on Charting.
Charts make numerical information understandable by presenting them as a
graphic. Creating them used to require drawing tools that could only
approximate values. With a spreadsheet, you simply select the numbers you
want to include and choose a chart type. The program automatically creates
the image using precise values. You can easily change options, such as type
and color, transforming charting from a tiresome manipulation of numbers to
an easy exercise in customizing art.
XII. Fill in the blanks to complete theprocedures:
1. Complete the procedure to Copy and Pastedata.
a. Select the cells that you wish to copy.
b. On the Clipboard group of the Home tab.
c. Click copyoption and select the destinationcell.
d. Click on the paste option to make a duplicate copy of the data ina
cells.

2. Complete the procedure to change the textcolor

a. Select the text that you want to change textcolor.
b. From the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, point to theicon.
c. Select a color of yourdesire.

3. Complete the procedure to shrink the text into onecell.

a. Type the data you required into the cell and press enterkey.
b. Right click on the selected cells, click formatcells option fromthe

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 pop upmenu.
c. From the Format Cellsdialog box displayed, click on theAlignment
tab.
d. Under the Text Controlsection, tick the Shrink to fitcheck boxand
click OK.
Chapter 6 – Database and DBMS – An Introduction
VII.Choose the correctanswer:
1. The pane stores the object in yourdatabase.
a. Tabletool b.Navigation c.Collection
2. To get information fromadatabase, areused.
a. Report b.Forms c.Queries
3. The isused to uniquely identify rows or records in thetable.
a. Primarykey b.Access key c. Selection key
4. Results of a query can be printed outusinga .
a. Table b.Form c.Report
5. Pressthe key to move between fields within arecord.
a. Enter b.Tab c.Shift

VIII.Match thefollowing:
1. Startupscreen - Backstageview
2. Externaldata tab - Data source into MSAccess
3. Tablesgroup - Createtab
4. Designtab - Runbutton
5. Deletebutton - Hometab

IX. Answer the following in oneword:

1. Expand DBMS - Database ManagementSystem
2. Name the tab on which table button is found. Createtab
3. Expand SQL. Structured QueryLanguage
4. Write the full form of QAT. Quick AccessToolbar
5. Which tab contains controls for changing fonts, performing queries,etc.?
Home tab
X. Identify the icon/button:
1. Form
2. Run
3. Macro
4. Primarykey
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 5. Tables
6. QueryWizard
7. Blank Database
8. DesignView
XI. Fill in the blanks to complete theprocedures:
1. Complete the procedure to add data to thetable.
a. Click on the Hometab of theribbon
b. Click on the Viewbutton in the left corner of thewindow.
c. Select Datasheetview option, from the list of viewsdisplayed.

2. Complete the procedure to performsort.

a. Open a table or query in Query Designview.
b. Under the field you want to sort, click the down arrow and thechoose
Ascending or Descending.
c. Click the Runbutton.

3. Complete the procedure to create relationships betweentables.

a. Click on the Database Tools tab.
b. Click on the Relationships button and add the table.
c. To create new relationships, drag a key field from one table and drop it
on associated in another table.

XII. Answer thefollowing:

1. Name the default options in QAT.
Save, undo,redo
2. What is adatabase?
A database is a collection of data that is stored in a computer system.
3. What is a design view?
Design view allows you to create or change the table, form or any other database object.
4. Write a note on primary key.
• A key that uniquely identifies a record in a table.
❖There can be only one primary key in a table.
❖When you create a table, you can define the primary key after you define the
columns.

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5. What is database object? Pg no 99

6. What is DBMS? Pg. no97

A database management system is the software system that allows users to define,
create and maintain a database and provides controlled access to the data. A Database
Management System (DBMS) is basically a collection of programs that enables users
to store, modify, and extract information from a database as per the requirements.

7. What is a Datasheet view?

❖ A datasheet view displays the information stored in a table in columns and rows.
❖ You can use a datasheet to create a table, enter data, retrieve data and perform some
other tasks

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