Index

Another Way Circle

A absolute value equation, 29 compared to other conic sections,
Absolute deviation, 38 change-of-base formula, 382 424
Absolute value, Properties of, 28 equation with two radicals, solving, graphing with center at origin, 307
Absolute value equation(s) 316 standard form of, 186
defined, 28 function operations, division, 323 Classifying data, 394, 413
intersection points, 195 Coefficient of determination, 131
solving, 27–31, 51
polynomials, factoring, 234 Coefficient matrices, writing, 75
algebraically, 27
quadratic equations, solving, 164, Combinations of transformations,
graphically, 27
175, 177 13, 21
numerically, 27
Quadratic Formula, 187 Common denominators, adding
with two absolute values, 30, 31
quadratic functions, 167 or subtracting rational
writing the equation, 29 expressions, 436
rational equations, solving, 446
Absolute value function(s) Common Errors
rational expressions, multiplying,
defined, 9 augmented matrices, 77
429
graph of parent function, 9, 10, 12, imaginary solutions, 175
rational functions
13 nth roots, 292
inverse variation and constant of
transformations of, 12, 13, 17, polynomials
variation, 413
50–51 long division, 226
rewriting and graphing, 420
Absolute value inequality(ies) squaring and cubing, 219
Rational Root Theorem, 243
defined, 36 subtraction, 218
three-variable system, 69
solving, 35–38, 51 Area properties of logarithms, 380
algebraically, 35 of rectangular prism, 207 Quadratic Formula, 174
graphically, 35 of sphere, 332 in quadratic functions, 109, 111
numerically, 35 rational exponents, 291

Index
Asymptote(s)
Addition defined, for exponential functions, and radicals, 299
additive inverse of complex rational expressions
348
numbers, 160 simplifying, 428
for rational functions, 418
of complex numbers, 157 subtracting, 438
Augmented matrix
of polynomials, 217–221, 278 substitution, 186
defined, 76
vertically and horizontally, 218 Common logarithm(s)
solving a system using technology,
of radicals and roots, 298, 299 changing a base, 381–382
77–78
of rational expressions, 435–437, defined, 363
writing for systems, 76–77
453 evaluating, 363
Average rate of change, 129
Completing the square, 163–167, 201
of rational numbers, 409 Axis of symmetry
compared to other methods for
sum of two cubes, factoring, 233 defined, of parabola, 108
solving quadratic equations,
of two functions, 321, 322 graphing a parabola, 307 177
Algebra tiles, completing the square, and standard equations of parabolas, defined, 164
163 121–122 solving quadratic equations
Analyzing Mathematical
Relationships, Throughout. B by completing the square,
165–166
See for example: Binomials using square roots, 164
factoring to solve equation, 165 cube of, 217, 219 writing quadratic functions in vertex
horizontal shrink, 371 as factor in polynomial, 234 form, 166
identifying functions, 10 multiplying three, 219 Complex conjugates, 251–252
inverse variation, 414 square of, 219 Complex Conjugates Theorem,
percent rates of change from natural using Pascal’s Triangle to expand, 251–252
base exponential functions, 221 Complex fraction(s)
357 Bounded intervals, defined, on real defined, 439
quadratic form, 233 number line, 4 simplifying, 409
Complex number(s), 155–159, 200
translation, 419
vertical stretch, 101, 305, 418
C additive inverse of, 160
“and” (intersection), 36 Change-of-base formula, 381–382 complex solutions and zeros, 159

Index A59
 defined, 156 Decay factor, 348, See also Equivalent row-echelon form, 70
equality of two, 157 Exponential decay function(s) Equivalent systems, 67
imaginary numbers, 155–156 Deductive reasoning, 98 operations that produce, 70
imaginary unit i, 155–157 Degree of function, 210 Euler, Leonhard, 356
operations with, 157–158 and end behavior, 211 Euler number, 356, See also Natural
adding, 157 relationship to number of solutions, base e
multiplying, 158 250 Even functions, 267
subtracting, 157 Denominators, See also Least Exponential decay function(s),
relationships in set of complex common denominator (LCD) 347–351, 402
numbers, 155, 156 like and unlike, adding or defined, 348
set of, 155 subtracting rational graphing, 349
Compositions of functions, 332 expressions, 436–439 graphing natural base functions, 357
Compound inequalities, 36, 38 rationalizing, 147, 297 Exponential decay models, 349–351
Compound interest, 351, 358 Descartes, René, 252 Exponential equation(s)
Concept Summary Descartes’s Rule of Signs, 252–253 defined, 386
methods for solving quadratic Difference of Two Cubes, 232, 233 Property of Equality for Exponential
equations, 177 Differences of outputs, 130, 271–273, Equations, 386
solving inequalities, 38 394 solving, 385–387, 404
zeros, factors, solutions, and Dimensions of a matrix, 75, 76 Exponential form, 362
intercepts, 264 Direct variation, 411– 413 Exponential function(s)
Conic sections, 424 Directrix, of parabola, 120, 137 defined, 348
Conjugate(s) Discriminant, in Quadratic Formula, graph of parent function, 9
complex, 251–252 176–177 growth and decay functions,
defined, 298 Distance Formula, 97 347–351, 402
Irrational Conjugates Theorem, 245 writing equation of parabola, 120 inverse function of, 361
Division inverse properties of, 364
Consistent linear system, 59
of polynomials, 225–228, 279 modeling with, 393–397, 404
Constant function
long division, 226 natural base e, 355–358, 402
graphs of parent function, 9, 10
Remainder Theorem, 228 transformations of, 369–371, 373,
standard form of, 210
synthetic division, 227 403
Constant term in function, 210
of rational expressions, 427, writing recursive rules for, 396
Constant of variation, 412
430–431, 453 writing using two points, 395
Continuous functions, 208
by polynomial, 431 Exponential growth function(s),
Continuously compounded interest,
of two functions, 322, 323 347–351, 402
358
Domain defined, 348
Correlation coefficient, 45
of function, finding, 345 graphing, 349
Critical values, 194
of rational expression, 428 graphing natural base functions, 357
Cross multiplying, to solve rational Doppler effect, 424 Exponential growth models, 349–351
equation, 444 Exponential inequalities, solving, 389
Cube of a Binomial, special product E Exponential Property of Inequality,
pattern, 217, 219 389
Electrical circuits, 158
Cube root function, parent function Exponential models
Elements of a matrix, 76
for, 304–305 exponential regression, 397
Elements of a set, 4, 6
Cubic equations writing and finding, 393–397
Elimination
and imaginary solutions, 249 Exponential Property of Inequality,
Gaussian, 70
and repeated solutions, 241 389
solving a system of three linear
solving by factoring, 242 Exponential regression, 397
equations, 67–70, 91
Cubic functions solving nonlinear system by, 185 Exponents
cubing binomials, 217 Ellipse, compared to other conic properties of integer exponents, 287,
inverse of, 331 sections, 424 295
standard form of, 210 End behavior of function’s graph, properties of rational exponents,
transforming graph of, 257 211 291, 295, 296
writing for set of points, 272 Endpoints, 4 using, 345
Cubic regression, 273, 274 Equality for Exponential Equations, Expressions
D Property of, 386
Equality for Logarithmic Equations,
evaluating, 1
with rational exponents, 291, 295
Data classification, 394, 413 Property of, 387 simplifying algebraic, 207

A60 Index
 simplifying radical, 297–299 logarithmic (See Logarithmic Graphing calculator
writing in radical form, 289 functions) cubic regression feature, 273, 274
writing in rational exponent form, logistic, 393 exponential regression, 397
289 operations on, 321–324, 340 function operations, 324
Extraneous solution(s) parent (See Parent functions) graphing system of linear
defined, 31 polynomial (See Polynomial inequalities, 58
solving an equation with, 315 functions) intersect feature, 187, 389
solving rational equation with, 446 quadratic (See Quadratic functions) limitations of, 144
quartic (See Quartic functions) linear regression feature, 45
F rational (See Rational functions) logarithmic regression, 397
Factor, equivalent statements, 264 Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, maximum feature, 131, 266
Factor by grouping, 233 249–253, 281 minimum feature, 266
quadratic regression feature, 127,
Factor Theorem, 234–235, 252
Factored completely, 232
G 131
Factoring Galileo Galilei, 153 regression feature, 271
compared to other methods for Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 70, 250 square viewing window, 2, 144
solving quadratic equations, Gaussian elimination standard viewing window, 2
defined, 70 table feature, 208, 350, 429
177
solving systems by, 70 trace feature, 274, 350, 421
polynomials, 143, 148, 231–235,
Gaussian function, 393 using Location Principle, 265
279
Golden rectangles, 450 variables displayed, 195
determining whether binomial is
Graph of the system, 193 writing radical functions, 306
a factor, 234
Graph of a system of linear zero feature, 266
Difference of Two Cubes, 232,
inequalities, 83 Graphs, See also Graphing
233
Graphing, See also Graphs of cubic and quartic functions,
by grouping, 233 transforming, 257
in quadratic form, 233 compared to other methods for
solving quadratic equations, of linear parent functions, 9–10, 50
Sum of Two Cubes, 232, 233 of polynomial functions, analyzing,
177

Index
solving polynomial equations by, 263–267, 282
exponential functions, 349, 361
242 even and odd functions, 267
linear inequalities, 81
solving quadratic equations by, 146, turning points, 263, 266
logarithmic functions, 361, 365
148 using Location Principle, 265
polynomial functions, 209–213, 264,
special products, 143 of radical functions, 303–307
278
Finite differences, 272–273 transformations
analyzing, 263–267, 282
Finite length, of bounded interval, 4 of exponential functions, 370
quadratic functions
First differences, 130, 271–273 in standard form, 109 of logarithmic functions, 372
Flawed reasoning, 98 transformations of, 11–13, of radical functions, 339
Focus, of parabola, 119–123, 137 99–103, 136 Growth factor, 348, See also
defined, 120 using symmetry, 108, 121–122 Exponential growth
FOIL method, 103, 158 using x-intercepts, 111 function(s)
Formulas
change-of-base, 381
quadratic inequality
in one variable, 194
H
Distance Formula, 97 in two variables, 192 Hooke’s Law, 335
Quadratic Formula, 174 radical functions, 303–307, 339 Horizontal axis of symmetry,
volume parabolas and circles, 307 of parabolas, 121–122
of cube, 262 square root and cube root, 304 Horizontal Line Test, 330
of rectangular prism, 207 transforming, 305 Horizontal shrinks
of right triangle pyramid, 262 rational functions, 417–421, 438, of exponential functions, 370
Function families, identifying, 9–10 452 of linear functions, 20
Functions hyperbola, 418 of logarithmic functions, 372
compositions of, 332 translation of, 419 of polynomial functions, 258, 259
continuous, 208 solving of quadratic functions, 101
cubic (See Cubic functions) nonlinear system by, 184, 187 of radical functions, 305, 306
exponential (See Exponential quadratic equations by, 146, 187 Horizontal stretches
functions) quadratic inequality by, 194 of exponential functions, 370
inverses (See Inverses of functions) sum of two functions, 321 of linear functions, 20
linear (See Linear functions) system of linear inequalities, 83 of logarithmic functions, 372

Index A61
 of polynomial functions, 258 graphing, 327 Local minimum, 266
of quadratic functions, 101 horizontal line test, 330 Location Principle, 265
of radical functions, 305 of linear function, 329 Logarithm(s)
Horizontal translations of nonlinear functions, 330–331 change-of-base formula, 381–382
of exponential functions, 370 of quadratic function, 330 and logarithmic functions, 361–365,
of linear functions, 18 of radical function, 331 402–403
of logarithmic functions, 372 of rational functions, 447 properties of, 379–382, 403
of polynomial functions, 258 Irrational Conjugates Theorem, 245 rewriting logarithmic
of quadratic functions, 100
of radical functions, 305 K expressions, 381
Logarithm of 1, 363
Hyperbolas, 418–420 Kepler’s third law, 294 Logarithm of b with base b, 363
I L Logarithm of y with base b, 362
Logarithmic equation(s)
Imaginary number(s) Leading coefficient, 210 defined, 387
defined, 156 and end behavior, 211 Property of Equality for Logarithmic
solutions of cubic and quartic Least common denominator (LCD), Equations, 387
equations, 249 436–437 rewriting, 362
solving equations with imaginary to solve rational equation, 445 solving, 385–388
solutions, 175 Least common multiple (LCM), Logarithmic form, 362
Imaginary unit i 436–437 Logarithmic functions
defined, 156 Like radicals, 298 finding logarithmic model, 397
equality of two complex numbers, Line of best fit, 45 graphing, 365
157 Line of fit, 44 inverse properties of, 364
finding square roots of negative Line of reflection, 11, 329 and logarithms, 361–365, 402–403
numbers, 156 Linear equation in three variables, natural base e, 402
Inconsistent linear system, 59 60 parent graphs for, 365
Index of radical, 290 Linear equations transformations of, 369, 372–373,
Inequalities, solving, 38 solving absolute value equations, 403
Inequality 27–31
Logarithmic inequalities, solving, 389
Exponential Property of, 389 writing from a graph or table, 42–43
Logarithmic Property of Inequality,
Logarithmic Property of, 389 Linear functions
Infinite length, of unbounded interval, 389
graphs of parent function, 9–10, 11,
4–5 Logarithmic models
50
Infinity finding, 397
inverse of, 329
end behavior of function, 211 modeling with, 41–45, 52 logarithmic regression, 397
and unboundedness of intervals, 5 standard form of, 210 Logarithmic Property of Inequality,
Intercept form, See also x-intercepts transformations of, 11, 18–21, 389
graphing quadratic function in, 111 50–51 Logic, deductive reasoning, 98
writing quadratic equations, Linear inequalities Logistic function, 393
128–129 graphing systems of, 83 Long division of polynomials, 226
Interval notation
using, 4–5, 50
solving absolute value inequalities,
35–38, 51
M
writing, 5 solving systems of, 81–84, 92 Matrix
Inverse functions, 329 in two variables, graphing, 57 augmented, 76–78
Inverse properties of exponential writing systems of, 84 defined, 75, 76
functions and logarithmic Linear regression, 45 Maximum value(s)
functions, 364 Linear systems defined, of parabola, 110
Inverse variation, 411–414, 452 consistent and inconsistent, 59 finding with zeros of function, 149
classifying equations and data, in row-echelon form, 67 local maximum, 266
412–413 solving Measure, converting units of, 410
defined, 412 using elimination, 67–70, 91 Membership in set, symbol for, 6
writing equations, 413 using substitution, 59–63, 90 Minimum value(s)
Inverses of functions, 327–332, 340 using technology, 75–78, 92 defined, of parabola, 110
of cubic function, 331 writing augmented matrices for, finding with zeros of function, 149
determining whether functions are 76–77 local minimum, 266
inverses, 332 Literal equations, rewriting, 57, 287 Modeling with functions
formula for input of function, 328 Local maximum, 266 a dropped object, 150

A62 Index
 with exponential functions, defined, 356 equation of translation of, 123
393–397, 404 graphing natural base functions, 355, finding maximum and minimum
a launched object, 178 357 values, 110
with linear functions, 41–45, 52 Natural base exponential function, focus of, 119–123, 137
with logarithmic functions, 393–397 355, 357 graphing with horizontal axis of
with polynomial functions, 271–274, translating, 371 symmetry, 307
282 Natural logarithm(s) latus rectum, 126
with quadratic functions, 127–131, changing a base, 381–382 properties of graph of, 109, 111
138 defined, 363 satellite dishes and spotlights, 119
Modeling with Mathematics, evaluating, 363 standard equations of, 121–122
Throughout. See for example: Negative Exponent Property, 296 and symmetry, 107–108
exponential and logarithmic Negative infinity Parabolic reflectors, 119, 123
functions, annual interest, 358 end behavior of function, 211 Parent function(s)
linear functions and unboundedness of intervals, 5 for absolute value function, 9, 10,
absolute deviation, 38 Negative real zeros, 252–253 12, 13
combining transformations, 21 Newton’s Law of Cooling, 387
for constant function, 9, 10
function identification, 13 Nonlinear systems of equations,
defined, 10
writing linear equation from a solving, 183–187, 202
for exponential decay functions, 348
table, 43 by elimination, 185, 202
for exponential growth functions,
polynomial functions, and volume of by graphing, 184
348
pyramid, 260 by substitution, 185, 186
identifying, 9–10
quadratic equations nth root(s)
and baseball, 167 defined, of a, 290 for linear functions, 9–10, 11
perimeter and area of land, 195 and rational exponents, 289–292, for logarithmic functions, 365
quadratic functions 338 for quadratic functions, 9, 10,
parabola and golf shot, 112 real nth roots of a, 290 11–13, 50
path of water spray, 103 solving equations, 292 for simple rational functions, 418
rational functions Number line, 27 for square root and cube root

Index
3-D printers, 421 bounded and unbounded intervals on functions, 304–306
inverse variation, 414 real number line, 4, 5 Pascal, Blaise, 221
Monomials, finding a common factor, Numbers of solutions Pascal’s Triangle
232 of nonlinear systems, 184 defined, 221
Multiplication circle and line, 186 patterns for cubing binomials, 217,
of complex numbers, 158 relationship to degree of polynomial, 221
of polynomials, 217, 219–220, 278 250 using to expand binomials, 221
cube of binomials, 219 using Quadratic Formula, 176 Patterns
square of binomials, 219 Pascal’s Triangle and cubing
sum and difference product, 219 O binomials, 217, 221
vertically and horizontally, 219 Odd functions, 267 special factoring patterns of
Properties Operations on functions, 321–324, polynomials, 232
Power of Product, 220, 296 340 special product patterns of
Product of Powers, 219, 296 addition, 321, 322 polynomials, 219, 220
Zero-Product, 148 division, 322, 323 Pendulum period, 310
rational equations, solving by cross multiplication, 322, 323 Perfect square trinomial, 165
multiplying, 444 subtraction, 322, 323 Performance Tasks
of rational expressions, 427, Operations that produce equivalent Accident Reconstruction, 135
429–430, 453 systems, 70 Algebra in Genetics: The Hardy-
by polynomial, 430 Ordered triple, 60 Weinberg Law, 199
of two functions, 322, 323 For the Birds–Wildlife
Multiplicity, repeated solutions, 242 P Management, 277
Multi-step problem
Parabola(s) Circuit Design, 451
inverse of function, 332
compared to other conic sections, Fun and Games, 89
quadratic functions, 149
424 Measuring Natural Disasters, 401
N defined, 100 Secret of the Hanging Baskets, 49
directrix, 120–122 Turning the Tables, 337
Natural base e, 355–358, 402 Distance Formula to write equation Point-slope form, writing an equation
approximating, 355 of, 120 of a line, 42

Index A63
Polynomial(s) of finite differences, 273 solving equations using, 174–175
adding and subtracting, 217–221, of graph of parabola Quadratic function(s)
278 in intercept form, 111 characteristics of, 107–112, 136
defined, 210 in standard form, 109 defined, 100
dividing, 225–228, 279 inverse properties of exponential and focus of a parabola, 119–123
rational expression by, 431 logarithmic functions, 364 graphing
factoring, 143, 148, 231–235, 279 Logarithmic Property of Inequality, in standard form, 109
multiplying, 217, 219–220, 278 389 using symmetry, 108
rational expression by, 430 of logarithms, 379–380, 403 using x-intercepts, 111
set of Power Property, 380 graphs of parent function, 9, 10,
closed under addition and Product Property, 380 11–13, 50
subtraction, 218 Quotient Property, 380 identifying graphs of, 99
closed under multiplication, 219 Negative Exponent, 296 inverse of, 330
not closed under division, 227 Power of Power, 290, 296 modeling with, 127–131, 138
Polynomial equations Power of Product, 220, 296 in standard form, 108
Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, Power of Quotient, 296 transformations of, 11–13, 99–103,
249–253, 281 Product of Powers, 219, 296 136
solving, 241–245, 280 Properties of Absolute Value, 28 writing in vertex form, 166
by factoring, 242 Quotient of Powers, 296 Quadratic inequality(ies), 191–195,
Polynomial function(s) of radicals 202
analyzing graphs of, 263–267, 282 Product Property of Radicals, graphing in one variable, 194
defined, 210 297, 305 graphing in two variables, 192
end behavior of, 211 Quotient Property of Radicals, solving, 191
finding zeros of, 242, 244, 251 297 by graphing, 194
graphing, 209–213, 264, 278 of rational exponents, 291, 295, 296, Quadratic inequality in one variable,
identifying and evaluating, 210–211 338 194
modeling with, 271–274, 282 Zero Exponent, 296 Quadratic inequality in two
standard form of, 210 Zero-Product, 148 variables, 192
summary of common types of, 210 Pure imaginary numbers, 156 Quadratic regression, 127, 131
transformations of, 257–260, 281 Quartic equations, and imaginary
turning points of, 263, 266
Q solutions, 249
Polynomial identity, proving, 220 Quartic functions
Quadratic equation in one variable,
Polynomial long division, 226 finding zeros of, 242
146
Positive infinity standard form of, 210
Quadratic equations, See also
end behavior of function, 211 transforming graphs of, 257
System(s) of nonlinear
and unboundedness of intervals, 5 Quotient polynomial, 226
equations
Positive real zeros, 252–253 Quotient of Powers Property, 296
solving, 145–150, 200
Power function, 304 Quotient Property of Logarithms,
by completing the square,
Power of Power Property, 290, 296 380
165–166
Power of Product Property, 220, 296 Quotient Property of Radicals, 297
complex solutions and zeros, 159
Power Property of Logarithms, 380
Power of Quotient Property, 296
by factoring, 146, 148
by graphing, 146, 187
R
Principal (investment), 351 using Quadratic Formula, Radical equation(s)
Principal root, 290 174–175 defined, 314
Prisms, rectangular, 207 using square roots, 146, 147 solving, 313–317, 339
Product of Powers Property, 219, 296 summary of methods for solving, with extraneous solutions, 315
Product Property of Logarithms, 380 177 with rational exponent, 316–317
Product Property of Radicals, 297, writing with three points, 130 steps, 314
305 Quadratic form, factoring with two radicals, 316
Property(ies) polynomials in, 233 Radical expressions, simplifying,
of Equality for Exponential Quadratic Formula, 173–178, 201 297–299
Equations, 386 analyzing the discriminant, 176–177 Radical form
of Equality for Logarithmic compared to other methods for compared to rational exponent form,
Equations, 387 solving quadratic equations, 291
Exponential Property of Inequality, 177 writing expressions in, 289
389 defined, 174 Radical function(s)
of exponents, 287, 295 deriving, 173 defined, 304

A64 Index
 graphing, 303–307, 339 continuously compounded linear, 45
inverse of, 331 interest, 358 logarithmic, 397
transformations of, 305 Newton’s Law of Cooling, 387 quadratic, 127, 131
Radical inequalities, solving, 317, 339 sound loudness in decibels, 382 Relative maximum, 266
Radicals linear systems Relative minimum, 266
products and quotients of, 295 seats in amphitheater, 63 Remainder polynomial, 226
properties of, 297, 338 system of inequalities, shoe sale, Remainder Theorem, 228
Range of function, finding, 345 85 Factor Theorem, special case,
Rational equations, solving, 443–447, polynomial functions 234–235, 252
454 baseball distance, 271 Remember
by cross multiplying, 444 biomass energy, 274 average rate of change, 129
with extraneous solution, 446 Descartes’s Rule of Signs, and compound inequality with “and,” 36
by using the least common tachometer, 253 differences of functions, 394
denominator, 445 electric vehicles, 213 exponential functions, 395
Rational exponents roller coaster, 235 extraneous solutions, 31
and nth roots, 289–292, 338 quadratic equations FOIL method to multiply binomials,
properties of, 291, 295, 296, 338 complex numbers and electrical 103
circuits, 158 function notation, 11
Rational expression(s)
dropped object compared to inverses of functions, 364
adding and subtracting, 435–438,
thrown object, 178 matrix rows and columns, 78
453
monthly magazine, 149 Power of Product Property, 220
defined, 428
quadratic inequality, rope Product of Powers Property, 219
dividing, 427, 430–431, 453
climbing, 193 proportional relationship, 42
by polynomial, 431
quadratic functions rational equations, 447
multiplying, 427, 429–430, 453
golf shot, 112 recursive rule and equation, 396
by polynomial, 430 slope-intercept form, 11
parabolic reflectors, 123
rewriting rational functions, 438 vertical stretches and shrinks, 259
radical functions
simplifying, 428 x-intercept of quadratic function,
annual depreciation rate, 292

Index
simplifying complex fractions, 439 111
function operations, rhino, 324
Rational function(s) Repeated solution(s)
hurricane wind velocity, 315
defined, 418 of cubic equations, 241
rational functions
graphing, 417–421, 438, 452 defined, 242
3-D printers, 447
inverse of, 447 Richter scale for earthquakes, 378,
annual per capita income, 431
inverse variation, 411–414, 452 401
Reasoning
Rational numbers, adding and Root of an equation, 146
absolute value equation, 29
subtracting, 409 Roots, approximating and evaluating,
deductive, 98
Rational Root Theorem, 243–244 288
vertical stretch and shrink, 12
Rationalizing the denominator, 147, Rectangular prism, 207 Row operations, 70
297 Recursive rules for exponential Row-echelon form, 67, 70
Reading functions, 396 Rule of Signs, Descartes’s, 252–253
Factor Theorem, 234
inverse functions, 329
Reflection(s)
defined, 11
S
local maximum and local minimum, of exponential functions, 370 Second differences, 130, 271–273
266 graph of inverse function, 329 Set, defined, 3, 4
positive infinity, 211 graphing and describing quadratic Set notation, writing subsets in, 3
Real nth roots of a, 290 functions, 11 Set of real numbers and subsets, 4
Real number line of linear functions, in x-axis and Set-builder notation
absolute value equation and, 27 y-axis, 19 defined, 3, 6, 50
bounded intervals on, 4 of logarithmic functions, 372 using, 6
unbounded intervals on, 5 of polynomial functions, 258, 259 Shrinks
Real numbers, relationship in set of of quadratic functions, in x-axis and of exponential functions, 370
complex numbers, 155, 156 y-axis, 101 graphing and describing vertical, 12
Real-life problems, Throughout. See of radical functions, 305 of linear functions, 20
for example: Regression features of graphing of logarithmic functions, 372
exponential and logarithmic calculator of polynomial functions, 258
functions cubic, 273, 274 of quadratic functions, 101
car value, 350 exponential, 397 of radical functions, 305–306

Index A65
Simplest form of a radical, 297 Creating a Positive Study solving
Simplified form of rational Environment, 171 using elimination, 67–70
expression, 428 Forming a Weekly Study Group, 377 using substitution, 61–63
Simplifying complex fractions, 439 Keeping Your Mind Focused, 239 using technology, 75–78
Slope-intercept form, writing equation Taking Control of Your Class Time, Systems of equations, See Linear
of a line, 42 25 systems
Solution of a system of linear Ten Steps for Test Taking, 73
inequalities, 82 Using the Features of Your T
Solution of a system of three linear Textbooks to Prepare for Technology, See also Graphing
equations, 60 Quizzes and Tests, 117 calculator
Solutions Subset solving systems of equations using
equivalent statements, 264 defined, 3, 4 augmented matrices, 77–78
extraneous, 31 writing in set notation, 3 Third differences, 273
number from linear equation in three Substitution Three-variable system
variables, 60 solving a system of three linear solving
Special patterns of polynomials equations, 61–63, 90 using elimination, 67–70
factoring, 232 solving nonlinear system by, 185, using substitution, 61–63
product, 219 186 using technology, 75–78
Sphere, surface area and radius of, 332 Subtraction
visualizing, 60
Spreadsheet, using, 346 of complex numbers, 157
Transformation(s)
Square of a Binomial, special product difference of two cubes, factoring,
of absolute value functions, 17, 19,
pattern, 219 232–233
50–51
Square root function, parent function of polynomials, 217–221, 278
combinations of, 13, 21
for, 304–306 vertically and horizontally, 218
defined, 11
Square roots of radicals and roots, 298, 299
describing, 11–12
compared to other methods for of rational expressions, 435–436,
of exponential functions, 369–371,
solving quadratic equations, 438, 453
373, 403
177 of rational numbers, 409
of figures, 1
of negative numbers, 156 of two functions, 322, 323
simplifying, 143 Sum and Difference Product of of linear functions, 11, 18–21,
solving quadratic equations using, polynomials, 219 50–51
146, 147, 164 Sum of Two Cubes, 232, 233 of logarithmic functions, 369,
Stair-step pattern, 67, 70 Syllogism, 98 372–373, 403
Standard equations, of parabola with Symmetric of parent quadratic function, 10,
vertex about the origin, 267 11–13, 50
at (h, k), 122 about the y-axis, 267 of polynomial functions, 257–260,
at origin, 121 Synthetic division 281
Standard form defined, 227 of quadratic functions, 11–13,
of circle, 186 of polynomials, and remainder, 99–103, 136
of common polynomial functions, 227–228 of radical functions, 305, 339
210 System of linear equations, See Linear Translation(s)
defined, for quadratic functions, 108 systems defined, 11
graphing, quadratic functions, 109 System(s) of linear inequalities, of exponential functions, 370
of linear functions, 210 81–85, 92 of linear functions, 11, 18–19
Straight line depreciation, 41 defined, 82 of logarithmic functions, 372
Stretches graphing, 57, 58, 83 of natural base exponential function,
of exponential functions, 370 writing, 84 371
graphing and describing vertical, 12 System(s) of nonlinear equations of polynomial functions, 258, 259
of linear functions, 20 defined, 184 of quadratic functions, 100
of logarithmic functions, 372 solving, 183–187, 202 of radical functions, 305
of polynomial functions, 258 by elimination, 185 of simple rational functions, 419
of quadratic functions, 101 by graphing, 184 Turning points of polynomial
of radical functions, 305 by substitution, 185, 186 functions
Study Skills System of quadratic inequalities, approximating, 263
Analyzing Your Errors graphing, 193 finding, 266
Application Errors, 311 System of three linear equations local maximum and local minimum,
Study Errors, 425 defined, 60 266

A66 Index
 Vertical translations finding, of the graph of a linear
U of exponential functions, 370 equation, 97
Unbounded intervals, defined, on real of linear functions, 18 graphing quadratic functions using,
number line, 5 of logarithmic functions, 372 111
Units of measure, converting, 410 of polynomial functions, 258 of polynomial graphs, identifying,
of quadratic functions, 100 209
V of radical functions, 305 using to graph polynomial functions,
264
Variation, See Inverse variation W writing quadratic equations using,
Vertex
Writing, Throughout. See for example: 128–129
defined, of parabola, 102
exponential functions, 395–396 as zeros of function, 148
and standard equations of parabolas,
121–122 an exponential model, 350
inverse variation equations, 413
Y
Vertex form
defined, of quadratic function, 102 polynomial functions for data sets, y-axis reflections
writing quadratic equations, 128 272 of linear functions, 19
writing quadratic functions in, 166 quadratic equations, 128–129 of quadratic functions, 101
to model data, 130–131
Vertical axis of symmetry, of
parabolas, 121–122 radical functions, 306 Z
Vertical shrinks recursive rules for exponential Zero Exponent Property, 296
defined, 12 functions, 396 Zero(s) of a function
of exponential functions, 370 system of linear inequalities, 84 defined, 148
of linear functions, 20 transformations and Descartes’s Rule of Signs,
of logarithmic functions, 372 of exponential and logarithmic 252–253
of polynomial functions, 258, 259 functions, 373 equivalent statements, 264
of quadratic functions, 101 of polynomial functions, 259–260 finding number of solutions, 250
of radical functions, 305 of quadratic functions, 102–103 of polynomial function, finding, 242,
Vertical stretches
defined, 12
X 244, 251
using Location Principle, 265

Index
of exponential functions, 370 x-axis reflections of quadratic function, finding, 148,
of linear functions, 20 of linear functions, 19 159
of logarithmic functions, 372 of quadratic functions, 101 using to write polynomial function,
of polynomial functions, 258 x-intercepts 245
of quadratic functions, 101 equivalent statements, 264 Zero-Product Property, 148
of radical functions, 305

Index A67