Selected Answers

Chapter 1 1.1 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency

39. 41.
(p. 8)

Chapter 1 Maintaining Mathematical x −2 −1 0 1 2 x −2 −1 0 1 2

Proficiency (p. 1) f(x) −8 −4 0 4 8 f(x) 12 3 0 3 12
1. 47 2. −46 3. 3—35 4. 4 5. 13 6. 0
y y
7. y 8 14
(0, 6) (3, 6) 6 12
4 10
2 8
4
6
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 x
4
2
−4 2
−6
−4 −3−2 −1 1 2 3 4 x
−4 −2 (0, 0) (3, 0) x −8

1.2 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 14)

8. y 9. y
(0, 4) (−4, 5) (−2, 5)
1. parent function
1.2 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with
(1, 3) (−5, 4) (−1, 4)
2 Mathematics (pp. 14–16)
(−2, 2)
2
3. absolute value; The graph is a vertical stretch with a
−4 −2 2 4 x translation 2 units left and 8 units down; The domain of each
−6 −4 −2 x
function is all real numbers, but the range of f is y ≥ −8, and
the range of the parent function is y ≥ 0.

Selected Answers
10. Sample answer: 12 + 18 ÷ 3 equals 18 when division is 5. linear; The graph is a vertical stretch and a translation 2 units
performed first and 10 when addition is performed first; down; The domain and range of each function is all real
yes; If the point (3, 2) is translated up 3 units then reflected numbers.
across the x-axis, the new coordinate is (3, −5). If it is 7. y
reflected across the x-axis first then translated up 3, the new
Temperature (°F)

60
coordinate is (3, 1). 56
52
1.1 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 7) 48
1. endpoints, bounded 44 y = 2x + 43
40
1.1 Maintaining Mathematical Progress and 0
0 2 4 6 x
Modeling with Mathematics (pp. 7–8)
Time (hours)
3. {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} 5. {51, 52, 53, 54, . . .}
linear; The temperature is increasing by the same amount at
7. (3, 9) 9. [−13, ∞) 11. (−4, 6) 13. (−∞, 3) each interval.
15. [−10, 10] 9. y
17.
−3 0 3 6 9 12 15 g(x) = x + 4 4

19. 2 y=x
−5 0 5 10 15 20

21. {x  −5 ≤ x < 16} 23. {x  x ≤ −4 or x ≥ 4} −2 2 4 x

25. {x  x ∈ ℤ and x < −20} 27. {x  x ≠ 100} −2

29. The interval includes −8; {x  x ≤ −8}

−4
31. [−282, 20,320]; {x  −282 ≤ x ≤ 20,320}
33. yes; Interval notation includes all real numbers.
35. a. {0, 2, 4, 6, . . . }; {x  x ∈ 𝕎 and x is even}; The set does The graph of g is a vertical translation 4 units up of the
not include all real numbers in an interval. parent linear function.
b. (−∞, −4); {x  x < −4}; There are infinitely many
elements in the set.
c. (−∞, 40] or [60, ∞); {x  x ≤ 40 or x ≥ 60}; There are
infinitely many elements in the set.
37. [36, 96]

Selected Answers A1
11. y 21. y
8 8

6 6

4 4

y = x2 2 y = x2 2
2
f(x) = 2x
−2 2 x −2 2 x
2
−2 f(x) = x − 1
The graph of f is a vertical stretch of the parent quadratic
The graph of f is a vertical translation 1 unit down of the function.
parent quadratic function. 23. y
13. y=x
y
y = x 4
4
2
3
2 h(x) = 4 x
g(x) = x − 5 −4 2 4 x
−4 −2 2 4 6 8 10 x
−2

−4
The graph of g is a horizontal translation 5 units right of the
parent absolute value function.
15. y
The graph of h is a vertical shrink of the parent linear
8
function.
y = x2 4
25. y

4
−4 4 x
2
h(x) = −x
h(x) = 3x y = x
−8
−4 −2 2 4 x

The graph of h is a reflection in the x-axis of the parent

quadratic function. The graph of h is a vertical stretch of the parent absolute
17. y
value function.
4 f(x) = 3
27. 5

2 y=1 f(x) = 3x + 2
y=x
−7 7
−4 −2 2 4 x

−2
−5
The graph of f is a vertical stretch followed by a translation
The graph of f is a vertical translation 2 units up of the parent
2 units up of the parent linear function.
constant function.
29. 6
19. y
y=x
y = |x|
4
−9 9
2 h(x) = −3|x| − 1
1
f(x) = 3 x
−6
−4 2 4 x
The graph of h is a vertical stretch and a reflection in the
−2
x-axis followed by a translation 1 unit down of the parent
−4 absolute value function.
31. 10

The graph of f is a vertical shrink of the parent linear y = x2

function. −12 12

g(x) = 12 x2 − 6 −7

The graph of g is a vertical shrink followed by a translation

6 units down of the parent quadratic function.

A2 Selected Answers
33. 7 39. The graph has been reflected across the x-axis; A = 16
41. a. f (x) + (c − b)
y = x2
c−b
−10 10
(
b. f x + — + b
m )
43. vertical stretch, translation, reflection; Sample answer:
f(x) = −(x + 3)2 + 14 −7 −(4∣ x ∣ − 2) = −4∣ x ∣ + 2
45. a = −2, b = 1, and c = 0
The graph of f is a reflection across the x-axis followed by a 1.3 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 24)
translation 3 units left and —14 unit up of the parent quadratic
function. 47. −∣ 21 ∣, −16, ∣ −10 ∣, 22, ∣ −32 ∣
35. It is a vertical stretch, not shrink. The graph is a reflection 49. −∣ −3 ∣, −2, −1, ∣ 0 ∣, ∣ 2 ∣ 51. b = 7 53. a = 3
in the x-axis followed by a vertical stretch of the parent 1.4 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 32)
quadratic function. 1. an apparent solution that must be rejected because it does not
37. (2, −1), (−1, −4), (2, −5) satisfy the original equation
39. absolute value; domain is all real numbers; range is y ≥ −1 1.4 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with
41. linear; domain is all real numbers; range is all real numbers Mathematics (pp. 32–34)
43. quadratic; domain is all real numbers; range is y ≥ −2 3. 9 5. 0 7. −35 9. 9
45. absolute value; 8 mi/h 11. w = −6, w = 6;
47. no; f is shifted right and g is shifted down.
−6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
49. yes; Shifting the parent linear function down 2 units will
create the same graph as shifting it 2 units right. 13. no solution
51. a. quadratic 15. m = −10, m = 4;
b. 0; At the moment the ball is released, 0 seconds have
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4
passed.
c. 5.2; Because f (t) represents the height of the ball, find 17. d = −5, d = 5;

Selected Answers
f (0). −5 5
53. a. vertical translation; The graph will be shifted 3 units down. −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
b. horizontal translation; The graph will be shifted 8 units
right. 19. b = −3.5, b = 6;
c. both; The graph will be shifted 2 units right and 4 units up. −3.5

d. neither; The graph will have a vertical stretch. −4 −2 0 2 4 6

1.2 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 16) 21. no solution

55. yes 57. no 59. x-intercept: 0; y-intercept: 0 23. s = 20;
61. x-intercept: —13; y-intercept: 1
0 10 20
1.3 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 22)
25. a. 91.4 94.5
1. shrink
1.3 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with 91 92 93 94 95

Mathematics (pp. 22–24) b. ∣ d − 92,950,000 ∣ = 1,550,000

3. g(x) = x − 1 5. g(x) = ∣ 4x + 3 ∣
27. B 29. C 31. ∣ x − 13 ∣ = 5
7. g(x) = 4 − x − 2 ∣
∣ ∣ x − 5.5 ∣ = 3.5
33. 35. n = 3, n = 5
9. f could be translated 3 units up or 3 units right.
37. b = 3, b = 5 38. k = −0.4, k = 6
11. g(x) = 5x − 2 13. g(x) = ∣ 6x ∣ − 2
39. p = —23 , p = 10 41. h = 0.25 43. f = −1
15. g(x) = −3 + ∣ −x − 11 ∣ 17. g(x) = 5x + 10
45. 5 sec, 7.5 sec
19. ∣ ∣
g(x) = 4x + 4 21. g(x) = −∣ x − 4 ∣ + 1
47. a. ∣ x − 32 ∣ = 5; 27%, 37%
23. C; The graph has been translated left.
25. D; The graph has been translated up.
( )
b. no; —13 33—13% falls within the range of possible values.

27. g(x) = 2x + 1 ∣1
29. g(x) = —2 x + 2 ∣ 49. The absolute value cannot be negative. So, there is no
solution.
31. g(x) = −∣ 2x ∣ − 8 51. No solution: ∣ x − 2 ∣ + 6 = 0, ∣ x − 6 ∣ − 5 = −9
33. Translating a graph to the right requires subtraction, not One solution: ∣ x − 1 ∣ + 4 = 4, ∣ x + 5 ∣ − 8 = −8
addition; g(x) = ∣ x − 3 ∣ + 2
Two solutions: ∣ x + 8 ∣ + 2 = 7, ∣ x + 3 ∣ − 1 = 0
35. no; Suppose a graph contains the point (3, 2) and is translated
53. always; Square roots of the same number have the same
up 3 units then reflected across the x-axis. The new coordinate
absolute value.
is (3, −5). If it is reflected across the x-axis first then
translated up 3, the new coordinate is (3, 1). 55. sometimes; The equation will only have two solutions if p
is positive.
37. The graph has been translated 6 units left; A = 9

Selected Answers A3
57. Absolute value equations will have no solution when the 39. The solution of ∣ x ∣ < 5 is the set of values that make both of
absolute value is equal to a negative number, one solution 2 inequalities true, the solution of ∣ x ∣ > 5 is the set of values
when the absolute value is equal to zero, and two solutions that make either of 2 inequalities true.
when the absolute value is equal to a positive number;
1.5 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p.40)
Sample answer: ∣ x + 12 ∣ = −2 has no solution,
∣ x + 12 ∣ = 0 has one solution, and ∣ x + 12 ∣ = 2 has 41. 7 43. −2
two solutions. 45. y
16
59. x = 1, x = −5; Interpret ∣ x + 2 ∣ as a single quantity and
solve for it, then solve the resulting absolute value equation. 12

61. 1; If c = d, then the absolute value expression will be equal

8
to 0; 2; If c > d, then d − c will be negative. When this value
is divided by a negative value of a, the result will be positive. 4

1.4 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 34)

4 8 12 16 x
63. x > 5
1.6 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 46)
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1. slope-intercept
65. y > −6 and y < 11
11
1.6 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with
Mathematics (pp. 46–48)
−12 −9 −6 −3 0 3 6 9 12
3. y = —15 x; The tip increases $0.20 for each dollar spent on the
67. x < −5 or x > 2 meal.
5. y = 50x + 100; The balance increases $50 each week.
−8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4
7. y = 55x; The number of words increases by 55 each minute.
69. 6 in. 71. 9 cm 9. Greenville Journal; 5 lines
1.5 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 39) 11. The original balance of $100 should have been included;
1. yes; Because the absolute value must be positive, all values After 10 years, the increase in balance will be $70, resulting
will be greater than −6. in a new balance of $170.
1.5 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with 13. yes; Sample answer: y = 4.25x + 1.75; y = 65.5; After
Mathematics (pp. 39–40) 15 minutes, you have burned 65.5 calories.
3. −3 < x < 3 5. d < −12 or d > −6 15. yes; Sample answer: y = −4.6x + 96; y = 27; After
15 hours, the battery will have 27% of life remaining.
−3 3 −6
17. y = 380.0x + 11,290; $16,990; The annual tuition increases
−4 −2 0 2 4 −16 −12 −8 −4 0 about $380 each year and the cost of tuition in 2005 is about
7. all real numbers 9. no solution $11,290.
19. y = 0.42x + 1.44; r = 0.61; weak positive correlation
−4 −2 0 2 4
21. y = −0.45x + 4.26; r = −0.67; weak negative correlation
2
11. t ≤ −—3 or t ≥ 3 13. m > 20 or m < 8 23. y = 0.61x + 0.10; r = 0.95; strong positive correlation
−23 3 20 25. a. Sample answer: height and weight; temperature and ice
cream sales; Correlation is positive because as the first
−2 0 2 4 0 8 16 24 32
goes up, so does the second.
4
15. −4 ≤ w ≤ −—3 17. f < 3 or f > 3 b. Sample answer: miles driven and gas remaining; hours
−43 3 used and battery life remaining; Correlation is negative
because as the first goes up, the second goes down.
−6 −4 −2 0 2 0 2 4 6
c. Sample answer: age and length of hair; typing speed and
19. ∣ w − 500 ∣ ≤ 30; 470 to 530 words shoe size; There is no relationship between the first and
second.
21. did not rewrite the absolute value inequality as a compound
inequality; −20 < x − 5 < 20; −15 < x < 25 27. no; Because r is close to 0, the points do not lie close to
the line.
23. ∣ n ∣ < 6; −6 < n < 6 25. ∣ —12 n − 14 ∣ ≤ 5; 18 ≤ n ≤ 38
29. It is negative; As x increases, y increases, so z decreases.
27. the gasket with a weight of 0.53 lb
31. 2.2 mi
29. ∣ —12 ∙ 4(x + 6) − 2 ∙ 6 ∣ < 2; −1 < x < 1 31. true
33. false; It has to be a solution of x + 3 ≤ −8 or x + 3 ≥ 8. 1.6 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 48)

35. no; If n is 0, the statement is false. 33. (16, −41) 35. ( )

1, —12 37. ( 16 15
— ,—
17 17 )
37. no solution; An absolute value cannot be negative; all real Chapter 1 Review (pp. 50–52)
numbers; An absolute value must be positive or zero, so it 1. (−∞, 48] 2. (6, ∞) 3. (−8, 16]
will always be greater than any negative number. 4. {x  x < −6 or x > 21}

A4 Selected Answers
5. y 10. y

6 8

4 y = x2 4
f(x) = x + 3
2 y=x −6 −4 2 4 x
x
−4
−4 −2 2 4
2
g(x) = −3(x + 3)
−2

The graph of f is a translation 3 units up of the parent linear The graph of g is a vertical stretch by a factor of 3 followed
function. by a reflection in the x-axis and a translation 3 units left.
6. y 11. g(x) = −∣ x + 4 ∣ 12. g(x) = —12 ∣ x ∣ + 2
y= x
4 13. g(x) = −x − 3 14. y = −20, y = 14
1
15. w = −—5 , w = 3 16. x = −1
2
17. m ≥ 10 or m ≤ −10 18. no solution
−4 −2 2 4 x −20 −10 0 10 20
−2 g(x) = x − 1
19. 3 ≤ f ≤ 9 20. b < −12 or b > −4
−4 3 9
−16 −12 −8 −4 0
0 4 8 12 16
The graph of g is a translation 1 unit down of the parent
absolute value function. 7
21. −—3 < g < 1 22. all real numbers
7. y
−73 1
4 −4 0 4 8 12

Selected Answers
y = x2 −4 −2 0 2 4
2
h(x) = 2 x
1 2 23. y = 0.03x + 1.23 24. y = 0.35x; 15.75 mi
−4 −2 2 4 x
Chapter 2
The graph of h is a vertical shrink by a factor of —12 of the
Chapter 2 Maintaining Mathematical
parent quadratic function. Proficiency (p. 57)
8. y 1. y = x + 4 2. y = −4x + 6 3. y = —12x − 4
6
h(x) = 4 x−6 z
4. y = —16 x 5. y = — 6. y = —
4+z 2 + 6x

y=1
7. y 8. y
2 4 4
3 3
2
−4 −2 2 4 x
1 1

−4 −3 −2 1 2 3 4 x −4 −3 −2 −1 1 3 4 x
The graph of h is a translation 3 units up of the parent
−2 −2
constant function.
−3 −3
9. y −4 −4
6
y = x
4 9. y 10. y
4 4
3 3
2
2
1 1
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 x −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 x
−2
−2
f(x) = −x − 3
−3 −3
−4
−4 −4

−6

−8

The graph of f is a reflection in the x-axis followed by a

translation 3 units down of the parent absolute value function.

Selected Answers A5
11. y 12. y 9. The entire second equation should be multiplied by 4, not
4 10
just the x-term.
3 8
2 6 4x − y + 2z = −18
1 4
−4x + 8y + 4z = 11
2
−6 −5 −3 −2 −1 1 2 x 7y + 6z = −7
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 x
−2 11. (3, 2, 1) 13. no solution 15. (x, x + 2, 3x + 1)
−3 −4
−4 −6
17. A small pizza costs $5, a liter of soda costs $1, and a salad
costs $3.
13. no; The point (0, 0) may lie on a boundary line. 19. 280 adult tickets, 40 student tickets, 80 children tickets
2.1 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 64) 21. a. elimination; When you subtract any two pairs of
1. ordered triple equations, you obtain a system in terms of y and z only.
b. Gaussian elimination; Equation 3 is divisible by 2, so
2.1 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with
you can write the system in row-echelon form without
Mathematics (pp. 64–66)
introducing fractions.
3. no; The ordered triple does not satisfy Equation 3. 23. a = 12, b = −4, c = 10; These are the values you obtain
5. (4, −10, −10) 7. −—
11 1
( 30
13 , − 13 , − 13
— — ) when you substitute −1 for x, 2 for y, and −3 for z.
9. (10, −20, −5) 11. (4, 8, 12) 13. (1, 1, −9) 25. a. Sample answer: a = −1, b = −1, c = −1; Use
15. The negative sign should have been distributed after elimination on equations 1 and 2.
substituting for z; b. Sample answer: a = 4, b = 4, c = 5; The solution is
z = 11 − 3x − 2y 2
( 2
—3 , −—3 , 2 . )
x − y − 11 + 3x + 2y = −2 c. Sample answer: a = 5, b = 5, c = 5; Use elimination on
4x + y = 9 equations 1 and 2.
17. no solution 19. (−8z + 17, 19z − 36, z) 2.2 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 72)
−5x + 15 −11x + 33
(
21. x, —, —
2 2 ) 27. (1.86, 1.43)
2.3 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check
29. (5, −4)
(p. 79)
23. Peanuts cost $4 per pound, cashews cost $10 per pound, and
1. augmented
almonds cost $6 per pound.
25. Sample answer: x + 3y + 5z = 7, 2x + 5y + 13z = 11,
2.3 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with
−5x + 6y + 3z = 13; It is easiest to solve Equation 1 for x Mathematics (pp. 79–80)

[ 3 −4 7
]
... ...

because its coefficient is one. 3. ;2×3

27. 1% 9 11 10
+ m + n = 65, n = + m − 15, = —13 m; = 10 ft,

[ 1 8 −7 12

]
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

29.
m = 30 ft, n = 25 ft 5. 5 9 5 15 ; 3 × 4
31. Sample answer: 2x + y − z = −9, −x + 4y + 3z = 14, −8 −3 6 1
x + 2y − 2z = −6
33. 350 ft2
35. a. r + + i = 12, 2.50r + 4 + 2i = 32, r = 2 + 2i
b. 8 roses, 2 lilies, 2 irises
7.
[ 1
6
−3
−1 1
0 −5
7 8
14

−5
]
13 ; 3 × 4

c. no; 8 roses, 4 lilies, 0 irises; 8 roses, 0 lilies, 4 irises;

8 roses, 3 lilies, 1 iris
37. a. no solution
9.
[ 3
5
21
2
−8
9
−1
4
−13
11. The elements in the bottom row are reversed for y and z.
7

6
]
0 ;3×4

b. one solution, infinitely many solutions, no solution

[
3 −9 5 8

]
... ... ...

c. one solution, infinitely many solutions, no solution

39. t + a = g, t + b = a, 2g = 3b; 5 tangerines 2 11 0 15
2.1 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 66) 6 14 −9 4
41. (0, 3) 43. (3, 1) 13. (4, 3, − 2) 15. no solution 17. (3, −2, 1)
2.2 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 71) ( 4
19. —73 , 10, −—3 ) 21. infinitely many solutions

[ 2 1 0

]
... ... ...

1. In each method, you eliminate one variable to obtain a linear 15.50

system in two variables. 23. a. 2 2 1 37
2.2 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with 4 3 2 72.50
Mathematics (pp. 71–72) b. A movie pass costs $7, a package of microwave popcorn
3. no solution 5. no solution 7. (z − 1, 1, z) costs $1.50, and a DVD costs $20.

A6 Selected Answers
 [ ]

... ... ...

1 1 1 85 23. The shaded region should be below the boundary line y = 2x.
25. a. 0.05 0.1 0.25 13.25 y
0 −2 1 0 5
4
b. 25 nickels, 20 dimes, 40 quarters
27. no; The number of rows is the same as the number of 2

equations in the system. It is possible to have different

numbers of equations and variables. −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 x

29. yes; You can write the rows in any order and the elements in
a row in any order as long as you are consistent in the other −3

rows.
31. a. consistent; The system has exactly one solution (a, b, c). 25. a. x ≥ 5, y ≥ 2, 6x + 10y ≤ 70
b. consistent; The last row contains the identity 0 = 0, so y

the system has infinitely many solutions. 5

4
c. inconsistent; The last row contains the false equation
3
0 = 1, so the system has no solution.
2.3 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 80) 1

33. x < 3 −2 2 4 6 8 10 14 x

−2
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

35. w ≤ —25 b. Sample answer: (6, 2), (8, 2); You can purchase 6 movie
2
5
passes and 2 gift cards or 8 movie passes and 2 gift cards.
27. x ≥ 20, x ≤ 50, y ≥ 0.3x, y ≤ 0.7x
−1 0 1

37. 39. y Video Game Sale

y
4 7
y
3 6

Selected Answers
2

Sale price (dollars)

40
1 4
3 30
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 x 2
1 20

−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 x
−4 10

0
2.4 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 86) 0 10 20 30 40 50 x
Regular price (dollars)
1. The ordered pair must satisfy each inequality in the system.
2.4 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with A game that is regularly priced at $20 will cost between $6
Mathematics (pp. 86–88) and $14.
3. yes 5. no 7. yes 29. a. x > −3, x < 4, y > −2, y < 3 b. 35 square units
9. y 11. y 31. D
6 1
5 33. x ≥ 8.0, x ≤ 8.3, y ≥ 76, y ≤ 80
−4 −3 −1 2 3 4 x
y
3 −2 85
2 −3 84
1 83
82
−5 −4 −2 −1 1 2 3 x 81
−2 80
79
78
13. y 15. y
6 24 77
5 20 76
4 75
3 12 0
0 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 x
2 8
4 The two graphs would look similar, but the range would be
−8 −6 2 4 6 8 x −6 3 6 12 15 x 24 —49 ≤ y ≤ 26 —23 when temperatures are given in degrees
−8 Celsius.
35. Sample answer: y ≥ 5x − 2, y ≤ 5x − 2, 2y ≥ 10x − 4;
17. y < 2, y ≥ −x, x < 2 All three inequalities have the same boundary line.
19. y ≥ −x + 1, y ≤ −x + 4, y > 2x − 1 37. no; A counterexample is y < x, y < x + 1, and y < x + 2.
21. x < 3, x > −2, y ≤ —12x + 1, y ≥ −x + 1

Selected Answers A7
39. a. 4 19. x + y ≥ 10, x + y < 20, 8x + 6y ≥ 92
y
30
−4 4 25
20
15
−4 10
5
b. 6 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 x

−4 4
Chapter 3
Chapter 3 Maintaining Mathematical
−2 Proficiency (p. 97)
7
c. 4 1. −—2 2. —43 3. −3.6 4. 5 5. −10 6. 8
7. about 6.32 8. about 8.06 9. about 2.24
−4 4 10. about 12.65 11. 10 12. about 15.30
13. d = ∣ b − a ∣; yes; Find the distance between the two
−4
y-coordinates by subtraction. Take the absolute value of the
result, because distance is always positive. This is possible
d. 4
because when x1 = x2, the distance formula simplifies as
shown.
——
−3 5
d = √ (x2 − x1)2 + (y2 − y1)2
—
d = √ (y2 − y1)2
−4

2.4 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 88) d = ∣ y2 − y1 ∣

41. − 4x + 4
x2 43. 4z2− 20z + 25
3.1 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 104)
45. g(x) = ∣ x + 2 ∣ − 5 47. g(x) = ∣ x ∣ − 1
1. parabola
Chapter 2 Review (pp. 90–92)
3.1 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with
1. (4, −2, 1) 2. (2y − 7, y, 13 + y) 3. (5, −3, 0) Mathematics (pp. 104–106)
4. no solution 5. (−11, −8, 3) 6. (7, 1, −3)
3. The graph of g is a translation 3 units down of the graph of f.
7. 200 student tickets, 350 adult tickets, 50 children under 12 y
tickets
f
( 4
8. −—3, −—
17 26
3,—
3 ) 9. (4y + 9, y, − 5y − 7)
4

10. no solution 11. (−16, 12, 10) 2 g

12. $50 for a balcony seat, $90 for a ground level seat, $180 for
a VIP pass −4 −2 2 4 x

13. infinitely many solutions 14. x ≈ 6.06, y ≈ 1.76, z = 0 −2

15. (−3, 7, 4) −4
16. y 17. y
8 6
6 5
4 4
5. The graph of g is a translation 2 units left of the graph of f.
3 y
2
−10 −8 −6 −4 2 4 6 x 4
1 g f
−4
−2 1 2 3 4 x
−6
−8
−4 −2 2 4 x
18. y −2

−4

3
2
1

−1 .5 x

A8 Selected Answers
 7. The graph of g is a translation 1 unit right of the graph of f. 19. The graph of g is a vertical stretch by a factor of 3 of the
y graph of f.
y
4
g
4
g f
f
2
−4 −2 2 4 x

−2 −4 −2 2 4 x

−2
−4

21. The graph of g is a horizontal shrink by a factor of —12 of the

graph of f.
9. The graph of g is a translation 6 units left and 2 units down
y
of the graph of f.
g f
y 4
10

−4 −2 2 4 x
6
−2
4
f
−4
g
2

23. The graph of g is a vertical shrink by a factor of —15 followed

−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 x
by a translation 4 units down.
−2
y

4
g

Selected Answers
f
11. The graph of g is a translation 7 units right and 1 unit up of
2
the graph of f.
y
−6 −2 2 6 x
10 −2

g
4 25. The graph is a reflection in the x-axis, not y-axis; The graph
is a reflection in the x-axis and a vertical stretch by a factor
2
f of 6, followed by a translation 4 units up of the graph of the
parent quadratic function.
−4 −2 2 4 6 8 10 x
27. The graph of f is a vertical stretch by a factor of 3 followed
−2
by a translation 2 units left and 1 unit up of the parent
quadratic function; (−2, 1)
13. A; The graph has been translated 1 unit right.
29. The graph of f is a vertical stretch by a factor of 2 followed
15. C; The graph has been translated 1 unit right and 1 unit up. by a reflection in the x-axis and a translation 5 units up of the
17. The graph of g is a reflection in the x-axis of the graph of f. parent quadratic function; (0, 5)
2
y 31. g(x) = −4x2 + 2; (0, 2) 33. g(x) = 8 —12 x − 4; (0, −4) ( )
4 35. C; The graph is a vertical stretch by a factor of 2 followed
f
by a translation 1 unit right and 2 units down of the parent
2
quadratic function.
37. D; The graph is a vertical stretch by a factor of 2 and a
−4 −2 2 4 x
reflection in the x-axis, followed by a translation 1 unit right
−2 and 2 units up of the parent quadratic function.
g 39. F; The graph is a vertical stretch by a factor of 2 and a
−4
reflection in the x-axis followed by a translation 1 unit left
and 2 units down of the parent quadratic function.
41. Subtract 6 from the output; Substitute 2x2 + 6x for f (x);
Multiply the output by −1; Substitute 2x2 + 6x − 6 for h(x);
Simplify.
43. h(x) = −0.03(x − 14)2 + 11

Selected Answers A9
 −5 11.
45. a. y = — (x − 33)2 + 5 y
1089
2
b. The domain is 0 ≤ x ≤ 66 and the range is 0 ≤ y ≤ 5; (−2, 1)

The domain represents the time the fish was in the air −8 −6 2 4 x
and the range represents the height of the fish.
1 −2
c. yes; The value changes to −— 225 ; The vertex has changed
but it still goes through the point (0, 0), so there has been a −4
x = −2
horizontal stretch or shrink which changes the value of a.
−6
47. a. a = 2, h =1, k = 6; g(x) = 2(x −1)2 + 6
b. g(x) = 2 f (x −1) + 6; For each function, a, h, and k are −8
the same but the answer in part (b) does not indicate the
−10
type of function that is being translated.
c. a = 2, h = 1, k = 3; g(x) = 2(x − 1)2 + 3;
g(x) = 2 f (x − 1) + 3; For each function, a, h, and k are 13. y
10
the same, but the answer in part (b) does not indicate the
type of function that is being translated. 8 x=1
d. Sample answer: vertex form; Writing a transformed 6
function using function notation requires an extra step of
substituting f (x) into the newly transformed function. 4

49. a vertical stretch by a factor of 2 or a horizontal shrink by a

— 2
1 √2
factor of — — or — (1, 0)
√2 2 −4 −2 2 4 6 x

3.1 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 106)

51. (4, 4) 15. C 17. B
3.2 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 113) 19. y
1. If a is positive, then the quadratic function will have a 6 x=2
minimum. If a is negative, then the quadratic function will
have a maximum. 4
(2, 3)
3.2 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with 2
(3, 2)
Mathematics (pp. 113–116)
3. y 5. y −4 −2 6 x
(4, −1)

2 8

(3, 0)
6
2 4 6 x
(−3, 5)
−2 x=3 4
21. y 23. y
x=1
8
x = −3 2
8
x = −1 (1, 6)
6
−6 −4 −2 x 6
4
4
7. y 9. y 2
6
x=2 2

(2, 4) −2 2 4 x (−1, 0) 2 x
4
−4 −2 2 4 x
−2
2 x=1
−4
(1, −5)
4 x
−6
−2
−8
−4

A10 Selected Answers

25. y 27. y 53. y
2 6 x=1 4

4 (1, 3.5) 2 x=0

−4 (0, −1)
−2 2 4 x
(−3, 0) (3, 0)
−2 2
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 x
−4 −2
−2 2 4 x
−6 −4

−8 −4 −6

−10 x=0 −8

(0, −9)
29. y −10
12

55. y
4

2
(−2, 0)
6
(−6, 0) x
4 (1, 4.5)
−2

2
−4
x=1
−2 2 4 x −6

−8
31. Both functions have an axis of symmetry of x = 2.
−10
33. The formula is missing the negative sign; The x-coordinate

Selected Answers
of the vertex is (−4, −12) −12
b 24
x = −— = −— = −3. −14
2a 2(4) x = −4

35. (25, 18.5); When the basketball is at its highest point, it is 57. y
25 feet from its starting point and 18.5 feet off the ground. (−3, 9)
10

37. B 8
39. The minimum value is −1. The domain is all real numbers
and the range is y ≥ 1. The function is decreasing to the left 6

of x = 0 and increasing to the right of x = 0.

4
41. The maximum value is 2. The domain is all real numbers and
the range is y ≤ 2. The function is increasing to the left of
x = −2 and decreasing to the right of x = −2. (−6, 0) (0, 0)
43. The maximum value is 15. The domain is all real numbers −8 −4 −2 2 x

and the range is y ≤ 15. The function is increasing to the left −2

of x = 2 and decreasing to the right of x = 2.
−4
45. The minimum value is −18. The domain is all real numbers x = −3
and the range is y ≥ −18. The function is decreasing to the
left of x = 3 and increasing to the right of x = 3. 59. y
47. The minimum value is −7. The domain is all real numbers (3, 0)
and the range is y ≥ −7. The function is decreasing to the 2 4 6 x

left of x = 6 and increasing to the right of x = 6. −2

49. a. 1 m b. 3.25 m
−4
c. The diver is ascending from 0 meters to 0.5 meters and
descending from 0.5 meters until hitting the water after −6

approximately 1.1 meters.

−8
51. A = w(20 − w) = −w2 + 20w; The maximum area is
100 square units. −10

x=3

61. p = 2, q = −6; The graph is decreasing to the left of x = −2

and increasing to the right of x = −2.

Selected Answers A11

63. p = 4, q = 2; The graph is increasing to the left of x = 3 and 13. The focus is (0, 2). The directrix is y = −2. The axis of
decreasing to the right of x = 3. symmetry is the y-axis.
65. the second kick; the first kick y
8
67. no; Either of the points could be the axis of symmetry,
or neither of the points could be the axis of symmetry. 6
You can only determine the axis of symmetry if the
4
y-coordinates of the two points are the same, because
the axis of symmetry would lie halfway between the 2 (0, 2)
two points.
69. $1.75 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 x
71. All three graphs are the same; f (x) = x2 + 4x + 3,
g(x) = x2 + 4x + 3 y = −2
73. no; The vertex of the graph is (3.25, 2.1125), which means
the mouse cannot jump over a fence that is higher than
15. The focus is (−5, 0). The directrix is x = 5. The axis of
2.1125 feet.
symmetry is the x-axis.
75. y
140 y

8 x=5
120

100
(−5, 0)
Height (m)

80 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 x

60

−8
40

20

x 17. The focus is (4, 0). The directrix is x = −4. The axis of
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 symmetry is the x-axis.
Distance (m)
y
x = −4
The domain is 0 ≤ x ≤ 126 and the range is 0 ≤ y ≤ 50; The 8

domain represents the distance from the start of the bridge on

4
one side of the river, and the range represents the height of
(4, 0)
the bridge.
−6 −2 2 4 6 x
77. no; The vertex must lie on the axis of symmetry, and (0, 5)
−4
does not lie on x = −1.
79. a. about 14.1%; about 55.5 cm3/g −8

b. about 13.6%; about 44.1 cm3/g

c. The domain for hot-air popping is 5.52 ≤ x ≤ 22.6, and the
range is 0 ≤ y ≤ 55.5. The domain for hot-oil popping is ( )
19. The focus is 0, −—18 . The directrix is y = —18 . The axis of
5.35 ≤ x ≤ 21.8, and the range is 0 ≤ y ≤ 44.1. This means symmetry is the y-axis.
that the moisture content for the kernels can range from y
5.52% to 22.6% and 5.35% to 21.8%, while the popping 2 1
volume can range from 0 to 55.5 cubic centimeters per y= 8

gram and 0 to 44.11 cubic centimeters per gram.

−4 −2 2 4 x
3.2 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 116) −2 (0, −18 )
81. x = 9 + 4y 83. x = —17 y2 85. 2 87. −12
−4
3.3 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 124)
1. focus; directrix −6

3.3 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with −8

Mathematics (pp. 124–126)
1 1
3. y = —14x2 5. y = −—8 x2 7. y = —1 2
24
x 9. y = −—
40 x
2

11. A, B and D; Each has a value for p that is negative.

1
Substituting in a negative value for p in y = — x2 results in a
4p
parabola that has been reflected across the x-axis.

A12 Selected Answers

21. Instead of a vertical axis of symmetry, the graph should have 21. The x-intercepts were substituted incorrectly.
a horizontal axis of symmetry. y = a(x − p)(x − q)
6
y 4 = a(3 + 1)(3 − 2)
a=1
4
y = (x + 1)(x − 2)
2 23. S(C) = 180C 2; 18,000 lbs
(1.5, 0) 25. intercept form; The three points can be substituted into
−2 2 4 x the intercept form of a quadratic equation to solve for a,
−2 and then the equation can be written. This method is much
shorter than writing and solving a system of three equations,
−4 although it can only be used when given the intercepts.
−6 27. a. parabola; not a constant rate of change
x = −1.5
b. y = −16x2 + 280 c. about 4.18 sec
23. 9.5 in.; The receiver should be placed at the focus. The d. The domain is 0 ≤ t ≤ 4.18 and represents the time the
distance from the vertex to the focus is p = —38
= 9.5 in. sponge was in the air. The range is 0 ≤ h ≤ 280 and
4
1 2 1 2 1 2 represents the height of the sponge.
25. y = —32
x 27. x = − —
10 y 29. x = —
12
y
1 2 3 7 2 29. quadratic; The second differences are constant;
31. x = — y 33. y = −—
20 x
2 35. y = — x
40
1 2 1
24 y = −2x2 + 42x + 470
37. x = −—
16 y −4 39. y = −—8(x + 1)2 − 3 31. neither; The first and second differences are not constant.
1 2
41. y = —
16
x −6 33. a. The vertex indicates that on the 6th day, 19 people were
absent, more than any other day.
43. The vertex is (3, 2). The focus is (3, 4). The directrix is
y = 0. The axis of symmetry is x = 3. The graph is a b. y = −0.5(10 − 6)2 + 19; 11 students
vertical shrink by a factor of —12 followed by a translation c. From 0 to 6 days, the average rate of change was
3 units right and 2 units up. 3 students per day. From 6 to 11 days, the average rate
of change was −2.5 students per day. The rate at which

Selected Answers
45. The vertex is (1, 3). The focus is (5, 3). The directrix is
students were missing school was changing more rapidly
x = −3. The axis of symmetry is y = 3. The graph is a
as more became ill, in comparison to when the students
horizontal shrink by a factor of —14 followed by a translation
were becoming well.
1 unit right and 3 units up.
35. y = −16x2 + 6x + 22; after about 1.24 sec; 1.375 sec
47. The vertex is (2, −4). The focus is —
25
23
12 ( )
, −4 . The directrix
37. 155 tiles
is x = —12
. The axis of symmetry is y = −4. The graph is a
horizontal stretch by a factor of 12 followed by a reflection 3.4 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 134)
in the y-axis and a translation 2 units right and 4 units down. 39. (x − 2)(x − 1) 41. 5(x + 3)(x − 2)
1 Chapter 3 Review (pp. 136–138)
49. x = — y2; about 3.08 in.
5.2
1. The graph is a translation 4 units left of the parent quadratic
51. As ∣ p ∣ increases, the graph gets wider; As ∣ p ∣ increases, function.
the constant in the function gets smaller which results in a
y
vertical shrink, making the graph wider.
1 1
53. y = —x2 55. x = —y2 8
4 4p
3.3 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 126) 6

1 5
57. y = 3x − 7 59. y = −—2 x + —2 61. y = 3.98x + 0.92 4

3.4 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 132)

2
g(x) = (x + 4)2
1. A quadratic model is appropriate when the second
differences are constant. −8 −6 −4 −2 x
3.4 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with −2
Mathematics (pp. 132–134)
3. y = −3(x + 2)2 + 6 5. y = 0.06(x − 3)2 + 2
1
7. y = −—3 (x + 6) − 12
2 9. y = −4(x − 2)(x − 4)
1
11. y=— 10
(x − 12)(x + 6) 13. y = 2.25(x + 16)(x + 2)
15. If given the x-intercepts, it is easier to write the equation in
intercept form. If given the vertex, it is easier to write the
equation in vertex form.
17. y = −16(x − 3)2 + 150 19. y = −0.75x2 + 3x

Selected Answers A13

2. The graph is a translation 7 units right and 2 units up of the 7. The maximum value is 35; The function is increasing to the
parent quadratic function. left of x = 4 and decreasing to the right of x = 4.
y y
10
36 (4, 35)
8
32
6
28
4
24
2
g(x) = (x − 7)2 + 2
20

−2 2 4 6 8 10 12 x
16
−2
12

3. The graph is a vertical stretch by a factor of 3 followed by

8
a reflection in the x-axis and a translation 2 units left and
1 unit down. 4

y
−2 2 6 10 x
−4 −2 x

−2
x=4

8. The minimum value is −25; The function is decreasing to

the left of x = −2 and increasing to the right of x = −2.
y

−8 −6 −4 2 4 x

−4
g(x) = −3(x + 4)2 − 1 x = −2
9 −8
4. g(x) = +—4 (x−2 5)2
5. g(x) = (−x + 2)2 − 2(−x + 2) + 3 = x2 − 2x + 3 −12

6. The minimum value is −4; The function is decreasing to the

−16
left of x = 1 and increasing to the right of x = 1.
y −20
8

6 (−2, −25)
−28

9. 2.25 in.
10. The focus is (0, 9), the directrix is y = −9, and the axis of
−2 4 x symmetry is x = 0.
−2 y

−4 (1, −4) 18

−6 x=1 12
(0, 9)
6

−18 −12 −6 6 12 18 x

−6 y = −9

−12

−18
x=0

1 1
11. x = −—8 y2 12. y = −—
16 (x − 2) + 6
2

16 3
13. y = —
81
(x − 10)2 − 4 14. y = −—5 (x + 1)(x − 5)
15. y = 4x2 + 5x + 1

A14 Selected Answers

16. The average rate of change from (−4, 16) to the vertex is 69. Flea Jump
−6 and the average rate of change from the vertex to (−1, 7) y

Height (inches)
is 3. 10 y = −0.189x 2 + 2.462x
17. y = −16x2 + 150; about 3.06 sec 8
6

Chapter 4 4
2
Chapter 4 Maintaining Mathematical 0
0 6 12 x
Proficiency (p. 143) Distance (inches)
— — —
— — √ 11 7√3 3√2
1. 3√3 2. −4√ 7 3. — 4. — 5. — The vertex (6.5, 8.0) indicates that the flea’s maximum jump
8 10 7 is 6.5 inches away from and 8.0 inches above the starting
—
√65 — —
point. The zeros x = 13 and x = 0 indicate when the flea is
6. −— 7. −4√ 5 8. 4√ 2 9. (x − 6)(x + 6)
11 on the ground.
10. (x − 3)(x + 3) 11. (2x − 5)(2x + 5) 12. (x − 11)2 71. you; The function does not cross the x-axis.
13. (x + 14) 2 14. (7x + 15) 2
73. a. mn = 9 and m + n = 0
15. a = 16 and c = 1, a = 4 and c = 4, a = 1 and c = 16; b. If m + n = 0, then m = −n. Substituting into the first
—
2√ac = 8 equation results in (−n)(n) = 9, so n2 = −9. Because
4.1 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 151) the square of a number can never be negative, you can
1. Use the graph to find the x-intercepts of the function. conclude that m and n are not real numbers.
75. 60 ft
4.1 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with
Mathematics (pp. 151–154) 4.1 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 154)

3. x = −1 and x = −2 5. x = 3 and x = −3 77. +

x3 +6 79. +
4x 2 − 15x + 9 −3x3 7x2
7. x = −1 9. no real solution 11. no real solution 81. 10x3 − 2x2 + 6x 83. −44x3 + 33x2 + 88x
—
13. s = ±12 15. z = 1 and z = 11 17. x = 1 ± √2 4.2 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 160)
—
19. no real solution 21. A, B, and E 1. i = √ −1 and is used to write the square root of any negative

Selected Answers
23. The ± was not used when taking the square root; number.
2(x + 1)2 + 3 = 21; 2(x + 1)2 = 18; (x + 1)2 = 9; 3. Add the real parts and the imaginary parts separately.
x + 1 = ±3; x = 2 and x = −4 4.2 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with
25. a. Sample answer: x2 = 16 b. x2 = 0 Mathematics (pp. 160–162)
— —
c. Sample answer: x2 = −9 5. 6i 7. 3i √2 9. 8i 11. −16i √2
27. x = −3 29. x = 6 and x = 2 31. n = 0 and n = 6 13. x = 2 and y = 2 15. x = −2 and y = 4
33. w = 12 and w = 2 35. x = 4 37. x = 3 17. x = 7 and y = −12 19. x = 6 and y = 28
39. u = 0 and u = −9; Sample answer: factoring because the 21. 13 + 2i 23. 9 + 11i 25. 19 27. 4 + 2i
equation can be factored —
29. −4 − 14i 31. a. −4 + 5i b. 2√2 + 10i
41. no real solution; Sample answer: square roots because the 33. (12 + 2i) ohms 35. (8 + i) ohms 37. −3 − 15i
equation can be written in the form u2 = d
39. 14 − 5i 41. 20 43. −27 − 36i
43. x = 6 and x = 2; Sample answer: square roots because the
45. Distributive Property; Simplify; Definition of complex
equation can be written in the form u2 = d
addition; Write in standard form.
45. x = −0.5 and x = −2.5; Sample answer: factoring because
47. (6 − 7i) − (4 − 3i) = 2 − 4i 49. x = ±3i
the equation can be factored — — —
51. x = ±i √7 53. x = ±2i √ 5 55. x = ±i √ 2
47. x = −2 and x = −4 49. x = 3 and x = −10 — —
57. x = ±6i 59. x = ±3i √3 61. x = ±4i √3
51. x = 3 and x = −2 53. x = −11
63. i can be simplified; 15 − 3i + 10i − 2i 2 = 15 + 7i + 2 =
2
55. f(x) = x 2 − 19x + 88 57. $5.75; $1983.75
17 + 7i
59. a. h(t) = −16t 2 + 188; about 3.4 sec
65. a. −8 b. 12 − 10i c. 21i d. 41 + 3i
b. 80 ft; The log fell 80 feet between 2 and 3 seconds.
e. −9i f. −9 + 23i g. 14 h. 14i
61. 0.5 ft or 6 in.
63. The 20-foot wave requires a wind speed twice as great as the Real Imaginary Pure imaginary
wind speed required for a 5-foot wave. numbers numbers numbers
65. x ≈ 34.64; about 207.84 ft, 277.12 ft, 173.20 ft, and 300 ft −8 12 − 10i 21i
67. the rock on Jupiter; Because the first term is negative, the 14 14 + 3i −9i
height of the falling object will decrease faster as g gets −9 + 23i 14i
larger.

Selected Answers A15

67. c. Sample answer: vertex form; The vertex of the graph
gives the maximum value.
Powers
i1 i2 i3 i4 i5 i6 i7 i 8 i 9 i 10 i 11 i 12 67. Sample answer: Complete the square to find the vertex.
of i
Factor it into intercept form to find the two roots, find
Simplified
i −1 −i 1 i −1 −i 1 i −1 −i 1 their average to obtain the time when the water reaches
form
its maximum height, and then substitute the time into the
The results of i n alternate in the pattern i, −1, −i, and 1. function. Use the coefficients of the original function
69. −28 + 27i 71. −15 − 25i 73. 9 + 5i
75. Sample answer: 3 + 2i and 3 − 2i; The real parts are equal
b
y = f(x) to find the maximum height, f −— ; 125.44 ft
2a ( )
and the imaginary parts are opposites. 69. no; The problem cannot be solved by factoring because the
77. a. false; Sample answer: (3 − 5i) + (4 + 5i) = 7 answers are not rational.
—

b. true; Sample answer: (3i)(2i) = 6i 2 = −6 −b ± √b 2 − 4c

71. x = —— 73. x ≈ 0.896 cm
2
c. true; Sample answer: 3i = 0 + 3i
d. false; Sample answer: 1 + 8i 4.3 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 170)

4.2 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 162) 75. y ≤ −1 −1

y
−4 −2 0 2
79. yes 81. no 83. y = 2(x + 3)2 −3
4.3 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 168) 77. s ≥ −20 −20

s
−23 −21 −19 −17
1. ( b2 )
—
2

79.
8
y

4.3 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with

Mathematics (pp. 168–170) 6 x = 1.5
—
3. x = 9 and x = −1 5. x = 9 ± √ 5 7. y = 12 ± 10i
—
−1 ± 5√3
9. w = — 11. 25; (x + 5) 2 13. 36; (y − 6)2 h(x) = 2x(x − 3)
2
15. 9; (x − 3)2 17. —25
4
; z − —52
2
(19. —4)
169
; w+— 13 2
2 ( ) −2
(0, 0)
2
(3, 0)
4 x
21. 4; x 2 + 4x + 4 23. 36; x 2 + 12x + 36
— — −2
25. x = −3 ± √ 6 27. x = −2 ± √ 6
—
−9 ± √ 85 −4
29. z = — 31. x = −2 ± 2i 33. x = −3 ± i (1.5, −4.5)
2
—
35. x = 5 ± 2√7
81. y
37. 36 should have been added to the right side of the equation
100 x=1
instead of 9; 4x 2 + 24x − 11 = 0; 4(x 2 + 6x) = 11;
4(x 2 + 6x + 9) = 11 + 36; 4(x + 3)2 = 47; — (−10, 0) (12, 0)
— −8 −4 4 8 x
47 ± √ 47 √ 47
(x + 3)2 = —; x + 3 = —; x = −3 ± —; −100
4— 2 2
−6 ± √ 47
x=— −200
2 f(x) = 2(x + 10)(x − 12)
39. yes; All of the steps would be the same as with two real (1, −242)
solutions, with the exception of the constant being negative
when you take the square root. 4.4 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 179)
—
41. factoring; The equation can be factored; x = 7 and x = −3 −b ± √b2 − 4ac
1. ——
2a
43. square roots; The equation can be written in the form u 2 = d;
x = −8 and x = 0 3. There will be two imaginary solutions.
45. factoring; The equation can be factored; x = −6 4.4 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with
47. completing the square; The equation cannot be factored or Mathematics (pp. 179–182)
— —
√ 10 5. x = 3 and x = 1 7. x = −3 ± i √6 9. x = 7
written in the form u2 = d; x = −1 ± — — —
2 −1 ± i √14 3 ± √89
49. square roots; The equation can be written in the form u2 = d; 11. x = — 13. x = 5 15. x = —
3 8
x = ±10 —
— —
51. x = −5 + 5√ 3 53. x = −2 + 2√ 21 17. z = 6 ± √ 30 19. 0; one real: x = −6
55. f(x) = (x − 4)2 + 3; (4, 3) 21. 400; two real: n = 3 and n = −2
—
57. g(x) = (x + 6)2 + 1; (−6, 1) 5 ± 3i √15
23. −135; two imaginary: x = —
59. h(x) = (x + 1)2 − 49; (−1, −49) 8
( )2
61. f(x) = x − —32 + —74 ; —32, —74 ( ) 25. 0; one real: x = −4 27. A
63. a. 22 ft b. about 2.1 sec 29. C; The discriminant is negative, so the graph has no
x-intercepts.
65. a. $3600 b. y = −(x − 10)2 + 3600

A16 Selected Answers

31. A; The discriminant is positive, so the graph has two 81. y
4
x-intercepts. The y-intercept is −9.
(1, 2)
33. The i was left out after taking the square root; 2
—
−10 ± √ −196 −10 ± 14i
x = —— = — = −5 ± 7i −4 −2 2 4 6 x
2 2
35. Sample answer: a = 1 and c = 5; x 2 + 4x + 5 = 0 y = −x 2 + 2x + 1
37. Sample answer: a = 2 and c = 4; 2x 2 − 8x + 4 = 0 −4
39. Sample answer: a = 5 and c = −5; 5x 2 + 10x + 5 = 0
−6 x=1
41. −5x2 + 8x − 12 = 0 43. − 7x2 + 4x − 5 = 0
45. 3x + 4x + 1 = 0
2
−8
—
47. x = ±2√2 ; Sample answer: square roots; The equation can
be written in the form u2 = d. 83.
10
y

49. x = 9 and x = −3; Sample answer: factoring; The equation

can be factored. 8

51. x = 3 and x = 4; Sample answer: factoring; The equation 6

can be factored.
—
53. x = 5 ± i √2 ; Sample answer: completing the square; y = 0.5x 2 + 2x + 5
Factor out 5, and a = 1 and b is an even number. (−2, 3)
2
—
−9 ± √ 33 x = −2
55. x = —; Sample answer: Quadratic Formula; a ≠ 1,
8 −6 −4 2 4 x
b is not an even number, the equation cannot be factored, and
−2
it cannot be easily written in the form u2 = d.
—
−1 ± √ 5 4.5 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 188)
57. x = —; Sample answer: Quadratic Formula; b is not
2 1. There could be no solution, one solution, or two solutions.
an even number, the equation cannot be factored, and it

Selected Answers
cannot be easily written in the form u2 = d. 4.5 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with
Mathematics (pp. 188–190)
59. x = 6 61. about 5.67 sec 63. about 0.17 sec
3. (0, 2) and (−2, 0) 5. no solution 7. (−4, 2)
65. a. 203

y= −16x 2 + 105x + 30
9. (1, 1) and (3, 1) 11. about 32.5 in. 13. no solution
15. (2, 3) and (−2, 3) 17. (2, 7) and (0, 5)
y = −16x 2 + 100x + 30
19. no solution
0 7 21. about (−4.65, −4.71) and about (0.65, −15.29)
0
23. (−4, −4) and (−6, −4) 25. (7, 0) and (0, 7)
Both rockets start from the same height, but your friend’s
27. no solution
rocket does not go as high and lands about a half of a
second earlier. 29. The terms that were added were not like terms;
0 = −2x2 + 34x − 140; x = 7 or x = 10
b. about 1 sec and 5.5625 sec; These are reasonable because
31. (0, −1); Sample answer: elimination because the equations
1 + 5.6
— = 3.3 which is the axis of symmetry. are arranged with like terms in the same column
2
33. about (−11.31, 10) and about (5.31, 10); Sample
67. a. about 0.97 sec
answer: substitution because the second equation can be
b. the first bird; The second bird will reach the water after substituted into the first equation
about 0.98 second.
35. (3, 3) and (5, 3); Sample answer: graphing because
69. 3.5 ft substitution and elimination would require more steps in this
71. a. a = 6, x = −3, x = 5, and x = −2 b. x = ±3 case
−b
73. Add the solutions to get —, then divide the result by 2 to 37. x=0 39. x ≈ 0.63 and x ≈ 2.37
b a
get −—; Because it is symmetric, the vertex of a parabola is 41. x = 2 and x = 3
2a
43. The graphs intersect at the vertex of the quadratic function.
in the middle of the two x-intercepts and the x-coordinate of
b 45. d = 0.8t; d = 2.5t 2; 0.32 min
the vertex is −—.
2a
75. If x = 3i and x = −2i are solutions, then the equation can
be written as a(x − 3i)(x + 2i) = ax 2 − aix + 6a. a and ai
cannot both be real numbers.
4.4 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 182)
77. (4, 5) 79. no solution

Selected Answers A17

47. no solution: m = 1; one solution: m = 0; two solutions: 6
y

m = −1
y 4
10
2
8 y=x+3

6 −4 −2 2 4 x

y=3 −2
4
−4
2
y
4
−4 −2 2 4 6 8 10 x

−2 2

y = −x + 3
−4 4 x

−6 −2

−8 −4
1 8 7
y = −3 x2 + 3 x − 3
−10
b. no solution, one solution, two solutions, or infinitely
49. Sample answer: graphing and Quadratic Formula; graphing many solutions
because it requires less time and steps than using the y
Quadratic Formula in this case
2
51. a. no solution, one solution, two solutions, three solutions,
or four solutions
−8 −6 −2 2 x
y
6 −2

y
6
2

4
−4 −2 2 4

−2

−4 2 4 6 x

y
6

4 y

2 4

2
−4 −2 2 4 x

−2
−2 4 x

−4 −2

y
y
4 4

2 2

−4 −2 2 4 x −4 −2 2 4 x

−2 −2

−4 −4

53. a. circle: x 2 + y 2 = 1, Oak Lane: y = −—17 x + —57

b. (−0.6, 0.8) and (0.8, 0.6)
c. about 1.41 mi

A18 Selected Answers

4.5 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 190) 19. The solution represents weights that can be supported by
55. x > 3 shelves with various thicknesses.
Hardwood Shelf
−1 1 3 5 7
w
57. x ≤ −4 5000 w ≤ 115x 2

Weight (lbs)
4000
3000
−8 −6 −4 −2 0
2000
59. y < x − 2 1000
0
4.6 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 196) 0 2 4 6 x
Thickness (in.)
1. The graph of a quadratic inequality in one variable consists
of a number line, but the graph of a quadratic inequality in
two variables consists of both the x- and y-axis. 21. y

4.6 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with 2

y ≥ 2x 2
Mathematics (pp. 196–198)
−2 2 x
3. C; The x-intercepts are x = −1 and x = −3. The test point y < −x 2 + 1
(−2, 5) does not satisfy the inequality. −2

5. B; The x-intercepts are x = 1 and x = 3. The test point (2, 5)

does not satisfy the inequality. Sample answer: 0, —12 and —14, —14 ( ) ( )
7. y
23. y
4 2 y< x2 + 2x − 8

2
−2 4 6 8 x

−4 −2 2 4 x −2 y≤ −x 2 + 4x − 4

−2 −4

Selected Answers
−4

9. y
2

−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 x

−2
Sample answer: (3, −2) and (2, −5)
25. y
y ≥ 2x 2 + x − 5
−4
16

−6
12

−10
4

11. y 13. y
4 −4 2 4 6 x
8
2
6
y < −x 2 + 5x + 10
−6 −4 −2 2 x
4
Sample answer: (0, 0) and (1, 2)
5
2 27. −—2 < x < —52 29. x ≤ 4 or x ≥ 7 31. − 0.5 ≤ x ≤ 3
33. x < −2 or x > 4 35. about 0.38 < x < 2.62
−6 −4 x
−6 37. x < −7 or x > −1 39. −2 ≤ x ≤ —43
−2
41. about x ≤ −6.87 or x ≥ 0.87
43. a. x1 < x < x2 b. x < x1 or x > x2 c. x1 < x < x2
15. y > f(x)
45. about 55 m from the left pylon to about 447 m from the left
17. The graph should be solid, not dotted.
pylon
y
47. a. 0.0051x 2 − 0.319x + 15 < 0.005x2 − 0.23x + 22,
4 16 ≤ x ≤ 70
b. A(x) < V(x) for 16 ≤ x ≤ 70; Graph the inequalities only
on 16 ≤ x ≤ 70. A(x) is always greater than V(x).
−4 −2 2 4 x

Selected Answers A19

 c. The driver would react more quickly to the light 27. y
changing from green to yellow; The reaction time to
visual stimuli is always less. 8
49. 0.00170x2 + 0.145x + 2.35 > 10, 0 ≤ x ≤ 40; after about
6
37 days; Because L(x) is a parabola, L(x) = 10 has two
solutions. Because the x-value must be positive, the domain 4
requires that the negative solution be rejected.
32 256
51. a. — ≈ 10.67 square units b. — ≈ 85.33 square units 2
3 3 y > x 2 + 8x + 16
53. a. yes; The points on the parabola that are exactly 11 feet −10 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 x
high are (6, 11) and (14, 11). Because these points are
−2
8 feet apart, there is enough room for a 7-foot wide truck.
b. 8 ft c. about 11.2 ft
28. y
8
4.6 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 198)
55. y
6

4
4

2
y ≥ x 2 + 6x + 8
(0, 0) (4, 0)
−8 −6 −4 2 x
−2 2 6 x
−2
−2

−4 29. y
2 y ≤ −x 2 + 7x − 12

−2
57. The maximum value is −1; The function is increasing to the 2 4 6 8 x

left of x = −3 and decreasing to the right of x = −3. −2

59. The maximum value is 25; The function is increasing to the −4

left of x = −2 and decreasing to the right of x = −2.
Chapter 4 Review (pp. 200–202) −6

1. x = 4 and x = −2 2. x = ±2 −8
3. x = 2 and x = −8 4. x = 6 and x = 2.5
5. (2x + 18)(2x + 35) = 1260; x = 5; 28 ft by 45 ft 30.
8
y

6. x = 9 and y = −3 7. 5 − 3i 8. 11 + 10i
— 6 y < x 2 − 4x + 8
9. −62 + 11i 10. x = ±i √ 3 11. x = ±4i
— −4 ± 3i 4
12. 148 ft 13. x = −8 ± √ 47 14. x = —
2
2
—
15. x = 3 ± 3√ 2 16. y = (x − 1)2 + 19; (1, 19)
—
5 ± √17 −2 2 4 6 x
17. x = — 18. x = 0.5 and x = −3
2 y ≥ −x 2 + 4x + 2
—
6 ± i √3
19. x = — 20. 0; one real solution: x = −3
3
—
21. 40; two real solutions: x = 1 ± √ 10 31. y
10
22. 16; two real solutions: x = −5 and x = −1
y ≤ 2x 2 − x + 5
23. (−2, 6) and (1, 0); Sample answer: substitution because 8
both equations are already solved for y
24. (4, 5); Sample answer: elimination because adding the like
terms eliminates y 4 y < 0.5x 2 + 2x + 1

25. about (−0.32, 1.97) and (0.92, −1.77); substitution because

2
elimination is not a possibility with no like terms
26. about (−0.14, −1.77) and (1.77, −1.53)
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 x

A20 Selected Answers

32. y 25. y 27. y
4 4
8
2
−4 −2 2 4 x
y > 2x 2 − x + 5
−4
−4 −2 2 4 x
4
−2 −8
2
−4

−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 x
−16
y ≥ −3x 2 − 2x − 1

−4
29. y 31. y
6 4

−6 4
−2 2 4 x
−8 2 −4

−4 −2 2 4 x
33. x ≤ −5 or x ≥ 4 34. x < −7 or x > −3
−2
35. —23 ≤ x ≤ 1

Chapter 5
Chapter 5 Maintaining Mathematical
Proficiency (p. 207)
33. a. f is increasing on the interval (4, ∞) and decreasing on
1. 2x 2. 4m + 3 3. −y + 6 4. x + 4 the interval (−∞, 4).
32π b. (−∞, 3), (5, ∞)
5. z − 4 6. 5x 7. 64 in.3 8. — ft3 ≈ 33.51 ft3 c. (3, 5)
3

Selected Answers
35. a. f is increasing on the intervals (−∞, 0) and (2, ∞) and
9. 88 ft2 10. 48π cm2 ≈ 150.80 cm2 decreasing on the interval (0, 2).
11. no; If the volume of a cube—is doubled, the side length is b. (−1, 2), (2, ∞) c. (−∞, −1)
3
increased by a factor of √2 . 37. The degree is even and the leading coefficient is positive.
5.1 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 214) y

1. The end behavior describes the behavior of a graph as x 2

approaches positive infinity and negative infinity.
5.1 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with −4 2 4 x
Mathematics (pp. 214–216) −2

3. polynomial function; f (x) = 5x3 − 6x2 − 3x + 2; degree: 3

(cubic), leading coefficient: 5
5. not a polynomial function −6
—
7. polynomial function; h(x) = −√7 x4 + 8x3 + —53 x2 + x − —12;
—
degree 4: (quartic), leading coefficient: −√7
39. The degree is even and the leading coefficient is positive.
9. The function is not in standard form so the wrong term was
y
used to classify the function; f is a polynomial function. The
degree is 4 and f is a quartic function. The leading coefficient
is −7.
4
11. h(−2) = −46 13. g(8) = −43 15. p —12 = —
45
4 ()
17. h(x) → −∞ as x → −∞ and h(x) → −∞ as x → ∞ −4 −2 2 4 x
19. f (x) → ∞ as x → −∞ and f (x) → ∞ as x → ∞ −4
21. The degree of the function is odd and the leading coefficient
−8
is negative.
—
23. polynomial function; f (x) = −4x 4 + —52 x3 + √2 x2 + 4x − 6; −12
degree: 4 (quartic), leading coefficient: −4
−16

Selected Answers A21

41. a. 2422 5.1 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 216)
51. −2x2
+ 3xy + y253. 12kz − 4kw
55. −x3y2 + 3x2y + 13xy − 12x + 9
5.2 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 222)
0 27
0 1. The binomials could be multiplied in a horizontal format or
From 1980 to 2007 the number of open drive-in theaters a vertical format. The patterns from Pascal’s Triangle could
decreased. Around the year 1995, the rate of decrease also be used.
began to level off. 5.2 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with
b. 1980 to 1995: about −119.6, 1995–2007: about −19.2; Mathematics (pp. 222–224)
About 120 drive-in movie theaters closed each year on 3. x2 + x + 1 5. 12x5 + 5x 4 − 3x3 + 6x − 4
average from 1980–1995. From 1995 to 2007, drive-in 7. 7x6 + 7x5 + 8x3 − 9x2 + 11x − 5
movie theaters were closing at a much lower rate, with
9. −2x3 − 14x2 + 7x − 4 11. 5x6 − 7x5 + 6x 4 + 9x3 + 7
about 20 theaters closing each year.
13. −x + 7x + 11x + 10x − 4
5 3 2
c. Because the graph declines so sharply in the years
leading up to 1980, it is most likely not accurate. The 15. P = 47.7t2 + 678.5t + 17,667.4; The constant term
model may be valid for a few years before 1980, but in represents the total number of people attending
the long run, decline may not be reasonable. After 2007, degree-granting institutions at time t = 0.
the number of drive-in movie theaters declines sharply 17. 35x5 + 21x 4 + 7x3 19. −10x3 + 23x2 − 24x + 18
and soon becomes negative. Because negative values do 21. x 4 − 5x3 − 3x2 + 22x + 20
not make sense given the context, the model cannot be 23. 3x5 − 6x 4 − 6x3 + 25x2 − 23x + 7
used for years after 2007.
25. The negative was not distributed through the entire second
43. Because the graph of g is a reflection of the graph of f in the set of parenthesis;
y-axis, the end behavior would be opposite; g(x) → −∞ as
(x2 − 3x + 4) − (x3 + 7x − 2) = x2 − 3x + 4 − x3 − 7x + 2
x → −∞ and g(x) → ∞ as x → ∞
= −x3 + x2 − 10x + 6
45. The viewing window is appropriate if it shows the end
behavior of the graph as x → ∞ and x →− ∞. 27. x3 + 3x2 − 10x − 24 29. 12x3 − 29x2 + 7x + 6
47. a. 6 6
31. −24x + 86x − 57x − 20
3 2

33. (a + b)(a − b) = a2 − ab + ab − b2 = a2 − b2;

−9 9 −9 9
⋅
Sample answer: 24 16 = (20 + 4)(20 − 4)
= 202 − 42
= 400 − 16
−6 −6 = 384
35. x2 − 81 37. 9c − 30c + 25
2 39. 49h2 + 56h + 16
6 6
41. 4k + 72k + 216k + 216
3 2 43. 8t + 48t2 + 96t + 64
3

45. 16q − 96q + 216q − 216q + 81

4 3 2
−9 9 −9 9
47. y5z5 + 5y4z4 + 10y3z3 + 10y2z2 + 5yz + 1
49. 9a8 + 66a6b2 + 97a4b4 − 88a2b6 + 16b8; Sample
−6 −6 answer: Pascal’s Triangle; Use Pascal’s Triangle to expand
the two binomials. Multiply the results vertically to find your
6 6 final product.
51. 2x3 + 10x2 + 14x + 6
−9 9 −9 9 53. a. 5000(1 + r)3 + 1000(1 + r)2 + 4000(1 + r)
b. 7000r3 + 25,000r2 + 34,000r + 16,000; 7000 is the
−6
total amount of money that gained interest for three
−6
years, 25,000 is the total amount of money that gained
y = x, y = x3, and y = x5 are all symmetric with respect interest for two years, 34,000 is the total amount of
to the origin. money that gained interest for one year, and 16,000 is the
y = x2, y = x4, and y = x6 are all symmetric with respect total amount of money invested.
to the y-axis. c. about $17,763.38
b. The graph of y = x10 will be symmetric with respect to 55. no; The sum of (x + 3) and (x − 3) is 2x, a monomial. The
the y-axis. The graph of y = x11 will be symmetric with product of (x + 3) and (x − 3) is x2 − 9, a binomial.
respect to the origin; The exponent is even. The exponent 57. equivalent; They produce the same graph.
is odd. 59. not equivalent; Although they appear to produce the same
49. f (−5) = −480; Substituting the two given points into the graph, the table of values shows they are off by a constant of 1.
function results in the system of equations 2 + b + c − 5 = 0
and 16 + 4b + 2c − 5 = 3. Solving for b and c gives
f (x) = 2x3 − 7x2 + 10x − 5.

A22 Selected Answers

 A −1.95x3 + 70.1x2 − 188x + 2150
61. 1 35. — = ———
T 14.8x + 725
1 1
408,563.25
1 2 1 = 0.13x + 11.19x − 560.90 + ——, 0 < x < 18
2
14.8x + 725
1 3 3 1 37. A 39. 2x + 5
1 4 6 4 1
5.3 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 230)
1 5 10 10 5 1
41. x = 3 43. x = −7
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1 5.4 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 236)
1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1 1. quadratic; 3x2
1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1 3. It is written as a product of unfactorable polynomials with
1 10 45 120 210 252 210 120 45 10 1 integer coefficients.
(x + 3)7 = x7 + 21x 6 + 189x5 + 945x 4 + 2835x3 + 5103x2 5.4 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with
+ 5103x + 2187; Mathematics (pp. 236–238)
(x − 5)9 = x9 − 45x8 + 900x7 − 10,500x 6 + 78,750x 5 5. x(x − 6)(x + 4) 7. 3p3( p − 8)( p + 8)
− 393,750x 4 + 1,312,500x3 − 2,812,500x2 9. q (2q − 3)(q + 6)
2 11. w8(5w − 2)(2w − 3)
+ 3,515,625x − 1,953,125 13. (x + 4)(x2 − 4x + 16) 15. (g − 7)(g2 + 7g + 49)
63. a. 5 b. 5 c. 9 17. 3h (h − 4)(h + 4h + 16)
6 2

d. g(x) + h(x) has degree m. g(x) − h(x) has degree m. 19. 2t 4(2t + 5)(4t2 − 10t + 125)
⋅
g(x) h(x) has degree (m + n). 21. x2 + 9 is not a factorable binomial because it is not the
65. a. (x2 − y2)2 + (2xy)2 = (x2 + y2)2 difference of two squares; 3x3 + 27x = 3x(x2 + 9)
(x 4 − 2x2y2 + y 4) + (4x2y2) = x 4 + 2x2y2 + y 4 23. (y2 + 6)(y − 5) 25. (3a2 + 8)(a + 6)
x 4 + 2x2y2 + y 4 = x 4 + 2x2y2 + y 4 27. (x − 2)(x + 2)(x − 8) 29. (q + 2)(q + 5)(q2 − 2q + 4)
b. The Pythagorean triple is 11, 60, and 61. 31. (7k + 3)(7k − 3)
2 2 33. (c2 + 5)(c2 + 4)
c. 121 + 3600 = 3721 35. (4z + 9)(2z + 3)(2z − 3)
2 37. 3r2(r3 + 5)(r3 − 4)

Selected Answers
3721 = 3721 39. factor 41. not a factor 43. factor
5.2 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 224) 45. −4 1 −1 −20 0
67. 5 + 11i 69. 9 − 2i −4 20 0

5.3 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 229) 1 −5 0 0

1. To evaluate the function f (x) = x3 − 2x + 4 when x = 3, g(x) = x(x + 4)(x − 5)

synthetic division can be used to divide f (x) by the factor 47. 6 1 −6 0 −8 48
x − 3. The remainder is the value of f (3). So, f (3) = 25.
6 0 0 −48
Sample answer: 3 1 0 −2 4
1 0 0 −8 0
3 9 21
f (x) = (x − 6)(x − 2)(x2 + 2x + 4)
1 3 7 25
49. −7 1 0 −37 84
3. (x3 − 2x2 − 9x + 18) ÷ (x + 3) = x2 − 5x + 6
−7 49 −84
5.3 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with
1 −7 12 0
Mathematics (pp. 229–230)
r(x) = (x + 7)(x − 3)(x − 4)
3 2x + 3
5. x + 5 + — 7. x + 1 + —
x−4 x2 − 1 51. D; The x-intercepts of the graph are 2, 3, and −1.
−122x + 109 49 53. A; The x-intercepts of the graph are −2, −3, and 1.
9. 5x2 − 12x + 37 + —— 11. x + 12 + —
x2 + 2x − 4 x−4 55. The model makes sense for x > 6.5; When factored
62 18 completely, the volume is V = x(2x − 13)(x − 3). For all
13. 2x − 11 + — 15. x + 3 + —
x+5 x−3 three dimensions of the box to have positive lengths, the
6
17. x3 + x2 − 2x + 1 − — value of x must be greater than 6.5.
x−6
57. a4(a + 6)(a − 5); A common monomial can be factored out
19. D; (2)2 + (2) − 3 = 3 so the remainder must be 3.
to obtain a factorable trinomial in quadratic form.
21. C; (2)2 − (2) + 3 = 5 so the remainder must be 5.
59. (z − 3)(z + 3)(z − 7); Factoring by grouping can be used
23. The quotient should be one degree less than the dividend. because the expression contains pairs of monomials that have
x3 − 5x + 3 1
— = x2 + 2x − 1 + — a common factor. Difference of two squares can be used to
x−2 x−2 factor one of the resulting binomials.
25. f (−1) = 37 27. f (2) = 11 29. f (6) = 181
61. (4r + 9)(16r2 − 36r + 81); The sum of two cubes pattern
31. f (3) = 115 can be used because the expression is of the form a3 + b3.
33. no; The Remainder Theorem states that f (a) = 15. 63. (4n2 + 1)(2n − 1)(2n + 1); The difference of two squares
pattern can be used to factor the original expression and one
of the resulting binomials.

Selected Answers A23

65. a. no; 7z4(2z + 3)(z − 2) 5.5 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with
b. no; n(2 − n)(n + 6)(3n − 11) c. yes Mathematics (pp. 246–248)
67. 0.7 million 3. z = −3, z = 0, and z = 4 5. x = 0 and x = 1
—
69. Sample answer: Factor Theorem and synthetic division; 7. w = 0 and w = ±√ 10 ≈ ±3.16
—
Calculations without a calculator are easier with this method 9. c = 0, c = 3, and c = ±√ 6 ≈ ±2.45 11. n = −4
because the values are lesser.
13. x = −3, x = 0, and x = 2
71. k = 22 y

7 2 −13 −22 105 4

14 7 −105
(−3, 0) (0, 0) (2, 0)
2 1 −15 0 −6 −4 −2 4 x

73. a. (c − d )(c + d)(7a + b) b. − − 1) (xn 1)(xn

c. (a3 − b2)(ab + 1)2 −8
75. a. (x + 3)2 + y2 = 52; The center of the circle is (−3, 0)
and the radius is 5. −12

y −16
6

15. x = 0, x = 5, and x = 6
y
2 600

(−3, 0)
400
−6 −4 −2 x

−2 200

(5, 0) (6, 0)
−2 (0, 0) 4 8 x

−6 −200

b. (x − 2)2 + y2 = 32; The center of the circle is (2, 0) and

the radius is 3. 17. x = −3, x = 0, and x = 5
y
y 600
4

400

(2, 0) 200
−2 2 4 6 x
(−3, 0) (5, 0)
−6 −4 −2 (0, 0) 4 6 x

−200
−4

−400
c. (x − 4)2 + ( y + 1)2 = 62; The center of the circle is
(4, −1) and the radius is 6. −600
y

4
19. x = −3, x = −1, and x = 3
y
2
16

2 4 6 8 x 12
(4, −1)
−2
8

−4
(−1, 0)
−6 (−3, 0) (3, 0)
−6 −4 −2 2 4 x

−4
5.4 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 238)
−8
77. x = 6 and x = −5 79. x = —53 and x = 2
81. x = 18 and x = −6 83. x = −3 and x = −7 21. C
5.5 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 246) 23. The ± was not included with each factor; ±1, ±3, ±5, ±9,
1. constant term; leading coefficient ±15, ±45
25. x = −5, x = 1, and x = 3 27. x = −1, x = 5, and x = 6
29. x = −3, x = 4, and x = 5

A24 Selected Answers

31. x = −4, x = −0.5, and x = 6 33. −5, 3, and 4 31. Sample answer: y = x6 − 4x 4 − x2 + 4;
35. −5, −3, and −2 37. −4, 1.5, and 3 y = (x − 1)(x + 1)(x − 2)(x + 2)(x − i)(x + i)
— —
−1 + √ 17 −1 − √ 17 = (x2 − 1)(x2 − 4)(x2 + 1)
39. 1, — ≈ 1.56, and — ≈ −2.56
2 2 = (x 4 − 5x2 + 4)(x2 + 1)
41. f (x) = x3 − 7x2 + 36 43. f (x) = x3 − 10x − 12 = x6 + x 4 − 5x 4 − 5x2 + 4x2 + 4
45. f (x) = x 4 − 32x2 + 24x = x6 − 4x 4 − x2 + 4
47. x = −3, x = 3, and x = 4; Sample answer: graphing; The 33.
Positive Negative Imaginary Total
equation has three real solutions, all which can be found by
real zeros real zeros zeros zeros
graphing to find the x-intercepts.
49. 4 cm by 4 cm by 7 cm 1 1 2 4
51. The block is 3 meters high, 21 meters long, and 15 meters 35. Positive Negative Imaginary Total
wide. real zeros real zeros zeros zeros
53. a. −20t3 + 252t2 − 280t − 2400 = 0
2 1 0 3
b. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 c. t = 5 years and t = 10 years
0 1 2 3
55. The length should be 8 feet, the width should be 4 feet, and
the height should be 4 feet. 37. Positive Negative Imaginary Total
57. a. k = 60 b. k = 33 c. k = 6 real zeros real zeros zeros zeros
59. x = 1 61. x = 2 3 2 0 5
63. The height of each ramp is —53 feet and the width of each ramp
3 0 2 5
is 5 feet. The left ramp is to be 24 feet in length while the
right ramp is to be 12 feet in length. 1 2 2 5
65. rs; Each factor of a0 can be written as the numerator with 1 0 4 5
each factor of an as the denominator, creating r × s factors.
5.5 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 248) 39. Positive Negative Imaginary Total

Selected Answers
67. not a polynomial function real zeros real zeros zeros zeros
4— 3 3 0 6
69. not a polynomial function; The term √ x has an exponent that
is not a whole number. 3 1 2 6
—
√2
71. x = ±3i 73. x = ±— 1 3 2 6
4
1 1 4 6
5.6 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 254)
1. complex conjugates 41. C; There are three sign changes in the coefficients of f (−x).
5.6 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with So, the number of negative real zeros is two or zero, not four.
Mathematics (pp. 254–256) 43. in the year 1957 45. in the 3rd year 47. x = 4.2577
3. 4 5. 6 7. 7 9. −1, 1, 2, and 4 49. no; The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra applies to
functions of degree greater than zero. Because the function
11. −2, −2, 1, and 3 13. −3, −1, 2i, and −2i
— — f (x) = 2 is equivalent to f (x) = 2x0, it has degree 0, and does
15. −4, −1, 2, i √2 , and −i √ 2 not fall under the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra.
17. 2; The graph shows 2 real zeros, so the remaining zeros must
be imaginary.
19. 2; The graph shows no real zeros, so all of the zeros must be
imaginary.
21. f (x) = x3 + 4x2 − 7x − 10
23. f (x) = x3 − 11x2 + 41x − 51
25. f (x) = x3 − 4x2 − 5x + 20
27. f (x) = x5 − 8x 4 + 23x3 − 32x2 + 22x − 4
29. The conjugate of the given imaginary zeros was not
included.
f (x) = (x − 2)[x − (1 + i)][x − (1−i)]
= (x − 2)[(x − 1) − i][(x − 1) + i]
= (x − 2)[(x − 1)2 − i2]
= (x − 2)[(x2 − 2x + 1) − (−1)]
= (x − 2)(x2 − 2x + 2)
= x3 − 2x2 + 2x − 2x2 + 4x − 4
= x3 − 4x2 + 6x − 4

Selected Answers A25

51. 5 5 57. The function is a vertical stretch by a factor of 5 followed by
y = (x + 3)3
a translation 4 units left of the parent quadratic function.
y
y = (x + 3)2 −6 1 8

−6 1
6
−1 −5
4

5 5 2
y = (x + 3)5 g(x) = 5(x + 4)2
−8 −6 −4 −2 x
y = (x + 3)4 −6 1

−6 1 −2

∣ ∣
−1 −5
59. g(x) = —19 x + 1 − 3
5 5 5.7 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 261)
y = (x + 3)7 1. horizontal
y = (x + 3)6 −6 1 5.7 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with
−6 1 Mathematics (pp. 261–262)
−1 −5 3. The graph of g is a translation 3 units up of the graph of f.
y
a. For all functions, f (x) → ∞ as x → ∞. When n is even,
f (x) → ∞ as x → −∞, but when n is odd, f (x) → −∞ as 4

x → −∞. g
2
f
b. As n increases, the graph becomes more flat near the 1
zero x = −3. −2 1 2 x
c. The graph of g becomes more vertical and straight near
x = 4. 5. The graph of g is a translation 1 unit left and 4 units down of
53. a. the graph of f.
Deposit Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
y
1st Deposit 1000 1000g 1000g2 1000g3 4

2nd Deposit 1000 1000g 1000g2 2

f
3rd Deposit 1000 1000g
−3 2 x
4th Deposit 1000
−2
b. v = 1000g3 + 1000g2 + 1000g + 1000 g
c. about 1.0484; about 4.84%
−5
5.6 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 256)
55. The function is a translation 4 units right and 6 units up of 7. B; The graph has been translated 2 units right.
the parent quadratic function. 9. D; The graph has been translated 2 units right and 2 units up.
y
12 11. The graph of g is a vertical stretch by a factor of 2 followed
by a reflection in the x-axis of the graph of f.
10
y
12
8
8
f
6
g(x) = (x − 4)2 +6 4
4

−4 −2 2 4 x
2
g
−4

2 4 6 8 x
−8

−12

A26 Selected Answers

13. The graph of g is a vertical stretch by a factor of 5 followed 21. The graph has been translated horizontally to the right
by a translation 1 unit up of the graph of f. 2 units instead of to the left 2 units.
y y
12

−4 x
8
f
4
−8

−2 2 x

g 23. g(x) = (−x + 3)3 − 6 25. g(x) = −27x3 − 18x2 + 7

−8 27. W(x) = 27x3 − 12x; W(5) = 3315; When x is 5 yards, the
volume of the pyramid is 3315 cubic feet.
29. Sample answer: If the function is translated up and then
reflected in the x-axis, the order is important; If the function
15. The graph of g is a vertical shrink by a factor of —34 followed is translated left and then reflected in the x-axis, the order is
by a translation 4 units left of the graph of f. not important; Reflecting a graph in the x-axis does not affect
y its x-coordinate, but it does affect its y-coordinate. So, the
12
order is only important if the other translation is in the y.
8
31. a. 0 m, 4 m, and 7 m
2
4 b. g(x) = −—5 (x − 2)(x − 6)2(x − 9)
g f
π 1
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 x
33. V(x) = 3πx2(x + 3); W(x) = —x2 —
3 3
x+3 ; ( )
−4 W(3) = 12π ≈ 37.70; When x is 3 feet, the volume of the
cone is about 37.70 cubic yards.
−8
5.7 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 262)

Selected Answers
−12
35. The maximum value is 4; The domain is all real numbers and
the range is y ≤ 4. The function is increasing to the left of
17. g(x) = (x + 2)3 + 1 x = 0 and decreasing to the right of x = 0.
y
37. The maximum value is 9; The domain is all real numbers and
the range is y ≤ 9. The function is increasing to the left of
x = −5 and decreasing to the right of x = −5.
f 39. The maximum value is 1; The domain is all real numbers and
2
g
the range is y ≤ 1. The function is increasing to the left of
−4 −2 2 x x = 1 and decreasing to the right of x = 1.
−2 5.8 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 268)
1. turning
The graph of g is a translation 2 units left of the graph of f.
5.8 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with
19. g(x) = −x4 + x2 − 3 Mathematics (pp. 268–270)
y
3. A 5. B
8
f 7. y 9. y
6
4 8
4

−4 −2 2 4 x
2
g (−1, 0) (1, 0) (3, 0)
(−1, 0) (2, 0) −4 −2 2 4 x
−4 −2 2 4 x
−8 −4
−2
−8

The graph of g is a vertical shrink by a factor of —12 followed

by a reflection in the x-axis of the graph of f.

Selected Answers A27

11. y 25. y
4

8 2

6
2 x

2 −4

(−2, 0) (3, 0) (5, 0)

−4 2 4 6 x
The x-intercepts of the graph are x ≈ −1.88, x = 0, and
x ≈ 1.53. The function has a local maximum at (0, 0) and
−2
local minimum at (−1.30, −3.51) and (1.13, −1.07); The
function is increasing when −1.30 < x < 0 and x > 1.13 and
13. y
2 is decreasing when x < −1.30 and 0 < x < 1.13.
(3, 0) 27. y
−4 −2 2 4 x 8

−2 6

−6 2

−8
−4 2 4 x

15. The x-intercepts should be −2 and 1. −2

y
6 The x-intercept of the graph is x ≈ −2.46. The function has
a local maximum at (−1.15, 4.04) and a local minimum at
4 (1.15, 0.96); The function is increasing when x < −1.15 and
2
x > 1.15 and is decreasing when −1.15 < x < 1.15.
29. y

−4 2 4 x

−2

1
17. −1, 1, and 4 19. −4, −—2 , and 1 21. −4, —34 , and 3
−4 4 x
23. y
16 −8

12 −16

4
The x-intercepts of the graph are x ≈ −2.10, x ≈ −0.23,
and x ≈ 1.97. The function has a local maximum at
(−1.46, 18.45) and a local minimum at (1.25, −19.07); The
−2 2 x
function is increasing when x < −1.46 and x > 1.25 and is
−4
decreasing when −1.46 < x < 1.25.
The x-intercepts of the graph are x ≈ −3.90, x ≈ −0.67, 31. (−0.29, 0.48) and (0.29, −0.48); (−0.29, 0.48) is a local
and x ≈ 0.57. The function has a local maximum at maximum and (0.29, −0.48) is a local minimum; The real
(−2.67, 15.96) and a local minimum at (0, −3); The function zeros are −0.5, 0, and 0.5. The function is of at least degree 3.
is increasing when x < −2.67 and x > 0 and is decreasing 33. (1, 0), (3, 0), and (2, −2); (1, 0) and (3, 0) are local
when −2.67 < x < 0. maximums, and (2, −2) is a local minimum, The real zeros
are 1 and 3. The function is of at least degree 4.
35. (−1.25, −10.65); (−1.25, −10.65) is a local minimum; The
real zeros are −2.07 and 1.78. The function is of at least
degree 4.
37. y
10

−2 4 x

−20

39. odd 41. even 43. neither 45. even

A28 Selected Answers

 —
47. 5
−3 ±√29
31. x = —
10
Chapter 5 Review (pp. 278–282)
0 1.25 1. polynomial function; h(x) = −15x7 − x3 + 2x2; It has
−1 degree 7 and a leading coefficient of −15.
about 1 sec into the stroke 2. not a polynomial
49. A quadratic function only has one turning point, and it is 3. y 4. y
6
always the maximum or minimum value of the function. −2 2 x
4
51. no; When multiplying two odd functions, the exponents of −2
each term will be added, creating an even exponent. So, the 2
product will not be an odd function. −4

1100 − πr2 π −2 2 x
53. a. — b. V = 550r − —r3 c. about 10.8 ft
πr 2 −2
π
55. V(h) = 64πh − —h3; about 9.24 in.; about 1238.22 in.3
4 5. y
4
5.8 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 270)
2
57. quadratic; The second differences are constant.
5.9 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 275) −2 2 x
1. finite differences −2
5.9 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with
−4
Mathematics (pp. 275–276)
3. f (x) = (x + 1)(x − 1)(x − 2) 6. 4x3 − 4x2 − 4x − 8 7. 3x4 + 3x3 − x2 − 3x + 15
5. f (x) = —17(x + 5)(x − 1)(x − 4) 8. 2x + 11x + 1
2 9. 2y3 + 10y2 + 5y − 21

Selected Answers
7. 3; f (x) = —23 x3 + 4x2 − —13 x − 4 10. 8m + 12m n + 6mn2 + n3
3 2 11. s3 + 3s2 − 10s − 24
9. 4; f (x) = −3x 4 − 5x3 + 9x2 + 3x − 1 12. m + 16m + 96m + 256m + 256
4 3 2
11. 4; f (x) = x 4 − 15x3 + 81x2 − 183x + 142 13. 243s5 + 810s4 + 1080s3 + 720s2 + 240s + 32
13. The sign in each parentheses is wrong. The x-intercepts 14. z6 + 6z5 + 15z4 + 20z3 + 15z2 + 6z + 1
should have been subtracted form zero, not added.
4x − 3 7x + 43
(−6, 0), (1, 0), (3, 0), (0, 54) 15. x − 1 + — 16. x2 + 2x − 10 + —
x2 + 2x + 1 x2 + x + 4
54 = a(0 + 6)(0 − 1)(0 − 3)
243
54 = 18a 17. x3 − 4x2 + 15x − 60 + — 18. g(5) = 546
x+4
a=3 19. 8(2x − 1)(4x2 + 2x + 1) 20. 2z(z2 − 5)(z − 1)(z + 1)
f (x) = 3(x + 6)(x − 1)(x − 3) 21. (a − 2)(a + 2)(2a − 7)
15. Sample answer: 22. −2 1 2 0 −27 −54
y = (x − 3)(x − 4)(x + 1),
−2 0 0 54
y = 3(x − 3)(x − 4)(x − 1),
1 0 0 −27 0
y = —12(x − 3)(x − 4)(x + 4);
f (x) = (x + 2)(x − 3)(x2 + 3x + 9)
y = a(x − 3)(x − 4)(x − c)
23. x = −4, x = −2, and x = 3
6 = a(2 − 3)(2 − 4)(2 − c)
24. x = −4, x = −3, and x = 2
6 = 2a(2 − c)
25. f (x) = x3 − 5x2 + 5x − 1
3 = a(2 − c)
26. f (x) = x4 − 5x3 + x2 + 25x − 30
3
—=a 27. f (x) = x4 − 9x3 + 11x2 + 51x − 30
2−c
28. The length is 6 inches, the width is 2 inches, and the height
Any combination of a and c that fit the equation will contain is 20 inches; When ( − 4)(3 + 2) = 240, = 6
these points.
29. f (x) = x3 − 5x2 + 11x − 15
17. 0.002x2 + 0.601x − 2.493; about 15.9 mph
30. f (x) = x4 − x3 + 14x2 − 16x − 32
19. d = —12n2 − —32 n; 35
31. f (x) = x4 + 7x3 + 6x2 − 4x + 80
21. With real-life data sets, the numbers rarely fit a model
32. Positive Negative Imaginary Total
perfectly. Because of this, the differences are rarely
constant. real zeros real zeros zeros zeros
23. C, A, B, D 2 0 2 4
5.9 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 276) 0 0 4 4
—
25. x = ±6 27. x = 3 ±2√ 3 29. x = 1 and x = −2.5

Selected Answers A29

33. Positive Negative Imaginary Total
40. odd 41. even 42. neither
3
real zeros real zeros zeros zeros 43. f (x) = —
16
(x + 4)(x − 4)(x − 2)
1 3 0 4 44. f (x) = 2x3 − 7x2 − 6x

1 1 2 4 Chapter 6
34. The graph of g is a reflection in the y-axis followed by a Chapter 6 Maintaining Mathematical
translation 2 units up of the graph of f. Proficiency (p. 287)
y
4 1 8w9 m10
1. y7 2. n 3. —3 4. 3x3 5. — 6. —
g
x z6 z4
f
13
7. y = 2 − 4x 8. y = 3 + 3x 9. y = —2
x + —92
5 8x − 3 15 − 6x
−2 2 x 10. y = — 11. y = — 12. y = —
x+3 4x 7x
−2
13. sometimes; Order does not matter in Example 1 but does in
−4 Example 2.
6.1 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 293)
35. The graph of g is a reflection in the x-axis followed by a
translation 9 units left of the graph of f. 1
1. —
y
(√t —a )s; t
—
3. When a is positive, it has two real fourth roots, ±√ 4
a , and
4 5—
one real fifth root, √a . When a is negative, it has no real
5—
2 f fourth roots and one real fifth root, √ a.
6.1 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with
−14 −12 −6 −4 −2 2 x Mathematics (pp. 293–294)
−2
5. 2 7. 0 9. −2 11. 2 13. 125
−4 15. −3 17. —14
g 19. The cube root of 27 was calculated incorrectly;
−6 2
272/3 = ( 271/3 ) = 32 = 9
−8 21. B; The denominator of the exponent is 3 and the numerator
is 4.
−10
23. A; The denominator of the exponent is 4 and the exponent is
36. g(x) = —1
(x − 3)5 + —34 (x − 3) − 5 negative.
1024
25. 8 27. 0.34 29. 2840.40 31. 50.57
37. g(x) = x4 + 2x3 − 7
33. r ≈ 3.72 ft 35. x = 5 37. x ≈ −7.66
38. y
4 39. x ≈ −2.17 41. x = ±2 43. x = ±3
2
45. potatoes: 3.7%; ham: 2.4%; eggs: 1.7%
4— 4—
47. 3, 4; √ 81 = 3 and √256 = 4 49. about 753 ft3/sec
−2 2 x 6.1 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 294)
1
51. 55 53. —6 55. 5000 57. 0.82
z
−4
6.2 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 300)
The x-intercept of the graph is x ≈ −1.68. The function has 1. No radicands have perfect nth powers as factors other than 1,
a local maximum at (0, −1) and a local minimum at no radicands contain fractions, and no radicals appear in the
(−1, −2); The function is increasing when −1 < x < 0 and denominator of a fraction.
decreasing when x < 1 and x > 0.
y
6.2 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with
39.
Mathematics (pp. 300–302)
3. 92/3 5. 63/4 7. —54 9. 31/3 11. 4
4— 4—
13. 12 15. 2√ 3 17. 3 19. 6 21. 3√7
3— — 3 — —
√10 √6 4√ 7 1 − √3
−4 −2 23. — 25. — 27. — 29. —
2 x
2 4 7 −2
— — — — —
−4
15 + 5√2 9√3 − 9√7 3√2 + √30
31. — 33. — 35. —
7 −4 −2
The x-intercepts of the graph are x ≈ 0.25 and x ≈ 1.34. 3— — 5—
The function has a local maximum at (−1.13, 7.06) and 37. 12√ 11 39. 12(111/4) 41. −9√3 43. 5√7
local minimums at (−2, 6) and (0.88, −3.17); The function 45. 6(31/3)
is increasing when −2 < x < −1.13 and x > 0.88 and is
decreasing when x < −2 and −1.13 < x < 0.88.

A30 Selected Answers

47. The radicand should not change when the expression is 9. y
8
factored; h
3— 3— 3— 3— 7
3√12 + 5√12 = (3 + 5)√ 12 = 8√ 12 6

m2 ∣g∣ 5
49. 3y2 51. — 53. —
n ∣h∣ 4
3
55. Absolute value was not used to ensure that all variables are 2
1
positive;
6—
√26(h2)6 = —
—
2h2 −2−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
6—
√g6 ∣g∣ −2
— 6—
√w5
5
— 2m√5mn3
57. 9a3b6c4√ac 59. — 61. — The domain is x ≥ 0. The range is y ≥ 4.
n2 5w6
2v3/4 — —
11. y
63. — 3
65. 21√ y 67. −2x7/2 69. 4w2√w 3
3w 2

71. P = 2x3 + 4x2/3

−3 −2−1 1 2 3 x
A = 2x11/3
−2
73. about 0.14 mm g
— −3
75. no; The second radical
—
can be simplified to 18√11 . The
difference is −11√ 11 . The domain and range are all real numbers.
—
77. 10 + 6√5 13. y

√
— 4
3V
79. a. r = 3 — 3
4π 2 g

(√ )
— 2 1
3V
b. S = 4π 3
—
4π −1
10 30 50 x

4π(3V)2/3

Selected Answers
S=—
(4π)2/3 The domain is x ≥ 3. The range is y ≥ 0.
S = (4π)3/3 − 2/3(3V)2/3 15. y
10
S = (4π)1/3(3V)2/3 9
f

c. The surface area of the larger balloon is 22/3 ≈ 1.59 8

times as large as the surface area of the smaller balloon. 7
6
81. when n is even and the simplified expression has an odd 5
power of x 4
3
6.2 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 302)
2
83. The focus is ( 1
−—4, )
0 . The directrix is x = 1
—4 . The axis of 1
symmetry is y = 0. −2−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
y
1 −2
x= —
4
3
2 The domain is x ≥ 0. The range is y ≥ 3.
y=0
(−1—4 , 0) 1
17. y
−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2−1 1 2 x 1

−2 −1 1 2 3 4 x
−3 −2
−4 h
−3
−4

85. g(x) = −x4 + 3x2 + 2x; The graph of g is a reflection in the

y-axis of the graph of f. The domain is x ≥ 0. The range is y ≤ 0.
87. g(x) = (x − 2)3 − 4; The graph of g is a translation 2 units
right of the graph of f.
6.3 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 308)
1. radical
6.3 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with
Mathematics (pp. 308–310)
3. B 5. F 7. E

Selected Answers A31

19. The graph of g is a translation 1 unit left and 8 units up of —
35. always 37. always 39. g(x) = 2√x + 8
the graph of f. — —
41. g(x) = √ 9x + 4 43. g(x) = 2√x + 1
y — ——
12 g 45. g(x) = 2√ x + 3 47. g(x) = 2√(x + 5)2 − 2
11 —
10
49. y = 0.9√x ; 90 mi
51. 5
y = ±2 x
8
7
6 −1 5
5
4
f
3
−5
2
1 (0, 0), right
−2−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 x 53. 2
2−x
y=±
−2 8

−3 3
21. The graph of g is a reflection in the x-axis followed by a
translation 1 unit down of the graph of f.
y −2
4
3
(2, 0), left
2 55. 8
f
1

−4 −3 −2−1 1 2 3 4 x
−10 6
−2
g
−3
−4 y = ± 5x + 40
−8

(−8, 0), right

23. The graph of g is a vertical shrink by a factor of —14 followed
by a reflection in the y-axis of the graph of f. 57. 4

y
4
3 −6 6
f
2
g
1
−4
y = ± 9 − x2
−4 −3 −2−1 1 2 3 4 x
The radius is 3 units. The x-intercepts are ±3. The
y-intercepts are ±3.
25. The graph of g is a vertical stretch by a factor of 2 followed
by a translation 5 units left and 4 units down of the graph of f. 59. 4

y
3
2 −6 6
f
1
x y = ± 1 − x2
−5 −4 −3 −2−1
g −4
−2 The radius is 1 unit. The x-intercepts are ±1. The
−3
−4
y-intercepts are ±1.
61. 8

27. The graph was translated 2 units left but it should be

translated 2 units right. −12 12
y
3
2 y = ± 36 − x2
−8
1
The radius is 6 units. The x-intercepts are ±6. The
−1 1 2 3 6 7 x
y-intercepts are ±6.
−2
−3 63. T
5
−4
4
3
29. The domain is x ≤ −1 and x ≥ 0. The range is y ≥ 0. 2
3—
√2 1
31. The domain is all real numbers. The range is y ≥ −—.
2 1 2 3 4 5
—
√ 14 about 3 ft; Sample answer: Locate the T-value 2 on the
33. The domain is all real numbers. The range is y ≥ —. graph and estimate the value.
4

A32 Selected Answers

 s
65. 55. a. When solving the first equation, the solution is x = 8
250
200 with x = 2 as an extraneous solution. When solving the
150 second equation, the solution is x = 2 with x = 8 as an
100
extraneous solution.
50
b. y
400 800 p 8
7
a. about 2468 hp b. about 0.04 mph/hp
6
67. a. the 165-lb skydiver 5
b. When A = 1, the diver is most likely vertical. When 4 y = x − 4 + √2x
3
A = 7, the diver is most likely horizontal. 2
6.3 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 310) 1
(2, 0) (8, 0)
7
69. x = 1 and x = −—3 71. x = 2 and x = 6 −3 −2 −1 1 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 x

73. −4 < x < −3 75. x < 0.5 and x > 6 −2

−3
6.4 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 318) −4
1. no; The radicand does not contain a variable. −5 y = x − 4 − √2x
−6
6.4 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with
Mathematics (pp. 318–320) 57. The square root of a quantity cannot be negative.
1000 59. Raising the price would decrease demand.
3. x = 7 5. x = 24 7. x = 6 9. x = −—
3
61. 36π ≈ 113.1 ft2
11. x = 1024 13. about 21.7 yr 15. x = 12 kt
x = 14 19. x = 0 and x = —12 21. x = 3 63. a. h = h0 − —2 b. about 5.75 in.
17. πr
23. x = −1 25. x = 4 27. x = ±8 6.4 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 320)
29. no real solution 31. x = 3 33. x = 5
65. g(x) = —12 x3 − 2x2; The graph of g is a vertical shrink by a
35. Only one side of the equation was raised to the third power; factor of —12 followed by a translation 3 units down of the

Selected Answers
3—
√3x − 8 = 4 graph of f.
( √3 —
3x − 8 ) = 43
3
67. x4 + x3 − 2x2 − 4x + 1 69. x5 + 2x4 + 5x3 + 11x2 + 5
3x − 8 = 64 6.5 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 325)
x = 24 1. You can add, subtract, multiply, or divide f and g.
25
37. x ≥ 64 39. x > 27 41. 0 ≤ x ≤ — 4 6.5 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with
43. x > −220 45. about 0.15 in. Mathematics (pp. 325–326)
47. (3, 0) and (4, 1); y
3. ( f + g)(x) = 14√ 4 —
x and the domain is x ≥ 0;
3
4—
2
(4, 1)
( f − g)(x) = −24√ x and the domain is x ≥ 0;
1
(3, 0) ( f + g)(16) = 28; ( f − g)(16) = −48
1 4 5 x 5. ( f + g)(x) = −7x3 + 5x2 + x and the domain is all real
−2 numbers; ( f − g)(x) = −7x3 − 13x2 + 11x and the domain
−3 is all real numbers; ( f + g)(−1) = 11; ( f − g)(−1) = −17
7. ( fg)(x) = 2x10/3 and the domain is all real numbers;
49. (0, −2) and (2, 0); y
3

1 (0, 2)
()
f
— (x) = 2x8/3 and the domain is x ≠ 0; ( fg)(−27) = 118,098;
g

−3 −1 1 3 x ()
f
— (−27) = 13,122
g
(0, −2) f 4
()
9. ( fg)(x) = 36x3/2 and the domain is x ≥ 0; — (x) = —x1/2 and
g 9
51. (0, −1);
2
y f
the domain is x > 0; ( fg)(9) = 972; — (9) = —
g
4
3 ()
−2

−2
(0, −1)
2 x
f
g
1
2()
11. ( fg)(x) = −98x11/6 and the domain is x ≥ 0; — (x) = −—x7/6;

53. a. The greatest stopping distance is 450 feet on ice. On wet

f
()
and the domain is x > 0; (fg)(64) = −200,704; — (64) = −64
g
asphalt and snow, the stopping distance is 225 feet. The 13. 2541.04; 2458.96; 102,598.56; 60.92
least stopping distance is 90 feet on dry asphalt. 15. 7.76; −14.60; −38.24; −0.31
b. about 272.2 ft; When s = 35 and f = 0.15, d ≈ 272.2. 17. Because the functions have an even index, the domain is
restricted; The domain of (fg)(x) is x ≥ 0.

Selected Answers A33

19. a. (F + M)(t) = 0.0001t3 − 0.016t2 + 0.21t + 7.4 17. f −1(x) = −2x + 8;
b. the total number of employees from the ages of 16 to 19 y

in the United States 7

f−1
21. yes; When adding or multiplying functions, the order in 6
5
which they appear does not matter. f

1 1
f
23. (f + g)(3) = −21; (f − g)(1) = −1; (fg)(2) = 0; — (0) = 2
g () 3
2
1
25. r(x) = − x2= —2 x2 —2 x2 x
—
−2−1
20 − x √x2 + 144 1 2 3 5 6 7 8
27. a. r(x) = —; s(x) = — −2
6.4 0.9
—
20 − x √ x2 + 144
b. t(x) = — + — 3x + 1
6.4 0.9 19. f −1(x) = —;
2
c. x ≈ 1.7; If Elvis runs along the shore until he is about
y f−1
1.7 meters from point C then swims to point B, the time 4
f
taken to get there will be a minimum. 3
2
6.5 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 326) 1
5z 3
29. n = — 31. n = — −4 −3 −2−1 1 2 3 4 x
7 + 8z 7b − 4
−2
33. no; −1 has two outputs. 35. no; 2 has two outputs. −3
−4
6.6 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 333)
1. Inverse functions are functions that undo each other.
x−4
3. x; x 21. f −1(x) = —; Sample answer: switching x and y; You can
−3
6.6 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with graph the inverse to check your answer.
Mathematics (pp. 333–336) √x
—
23. f −1(x) = −—;
y−5 8 2
5. x = —; −— 7. x = 2y + 6; 0
3 3 y
6

√3y ; −1
— — 5
9. x = 3 — 11. x = 2 ± √y + 7 ; 0, 4 f
4
3
13. f −1(x) = —16x;
y f
−3 −2−1 4 5 6 x
2
f−1 f−1
1 −2
−3
−1 1 2 3 x

—
25. f −1(x) = √
3
x+3
y f
6
f−1
x−5 5
15. f −1(x) = —;
−2 4
3
y
8
f 1
7

−4 −3 −2−1 1 3 4 5 6 x
5
4 −2
−3
2 −4
1

√2x ;
—
−2−1 1 2 4 5 7 8 x
27. f −1(x) = 4 —
−2
f−1
y
6
f
5
4
3
2
f−1
1

−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x

A34 Selected Answers

29. When switching x and y, the negative should not be switched 16. The graph of g is a vertical stretch by a factor of 2 followed
with the variables; by a reflection in the x-axis of the graph of f.
y = −x + 3 y
4
x = −y + 3 3
f
−x + 3 = y 2
1
31. no; The function does not pass the horizontal line test.
−2−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
33. no; The function does not pass the horizontal line test.
3— −2
35. yes; f −1(x) = √ x + 1 −3
37. yes; f −1(x) = x2 − 4, where x ≥ 0 −4
−5
x3 4— g
39. yes; f −1(x) = — + 5 41. no; f −1(x) = ±√ x − 2 −6
8 −7
−8
x3 5—
43. yes; f −1(x) = — − 1 45. yes; f −1(x) = √2x
27
47. B 49. The functions are not inverses. 17. The graph of g is a reflection in the y-axis followed by a
translation 6 units down of the graph of f.
51. The functions are inverses.
y
v 2 4
53. ( )
= — ; about 31.3 ft
1.34
55. B 57. A 3
2
f

59. 5; When x = 5, 2x2 + 3 = 53. 1

61. a. w = 2 − 6; the weight of an object on a stretched −4 −3 −2−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x

spring of length −2
b. 5 lb c. 0.5(2 − 6) + 3 = ; 2(0.5w + 3) − 6 = w −3
−4
63. a. F = —95C + 32; The equation converts temperatures in
Celsius to Fahrenheit. −6
b. start: 41º F; end: 14º F c. −40º −7

Selected Answers
g
−8
65. B 67. A
69. a. false; All functions of the form f (x) = xn, where n is an 3—
18. g(x) = √ −x − 7
even integer, fail the horizontal line test.
19. 5
b. true; All functions of the form f (x) = xn, where n is an x−8
y=±
2
odd integer, pass the horizontal line test.
1 b 1 −1 14
71. The inverse y = —x − — has a slope of — and a y-intercept
m m m
b
of −—. −5
m
(8, 0); right.
6.6 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 336) 10
20.
1
73. −—3 75. 42
3
−15 15
77. The function is increasing when x > 1 and decreasing when
x < 1. The function is positive when x < 0 and negative when
2
0 < x < 2. −10 y = ± 81 − x

79. The function is increasing when −2.89 < x < 2.89 and The radius is 9. The x-intercepts are ±9. The y-intercepts
decreasing when x < −2.89 and x > 2.89. The function is are ±9.
positive when x < −5 and 0 < x < 5 and negative when 21. x = 62 22. x = 2 and x = 10 23. x = ±36
−5 < x < 0 and x > 5.
24. x>9 25. 8 ≤ x < 152 26. x ≥ 30
Chapter 6 Review (pp. 338–340)
27. about 4082 m
1. 128 2. 243 3. —19 4. x ≈ 1.78 5. x = 3 28. (fg)(x) = 8(3 − x)5/6 and the domain is x ≤ 3;
62/5 —
6. x = −10 and x = −6 7. —
6
8. 4 9. 2 + √3
()
f
— (x) = —
g 6—
1
2√3 − x
and the domain is x < 3; ( fg)(2) = 8;

⋅
5— —
10. 7√8 11. 7√ 3 12. 51/3 23/4 13. 5z3

14. —
4—
√2z
6
15. −z2√ 10z
— ()
f
— (2) = —
g
1
2
29. ( f + g)(x) = 3x2 + x + 5 and the domain is all real numbers;
( f − g)(x) = 3x2 − x − 3 and the domain is all real numbers;
( f + g)(−5) = 75; ( f − g)(−5) = 77

Selected Answers A35

30. f −1(x) = −2x + 20; 7.1 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 352)
y 1. The initial amount is 2.4, the growth factor is 1.5, and the
20
percent increase is 0.5 or 50%.
15
f−1
7.1 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with
5
Mathematics (pp. 352–354)
f x
−5 5 15 20
3. a. —14 b. 8 5. a. —89 b. 216
46
7. a. — 9
b. 32
— 9. exponential growth
31. f −1(x) = √x − 8 ;
y
y f
8
16

6
12

4
8

f−1 2
4

−4 −2 2 4 x
4 8 12 16 x

3— 11. exponential decay

32. f −1(x) = √−x − 9 ; y
y
8
4
6

−12 4 x
4
f−1

−4 −2 2 4 x
−12

f
13. exponential growth
33. f −1(x) = —19(x − 5)2, x ≥ 5; y
10
y
18
8
16
f
14
6
12
10
f−1 4
8
6
2
4
2
−2 2 4 6 8 x
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 x

d
34. no 35. yes 36. p = —; about 63£ 15. exponential growth
1.587

Chapter 7
y
20

16
Chapter 7 Maintaining Mathematical
Proficiency (p. 345) 12
6
27 25
1. 48 2. −32 3. −— 36 4. —64 8
5. domain: −5 ≤ x ≤ 5, range: 0 ≤ y ≤ 5
6. domain: {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2}, range: {−5, −3, −1, 1, 3} 4

7. domain: all real numbers, range: y ≤ 0

−4 4 8 12 16 x
8. all values, odd values; no values, even values; The exponent
of −4n is evaluated first, then the result is multiplied by
−1, so the value will always remain negative. The product
of an odd number of negative values is negative. After the
exponent of −4n is evaluated, the result is multiplied by −1,
so it will never be positive. The product of an even number
of negative values is positive.

A36 Selected Answers

17. exponential decay 7.2 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 359)
y
1. Euler’s number is an irrational number called the natural
8 base e and is approximately 2.718281828.

6
7.2 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with
Mathematics (pp. 359–360)
4
1
3. e8 5. — 7. 625e28x 9. 3e3x 11. e8 − 5x
2 2e
13. The 4 was not squared; (4e3x)2 = 42e(3x)(2) = 16e6x
−4 −2 2 4 x 15. exponential growth
y

19. b = 3 8

21. a. exponential decay b. 25% decrease

6
c. in about 4.8 years
23. a. y = 233(1.06)t; about 261.8 million b. 2009 4

25. Power of a Power Property; Evaluate power; Rewrite in form 2

y = a(1 + r)t.
27. about 0.01% 29. y = a(1 + 0.26)t; 26% growth −4 −2 2 4 x
31. y = a(1 − 0.06)t; 6% decay
33. y = a(1 − 0.04)t; 4% decay 17. exponential decay
35. y = a(1 + 255)t; 25,500% growth 37. $5593.60 y

39. The percent decrease needs to be subtracted from 1 to 8

produce the decay factor;

)( )
t 6
y= (Initial Decay
; y = 500(1 − 0.02)t; y = 500(0.98)t

Selected Answers
amount factor 4
41. $3982.92 43. $3906.18
2
45. a represents the number of referrals it received at the start of
the model. b represents the growth factor of the number of
−4 −2 2 4 x
referrals each year; 50%; 1.50 can be rewritten as (1 + 0.50),
showing the percent increase of 50%.
47. no; f (x) = 2x eventually increases at a faster rate than 19. exponential growth
g(x) = x2 but not for all x ≥ 0. y

49. about 221.5; The curve contains the points (0, 6850) and 8

8179.26 − 6850
(6, 8179.26) and —— ≈ 221.5. 6
6−0
51. a. The decay factor is 0.9978. The percent decrease is 4

0.22%.
2
b. Eggs Produced by Leghorn
E −4 −2 2 4 x
180
170
160 21. exponential decay
Number of Eggs

150
y
140
130 16
120
110 12
100
90 8
80
0 4
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 w
Age (weeks)
−12 −8 −4 4 x

c. about 134 eggs per year

w 23. D; The graph shows growth and has a y-intercept of 1.
d. Replace — with y, where y represents the age of the
52 25. B; The graph shows decay and has a y-intercept of 4.
chicken in years.
27. y = (1 − 0.221)t; 22.1% decay
7.1 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 354)
29. y = 2(1 + 0.492)t; 49.2% growth
53. x11 55. 24x2 57. 2x 59. 3 + 5x

Selected Answers A37

 3—
31. y 51. y = √ x + 2
8 y
6
6
4 3 ——
y = √x + 2
4
2
2
−6 −4 2 4 6 x
−4 −2 2 4 x
y = x3 − 2
−4
domain: all real numbers, range: y > 0
33. y −6

16
7.3 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 366)
12
1. common 3. They are inverse functions.
8 7.3 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with
4
Mathematics (pp. 366–368)
−4
5. 32 = 9 7. 60 = 1 9. —12
1
= 16 ()
−4 −2 2 4 x 11. log6 36 = 2 13. log16 —
16
= −1 15. log125 25 = —23
17. 4 19. 1 21. −4 23. −1
domain: all real numbers, range: y > 1 25. log7 8, log5 23, log6 38, log2 10 27. 0.778
35. the education fund; the education fund 29. −1.099 31. −2.079 33. 4603 m 35. x
37. Sample answer: a = 6, b = 2, r = −0.2, q = −0.7 37. 4 39. 2x
1 1
39. no; e is an irrational number. Irrational numbers cannot be 41. −3 and — 64
are in the wrong position; log4 — 64
= −3
expressed as a ratio of two integers. 43. −1
f (x) = log0.3 x −1
45. f (x) = 2 x

41. account 1; With account 1, the balance would be 47. f −1(x) = ex + 1 49. f −1(x) = —13 ln x
0.06 4 ⋅ 10 51. f −1(x) = log5(x + 9)
A = 2500 1 + —
4 ( )
= $4535.05. With account 2, the 53. a. about 283 mi/h
balance would be A = 2500e0.04 ⋅ 10 = $3729.56. b. d = 10(s − 65)/93; The inverse gives the distance a tornado
43. a. N(t) = 30e0.166t will travel given the wind speed, s.
b. 900 55. y
4

2 4 6 x
0 20
0
−2

c. At 3:45 p.m., it has been 2 hours and 45 minutes, or

2.75 hours, since 1:00 p.m. Using the trace feature of the
calculator, type 2.75 to find the point (2.75, 47.356183). The domain of f is x > 0 and the range is all real numbers.
At 3:45 p.m., there are about 47 cells. 57. y

7.2 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 360) 6

45. 5 × 103 47. 4.7 × 10−8 4

—
49. y = −√ x + 1
2
y

6
4 6 8 10 x
y = x 2 − 1, x ≤ 0
4 −2

2 −4

−2 2 4 6 x The domain of f is x > 0 and the range is all real numbers.

−2
——
y = −√x + 1

A38 Selected Answers

59. y d. The number of species of fish increases; Sample
3
answer: This makes sense because in a smaller pool or
2
1 lake, one species could dominate another more easily and
feed on the weaker species until it became extinct.
−1 1 2 3 4 5 x
73. a. —23 b. —53 c. —43 d. —72
−2
−3 7.3 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 368)

√—x
—
3 1 3—
The domain of f is x > 0 and the range is all real numbers. 75. g(x) = 2
77. g(x) = √x + 2
61. y
79. quadratic; The graph is a translation 2 units left and 1 unit
4 down of the parent quadratic function.

2
7.4 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 374)
1. Positive values of a vertically stretch (a > 1) or shrink (a < 1)
2 4 6 8 x the graph of f. h translates the graph of f left (h < 0) or right
−2
(h > 0). k translates the graph of f up (k > 0) or down (k < 0).
When a is negative, the graph of f is reflected in the x-axis.
−4 7.4 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with
Mathematics (pp. 374–376)
The domain of f is x > 0 and the range is all real numbers. 3. C; The graph of f is a translation 2 units left and 2 units down
of the graph of the parent function y = 2x.
63. y
5. A; The graph of h is a translation 2 units right and 2 units
4
down of the graph of the parent function y = 2x.
2 7. The graph of g is a translation 5 units up of the graph of f.
y
−2 2 4 x
16

Selected Answers
−2
12 g f
domain: x > −2, range: all real numbers, asymptote: x = −2
8
65. y
4
4

2
−4 −2 2 4 x

−4 −2 2 4 x

−2 9. The graph of g is a translation 1 unit down of the graph of f.

y
−4
8
domain: x < 0, range: all real numbers, asymptote: x = 0 f
6
67. no; Any logarithmic function of the form g(x) = logb x will
pass through (1, 0), but if the function has been translated or 4
reflected in the x-axis, it may not pass through (1, 0).
2
69. a. 180 g

−4 −2 2 4 x

11. The graph of g is a translation 7 units right of the graph of f.

0 200
0 y
8
b. about 281 lb g
6
c. (3.4, 0); no; The x-intercept shows that an alligator with f
a weight of 3.4 pounds has no length. If an object has 4
weight, it must have length.
20 2
71. a.

−4 4 8 12 x

200 35,000
0

b. 15 species c. about 3918 m2

Selected Answers A39

13. The graph of g is a reflection in the x-axis of the graph of f. 23. The graph of g is a vertical stretch by a factor of 6 followed
y by a translation 5 units left and 2 units down of the graph
4
f of f.
3
2 y
8
1

−4 −3 −2 1 2 3 4 x 6

−2 4
g
−3
−4 2
f
g
15. The graph of g is a translation 3 units right and 12 units up of −6 −4 −2 2 4 x
the graph of f.
y
80
25. The graph of the parent function f (x) = 2x was translated
60
3 units left instead of up.
40 y
10
g
20
f 8

−4 −2 2 4 x 6

−20

17. The graph of g is a vertical stretch by a factor of 2 of the 2

graph of f.
y −4 −2 2 4 x
f
8 27. The graph of g is a vertical stretch by a factor of 3 followed
6 by a translation 5 units up of the graph of f.
4
g y
g
−3 −2 −1 1 x 12

8
19. The graph of g is a vertical stretch by a factor of 3 followed f
4
by a translation 3 units right of the graph of f.
y f g
9 2 4 6 8 x
8
7
6 29. The graph of g is a reflection in the x-axis followed by a
5
translation 7 units right of the graph of f.
4
y
3 6
2
4
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
2
g
1
—6
21. The graph of g is a horizontal shrink by a factor of followed 4 8 12 16 x
by a vertical stretch by a factor of 3 of the graph of f. −2
f
y
8

6 31. A; The graph of f has been translated 2 units right.

4
33. C; The graph of f has been stretched vertically by a factor of 2.
f
35. g(x) = −2x + 2 37. g(x) = e2x + 5
g 39. g(x) = 6 log x − 5 41. g(x) = log(−x − 3) + 2
43. Multiply the output by −1; Substitute ln x for f (x).
−4 −2 2 4 x
Subtract 6 from the output; Substitute −ln x for h(x).
45. The graph of g is a translation 4 units up of the graph of f;
y=4
47. The graph of g is a translation 6 units left of the graph of f;
x = −6

A40 Selected Answers

49. The graph of S is a vertical shrink by a factor of 0.118 45. a. 2 ln 2 ≈ 1.39 knots
followed by a translation 0.159 units up of the graph of
b. s(h) = 2 ln 100h
f ; For fine sand, the slope of the beach is about 0.05. For
medium sand, the slope of the beach is about 0.09. For s(h) = ln(100h)2
2
coarse sand, the slope of the beach is about 0.12. For very es(h) = eln(100h)
coarse sand, the slope of the beach is about 0.16. es(h) = (100h)2
51. yes; Sample answer: When the graph is reflected in the log es(h) = log(100h)2
y-axis, the graphs will never intersect because there are no s(h) log e = 2 log(100h)
values of x where log x = log(−x). s(h) log e = 2(log 100 + log h)
53. a. never; The asymptote of f (x) = log x is a vertical line s(h) log e = 2(2 + log h)
and would not change by shifting the graph vertically.
2
b. always; The asymptote of f (x) = ex is a horizontal line s(h) = —(log h + 2)
log e
and would be changed by shifting the graph vertically.
47. Rewrite each logarithm to obtain a = bx, c = by, and a = cz.
c. always; The domain of f (x) = log x is x > 0 and would
logb a logb cz z logb c
not be changed by a horizontal shrink. So, — = — = — = z = logc a.
logb c logb c logb c
d. sometimes; The graph of the parent exponential function
does not intersect the x-axis, but when it is shifted down, 7.5 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 384)
the graph would intersect the x-axis. 49. x < −2 or x > 2 51. −7 < x < −6
55. The graph of h is a translation 2 units right of the graph of 53. x ≈ −0.76 and x ≈ 2.36 55. x ≈ −1.79 and x ≈ 1.12
f ; The graph of h is a reflection in the y-axis followed by a 7.6 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 390)
translation 2 units left of the graph of g; x has been replaced
with x − 2. x has been replaced with −(x + 2). 1. exponential
3. The domain of a logarithmic function is positive numbers
7.4 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 376)
only, so any value of the variable that results in taking the log
57. ( fg)(x) = x6; ( fg)(3) = 729 of a non-positive number will be an extraneous solution.
59. ( f + g)(x) = 14x3; ( f + g)(2) = 112 7.6 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with

Selected Answers
7.5 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 383) Mathematics (pp. 390–392)
5
1. Product 5. x = −1 7. x = 7 9. x ≈ 1.771 11. x = −—3
7.5 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with 13. x ≈ 0.255 15. x ≈ 0.173 17. about 17.6 years old
Mathematics (pp. 383–384) 19. about 50 min 21. x = 6 23. x = 3 25. x = 6
3. 0.565 5. 1.424 7. −0.712 27. x = 10 29. x = 1
— —
9. B; Quotient Property 11. A; Power Property 1 + √41 1 − √41
31. x = — ≈ 3.7 and x = — ≈ −2.7
13. log3 4 + log3 x 15. 1 + 5 log x 2 2
17. ln x − ln 3 − ln y 19. log7 5 + —12 log7 x 33. x = 4 35. x ≈ 6.04 37. x = ±1 39. x ≈ 10.24
21. The two expressions should be added, not multiplied; 41. 3 should be the base on both sides of the equation;
log2 5x = log2 5 + log2 x log3(5x − 1) = 4
3—
23. log4 —7
10
25. ln x6y4 27. log5 4√ x 29. ln 32x7y4 3log3(5x − 1) = 34
31. B; 5x − 1 = 81
y4 5x = 82
log5 — = log5 y4 − log5 3x Quotient Property
3x x = 16.4
= 4 log5 y − (log5 3 + log5 x) Power and Product Properties 43. a. 39.52 years b. 38.66 years c. 38.38 years
= 4 log5 y − log5 3 − log5 x Distributive Property d. 38.38 years
33. 1.404 35. 1.232 37. 1.581 39. −0.860 45. a. x ≈ 3.57 b. x = 0.8 47. x > 1.815
41. yes; Using the change-of-base formula, the equation can be 49. x ≥ 20.086 51. x < 1.723 53. x ≥ 0.2
log x 55. 0 < x < 25; Sample answer: algebraically; Rewriting the
graphed as y = —.
log 3 equation in exponential form is the easiest method because it
43. 60 decibels isolates the variable.
57. r > 0.0718 or r > 7.18% 59. x ≈ 1.78
61. no solution

63. a. a = −— ln —
1
0.09 ( 45 −
25.7 )
b. 36 cm footprint: 11.7 years old; 32 cm footprint:
7.6 years old; 28 cm footprint: 4.6 years old;
24 cm footprint: 2.2 years old
65. Sample answer: 2x = 16; log3(−x) = 1 67. x ≈ 0.89
69. x ≈ 10.61 71. x = 2 and x = 3

Selected Answers A41

73. To solve exponential equations with different bases, take 47. a. 5.9 weeks
a logarithm of each side. Then use the Power Property to b. y
move the exponent to the front of the logarithm, and solve 300
for x. To solve logarithmic equations of different bases, find
a common multiple of the bases, and exponentiate each side 200
with this common multiple as the base. Rewrite the base as a
100
power that will cancel out the given logarithm and solve the
resulting equation. 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x
7.6 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 392)
1 The asymptote is the line y = 256 and represents the
75. y + 2 = 4(x − 1) 77. y + 8 = −—3 (x − 3) maximum height of the sunflower.
79. 3; y = 2x3 − x + 1 7.7 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 400)
81. 4; y = −3x4 + 2x3 − x2 + 5x − 6
49. no; When one variable is increased by a factor, the other
7.7 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 398) variable does not increase by the same factor.
1. common ratio; natural number 51. yes; When one variable is increased by a factor, the other
7.7 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with variable increases by the same factor.
Mathematics (pp. 398–400) 53. The focus is 0, — 1
16 (
, the directrix is y = −—
1
)
16 , and the axis of
3. exponential; The data have a common ratio of 4. symmetry is x = 0.
y
5. quadratic; The second differences are constant.
7. y = 0.75(4)x 9. y = —18(2)x 11. y = —25 (5)x 6

13. y = 5(0.5) x 15. y = 0.25(2) x

4
17. Data are linear when the first differences are constant; The
2
outputs have a common ratio of 3, so the data represents an
exponential function.
−4 −2 2 4 x
19. Sample answer: y = 7.20(1.39)x; no
21. yes; Sample answer: y = 8.88(1.21)x
23. yes; Sample answer: y = 71.47(0.98)x 55. The focus is (0.1, 0), the directrix is x = −0.1, and the axis
of symmetry is y = 0.
25. ⋅
f (0) = 3, f (n) = 7 f (n − 1)
⋅
y
27. f (0) = 12, f (n) = 8 f (n − 1) 4

29. ⋅
f (0) = 0.5, f (n) = 3 f (n − 1) 2
31. ⋅
f (0) = 4, f (n) = —16 f (n − 1)
33. The inputs are equally spaced and the common ratio is 2; 2 4 6 x

⋅
f (0) = 0.75, f (n) = 2 f (n − 1) −2
35. The inputs are equally spaced and the common ratio is —12 ;
⋅
f (0) = 96, f (n) = —12 f (n − 1) −4

37.
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 Chapter 7 Review (pp. 402–404)

f(n) 4 12 36 108 324 972 1. exponential decay; 66.67% decrease

y
39. y = 6.70(1.41)x; about 208 scooters 8
41. t = 12.59 − 2.55 ln d; 2.6 h
6
43. a. Sample answer: y = 0.50(1.47)x; f (1) = 0.751,
⋅
f (n) = 1.47 f (n − 1) 4
b. about 47%; The base is 1.47 which means that the
function shows 47% growth.
45. no; When d is the independent variable and t is the dependent
−4 −2 2 4 x
variable, the data can be modeled with a logarithmic
function. When the variables are switched, the data can be
modeled with an exponential function.

A42 Selected Answers

 2. exponential growth; 400% increase 13. 53 = x; x = 125 14. f −1(x) = log8 x
y 15. f −1(x) = ex + 4 16. f −1(x) = 10x − 9
8 17. y
4

6
2

4
4 6 x
2
−2

−4 −2 2 4 x

The domain of f is x > 0 and the range is all real numbers.

3. exponential decay; 80% decrease 18. The graph of g is a horizontal shrink by a factor of —15
y followed by a translation 8 units down of the graph of f.
y
8
8
6
4
4 f

−4 −2 2 4 x

−4

−4 −2 2 4 x g
−8

2
4. $1725.39 5. e15 6. —3 7. 9e−10x
e 19. The graph of g is a vertical shrink by a factor of —12 followed
8. exponential growth
y
by a translation 5 units left of the graph of f.

Selected Answers
y
8
4
6
2
g f
4

−4 −2 2 4 6 x
2
−2

−4 −2 2 4 x
−4

9. exponential decay
y
20. g(x) = 3ex + 6 + 3 21. g(x) = log(−x) − 2
22. log8 3 + log8 x + log8 y 23. 1 + 3 log x + log y
16
12
24. ln 3 + ln y − 5 ln x 25. log7 384 26. log2 —2
x
27. ln 4x2 28. about 3.32 29. about 1.13
30. about 1.19 31. x ≈ 1.29 32. x = 7
4
33. x ≈ 3.59 34. x > 1.39 35. 0 < x ≤ 8103.08
x
−4 −2 2 4 x
36. x ≥ 1.19 37. y = 64 —12 ()
38. Sample answer: y = 3.60(1.43)x
39. s = 3.95 + 27.48 ln t; 53 pairs
10. exponential decay
y Chapter 8
16 Chapter 8 Maintaining Mathematical
12
Proficiency (p. 409)
19 4 17
1. —
15
, or 1 —
15
2. −—
42 3. —13 11
4. —
12
5. −—37
8
1 9 8 7
6. −—
20 7. —20
8. 9. —11
−—
20
10. 0; Division by zero is not possible.
8.1 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 415)
−4 −2 2 4 x
1. The ratio of the variables is constant in a direct variation
equation, and the product of the variables is constant in an
11. log2 8 = x; x = 3 12. x2 = 36; x = 6 inverse variation equation.

Selected Answers A43

8.1 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with 8.2 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with
Mathematics (pp. 415–416) Mathematics (pp. 422–424)
3. inverse variation 5. direct variation 7. neither 3. The graph of g lies farther from the axes. Both graphs lie in
9. direct variation 11. direct variation the first and third quadrants and have the same asymptotes,
20 20 domain, and range.
13. inverse variation 15. y = −—; y = −— y
x 3
24 21 8
17. y = −—; y = −8 19. y = —; y = 7
x x g
4
2 2 f
21. y = —; y = —
x 3 −8 4 8 x
a
23. The equation for direct variation was used; Because 5 = —,
8
40 −8
a = 40. So, y = —.
x
25. a.
Size 2 2.5 3 5 5. The graph of g lies farther from the axes and is reflected over
the x-axis. Both graphs have the same asymptotes, domain,
Number of songs 5000 4000 3333 2000
and range.
b. The number of songs decreases. y

26,000
27. A = —; about 321 chips per wafer
c
29. yes; The product of the number of hats and the price per hat 2
f
is $50, which is constant.
−8 −4 2 x
31. Sample answer: As the speed of your car increases, the g
−4
number of minutes per mile decreases.
a −8
33. cat: 4 ft, dog: 2 ft; The inverse equations are d = — and
7
a
d − 6 = —. Because the constant is the same, solve the
14 7. The graph of g lies closer to the axes and is reflected over the
equation 7d = 14(6 − d) for d. x-axis. Both graphs have the same asymptotes, domain, and
range.
8.1 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 416) y

35. x2 −6 4

37. y
2
8 f

−4 4 x
6
g
4
−4
2

−4 −2 2 4 x 9. The graph of g lies closer to the axes. Both graphs lie in

the first and third quadrants and have the same asymptotes,
domain: all real numbers, range: y > 0 domain, and range.
y
39. y
4
8

2
f
g
−4 2 4 x
−4 4 8 x

−4

−4
−8

domain: x > −9, range: all real numbers

8.2 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 422)
1. range; domain

A44 Selected Answers

11. domain: {x  x ≠ 0}; range: {y  y ≠ 3} 19. The graph should lie in the second and fourth quadrants
instead of the first and third quadrants.
y
y
8

6
4
4 x
−8 −4 4
2
−4

−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 x −8

21. A; The asymptotes are x = 3 and y = 1.

13. domain: {x  x ≠ 1}; range: {y  y ≠ 0} 23. B; The asymptotes are x = 3 and y = −1.
6
y 25. domain: (−∞, 3) and (3, ∞); range: (−∞, 1) and (1, ∞)
y
8
4

6
2

4
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 x
2
−2

−4 −4 2 4 6 8 10 x

−2
−6

Selected Answers
−4
−8

−6
15. domain: {x  x ≠ −2}; range: {y  y ≠ 0}

6
y 27. domain: (−∞, 2) and (2, ∞); range: −∞, —14 and —14 , ∞ ( ) ( )
y
4
6
2
4
x
−8 −6 −4 1
2

−4 4 6 8 x
−4
−2
−6
−4

17. domain: {x  x ≠ 4}; range: {y  y ≠ −1} −6

y
6

4 (
29. domain: −∞, − —54 and − —54, ∞ ; ) ( )
2
range: −∞, ( − —54 ) and ( − —54, ∞ )
y
6
2 6 8 10 x

−2 4

−4

−6
−8 −6 −4 −2 4 6 x

−8 −2

−4

−6

−8

Selected Answers A45

 −111
(
31. domain: −∞, − —32 and − —32, ∞ ; ) ( ) 39. g(x) = — + 7; translation 13 units left and 7 units up
x + 13
(
range: −∞, —52 and —52, ∞ ) ( ) 32
y

y
8
24

6
16

4
8

2
−32 −24 −16 −8 8 x

−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 x −8

−16

−4
41. a. 50 students
1 b. The average cost per student approaches $20.
33. g(x) = — + 5; translation 1 unit left and 5 units up
x+1 43. B
y 45. a. about 23°C b. 0.005 sec/°C
47. even 49. odd
10 1

6 −10 10

4 −8 8

−2 −1
2

51. yes; A rational function can have more than one vertical
−6 −4 −2 2 4 x asymptote when the denominator is zero for more than
3
one value of x, such as y = ——.
6 (x + 1)(x − 1)
35. g(x) = — + 2; translation 5 units right and 2 units up
x−5 53. y = x, y = −x; The function and its inverse are the same.
y
55. (4, 3); The point (2, 1) is one unit left and one unit down
8 from (3, 2), so a point on the other branch is one unit right
and one unit up from (3, 2).
6
57. The competitor is a better choice for less than 8 months of
4 service; The cost of Internet service is modeled by
50 + 43x
2 C = —. So, the average monthly charge gets closer to
x
−2 2 4 6 8 10 x
$43 as the number of months of service increases.
−2
8.2 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 424)
59. 4(x − 5)(x + 4) 61. 2(x − 3)(x + 2) 63. 36
−4
65. 62/3
8.3 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 432)
24 1. To multiply rational expressions, multiply numerators,
37. g(x) = — + 1; translation 6 units right and 1 unit up
x−6 then multiply denominators, and write the new fraction
y in simplified form. To divide one rational expression
12
by another, multiply the first rational expression by the
8 reciprocal of the second rational expression.
8.3 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with
4
Mathematics (pp. 432– 434)
2x x+3
4 8 12 16 x 3. —, x ≠ 0 5. —, x ≠ 6
−4
3x − 4 x−1

√
—
x+9 2(4x2 + 5) 5
7. — , x ≠ −2 9. —, x ≠ ± —
−8 x2 − 2x + 4 x−3 4
−12 y3
11. —2 , y ≠ 0 13. x + 6, x ≠ 0, x ≠ 3
2x
15. (x − 3)(x + 3), x ≠ 0, x ≠ 2

A46 Selected Answers

 2x(x + 4) (x + 9)(x − 4)2 37 2(x + 7) 3(x + 12)
17. ——, x ≠ 1 19. ——, x ≠ 7 19. — 21. —— 23. ——
(x + 2)(x − 3) (x + 7) 30x (x + 4)(x + 6) (x + 8)(x − 3)
21. The polynomials need to be factored first, and then the 8x3 − 9x2 − 28x + 8
25. ——
x + 12 x(x − 4)(3x − 1)
common factors can divide out; —
x+4 27. sometimes; When the denominators have no common
23. B factors, the product of the denominators is the LCD. When
25. The expressions have the same simplified form, but the the denominators have common factors, use the LCM to find
{ }
domain of f is x  x ≠ —3 and the domain of g is all real
7 the LCD.
numbers. 29. A
256x7 x−1 −2
27. — ,x≠0 29. —, x ≠ −2, x ≠ 1 31. g(x) = — + 5
y14 2x + 1 x−1
y
(x + 2) (x + 6)(x − 2)
31. —— 33. ——, x ≠ −4, x ≠ −3
(x + 4)(x − 3) (x + 2)(x − 6) 10

2(r + x) 8
35. a. — b. soup: 0.784, coffee: 0.382, paint: 0.341
rx
6
c. paint, coffee, soup; The paint can has the smallest
efficiency ratio. 4 g
171t + 1361
37. M = ———; $8443 2
(1 + 0.018t)(2960t + 278,649)
39. a. The population increases by 2960 people each year.
−4 −2 2 4 6 x
b. The population was 278,649 people in 2010.
41.
x y The graph of g is a translation 1 unit right and 5 units up of
−2
−3.5 −0.1333 the graph of f (x) = —.
x

Selected Answers
−3.8 −0.1282 60
33. g(x) = — + 12
x−5
−3.9 −0.1266
y

−4.1 −0.1235 24

−4.2 −0.1220 20
g

The graph does not have a value for y when x = −4. 16

4 3
43. — 45. 9(x + 3), x ≠ −—2, x ≠ —52 , x ≠ 7
7x
2(h + r) 8
47. a. — b. Galapagos: 0.371, King: 0.203
rh
4
c. King; A King penguin has a smaller efficiency ratio, so it
can live in a colder climate. −8 −4 4 8 12 16 20 x
x(x − 1) x(x + 2)
49. f (x) = —, g(x) = — −4
x+2 x−1
8.3 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 434) The graph of g is a translation 5 units right and 12 units up of
51. x = −—
5
24 32
53. x = —
15 ⋅
55. 7 13 57. prime 60
the graph of f (x) = —.
8.4 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 440) x
1. complex fraction 3
35. g(x) = — + 2
x
8.4 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with
y
Mathematics (pp. 440– 442)
8
5 9 − 2x
3. — 5. — 7. 5, x ≠ −3 9. 3x(x − 2)
x x+1 4
g

11. 2x(x − 5) 13. (x + 5)(x − 5)

15. (x − 5)(x + 8)(x − 8) −8 −4 4 8 x

x −4
17. The LCM of 5x and x2 is 5x2, so multiply the first term by —
x
5
and the second term by — before adding the numerators;
5 The graph of g is a translation 2 units up of the graph of
2(x + 10)
— 3
5x2 f (x) = —.
x

Selected Answers A47

 20
37. g(x) = — + 3 8.5 Monitoring Progress and Modeling with
x−3
y
Mathematics (pp. 448–450)
12
3. x=4 5. x = 5 7. x = −5, x = 7
8 9. x = −1, x = 0 11. 26 serves 13. 20.5 oz
g
15. x(x + 3) 17. 2(x + 1)(x + 4) 19. x = 2
4 3
21. x = —72 23. x = −—2 , x = 2 25. no solution
—
−3 ± √ 129
−8 −4 4 8 12 x 27. x = −2, x = 3 29. x = —
4
−4
31. Each side of the equation should be multiplied by the LCD;
−8
5
3x x
2
⋅
3x2 — + 3x2 —2 = 3x2 1 ⋅ ⋅
The graph of g is a translation 3 units right and 3 units up of 33. a.
20 Work rate Time Work done
the graph of f (x) = —.
x 1 room 5
You — 5 hours — room
x(x − 18) 3 5 8 hours 8
39. —, x ≠ 0 41. −—, x ≠ —
6(5x + 2) 4x 2 1 room 5
Friend — 5 hours — room
x−4 t hours t
43. ——, x ≠ −1, x ≠ 4
12(x − 6)(x − 1)
2ad 20(7x + 60) b. The sum is the amount of time it would take for you and
45. T = ——; about 10.2 h 47. y = ——
(a + j)(a − j) x(x + 30) 5 5
your friend to paint the room together; — + — = 1,
8 t
49. no; The LCM of 2 and 4 is 4, which is greater than one
—
number and equal to the other number. t = 13.3 h = 13 h 20 min
Pi x+1 3
51. a. M = —— 35. Sample answer: — = —, Cross multiplication can be
x+2 x+4
1− —
1 12t
1+i ( ) used when each side of the equation is a single rational
(1 + i)12t x+1 3 1
⋅ expression; Sample answer: — + — = —;
Pi
= —— — x+2 x+4 x+3
1 (1 + i)12t
1−—
(1 + i)12t Multiplying by the LCD can be used when there is more than
one rational expression on one side of the equation.
Pi(1 + i)12t
= —— 2 3
(1 + i)12t − 1 37. yes; f −1(x) = — + 4 39. yes; f −1(x) = —
x x+2

√
b. $364.02 —
−2 11 1
2.3058 41. yes; f −1(x) = — + — 43. no; f −1(x) = ± —
53. g(x) = — + 0.003; translation 12.2 units left and x 2 x−4
x + 12.2
45. a. about 21 mi/gal b. about 21 mi/gal
0.003 unit up of the graph of f —
1 + √5
1 1 1 47. x ≈ 0.8165 49. x ≈ 1.3247 51. —
55. a. R1 = —, R2 = —, R3 = — 2
40 x x + 10
4x + 1 b − xd
x2 + 90x + 400 53. f −1(x) = — 55. y−1 = —
b. R = —— x−3 xc − a
40x(x + 10)
57. a. always true; When x = a, the denominators of the
c. about 0.0758 car/min; about 4.5 cars/h; Multiply the fractions are both zero.
number of cars washed per minute by the rate 60 min/h
b. sometimes true; The equation will have exactly one
to obtain an answer in cars per hour.
solution except when x = a.
1 1
57. 1 + ——, 1 + ———; c. always true; x = a is an extraneous solution, so the
1 1
2 + —— 2 + —— equation has no solution.
1 1
2+— 2 + —— 8.5 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 450)
1 1
2+— 2+— 59. discrete; The number of quarters in your pocket is an integer.
1 1
2+— 2+— y
2 1
2+— 2
2
Money (dollars)

—
1.4, 1.4167, 1.4138, 1.4143, 1.4142; √ 2
8.4 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 442) 1

59. ( 1
—2 , )
−1 and ( 9 27
—4 , —
8 ) 61. no solution
8.5 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (p. 448)
0
1. when each side of the equation is a single rational expression; 0 2 4 6 8 x

Sample answer: The equation is a proportion. Quarters

61. 3 63. 15

A48 Selected Answers

 5x2 − 11x − 9 −2( 2x2 + 3x + 3 )
Chapter 8 Review (pp. 452– 454) 19. —— 20. ——
(x + 8)(x − 3) (x − 3)(x + 3)(x + 1)
1. inverse variation 2. direct variation
16
3. direct variation 4. neither 5. direct variation 21. g(x) = — + 5; translation 3 units right and 5 units up of
x−3
5 5
6. inverse variation 7. y = —; y = −— the graph of f
x 3
y
16
24 45
8. y = —; y = −8 9. y = —; y = −15
x x 12
−8 8
10. y = —; y = — 8
x 3
11. domain: {x  x ≠ 3}; range: {y  y ≠ 0} 4

y
−8 −4 4 8 12 x
6
−4
4

2
−26
22. g(x) = — + 4; translation 7 units left and 4 units up of
x+7
−2 2 4 6 8 10 x
the graph of f
−2
y
−4
12

−6
8

12. domain: {x  x ≠ −5}; range: {y  y ≠ 2}

Selected Answers
y −16 −12 −8 −4 4 x

8 −4

6 −8

4
−1
23. g(x) = — + 9; translation 1 unit right and 9 units up of
x−1
the graph of f
−12 −10 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 x y

−2 12

−4 8

13. domain: {x  x ≠ 4}; range: {y  y ≠ 3}

−8 −4 4 8 x
y
10

8 pq
24. —, p ≠ 0, q ≠ 0 25. x = 5 26. no solution
p+q
6 3
27. no solution 28. yes; f −1(x) = — − 6
x
4 10 1
29. yes; f −1(x) = — + 7 30. yes; f −1(x) = —
x x−8
2
31. a. 4 games b. 4 games
−2 2 6 8 10 x

−2

−4

16x3 3(x + 4)
14. — ,x≠0 15. —, x ≠ 3, x ≠ 4
y2 x+3
3x(4x − 1) 1
16. ——, x ≠ 0, x ≠ —
(x − 4)(x − 3) 4
1 3x2 + 26x + 36
17. —2, x ≠ 5, x ≠ 8 18. ——
(x + 3) 6x(x + 3)

Selected Answers A49