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PARRY

PARRY was an early chatbot developed in 1972 by psychiatrist Kenneth Colby, designed to simulate a person with paranoid schizophrenia. It was more advanced than ELIZA, employing a conversational strategy and was tested through a variation of the Turing Test, where psychiatrists struggled to distinguish between human and computer responses. PARRY's interactions with ELIZA, particularly during the ICCC 1972, highlighted the evolving capabilities of AI in natural language processing.

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117 views2 pages

PARRY

PARRY was an early chatbot developed in 1972 by psychiatrist Kenneth Colby, designed to simulate a person with paranoid schizophrenia. It was more advanced than ELIZA, employing a conversational strategy and was tested through a variation of the Turing Test, where psychiatrists struggled to distinguish between human and computer responses. PARRY's interactions with ELIZA, particularly during the ICCC 1972, highlighted the evolving capabilities of AI in natural language processing.

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PARRY

PARRY was an early example of a chatbot, implemented in 1972 by psychiatrist Kenneth Colby.

History
PARRY was written in 1972 by psychiatrist Kenneth Colby, then at Stanford University.[1] While ELIZA
was a simulation of a Rogerian therapist, PARRY attempted to simulate a person with paranoid
schizophrenia.[1] The program implemented a crude model of the behavior of a person with paranoid
schizophrenia based on concepts, conceptualizations, and beliefs (judgements about conceptualizations:
accept, reject, neutral). It also embodied a conversational strategy, and as such was a much more serious
and advanced program than ELIZA. It was described as "ELIZA with attitude".[2]

PARRY was tested in the early 1970s using a variation of the Turing Test. A group of experienced
psychiatrists analysed a combination of real patients and computers running PARRY through teleprinters.
Another group of 33 psychiatrists were shown transcripts of the conversations. The two groups were then
asked to identify which of the "patients" were human and which were computer programs.[3] The
psychiatrists were able to make the correct identification only 48 percent of the time — a figure
consistent with random guessing.[4]

PARRY and ELIZA (also known as "the Doctor"[5]) interacted several times.[1][6][7] The most famous of
these exchanges occurred at the ICCC 1972, where PARRY and ELIZA were hooked up over ARPANET
and responded to each other.[7]

See also
History of natural language processing

Notes and references


1. Güven Güzeldere; Stefano Franchi (1995-07-24). "dialogues with colorful personalities of
early ai" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140628054037/http://web.stanford.edu/group/SHR/
4-2/text/dialogues.html). Stanford Humanities Review, SEHR, volume 4, issue 2:
Constructions of the Mind. Stanford University. Archived from the original (http://web.stanfor
d.edu/group/SHR/4-2/text/dialogues.html) on 2014-06-28. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
2. Boden 2006, p. 370.
3. Colby et al. 1972, p. 220.
4. Saygin; Cicekli; Akman (2000), "Turing Test: 50 years later" (http://sayginlab.ucsd.edu/files/2
015/01/MMTT.pdf) (PDF), Minds and Machines, 10 (4): 463–518,
doi:10.1023/A:1011288000451 (https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1011288000451),
hdl:11693/24987 (https://hdl.handle.net/11693%2F24987), S2CID 990084 (https://api.sema
nticscholar.org/CorpusID:990084)
5. Alan J. Sondheim. "<nettime> Important Documents from the Early Internet (1972)" (https://
web.archive.org/web/20080613072047/http://www.nettime.org/Lists-Archives/nettime-l-970
7/msg00059.html). nettime.org. Archived from the original (http://www.nettime.org/Lists-Arch
ives/nettime-l-9707/msg00059.html) on 2008-06-13. Retrieved 2008-02-18. – transcript of
the 1972 document shows programs DOCTOR (an eliza-type program) at Bolt Beranek and
Newman and PARRY at Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
6. V. Cerf (21 January 1972). PARRY encounters the DOCTOR (https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/
html/rfc439). IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC0439 (https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC0439). RFC
439 (https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc439). – Transcript of a session between Parry
and Eliza. (This is not the dialogue from the ICCC, which took place October 24–26, 1972,
whereas this session is from September 18, 1972.)
7. "Computer History Museum – Exhibits – Internet History – 1970's" (http://www.computerhist
ory.org/internet_history/internet_history_70s.html). Computer History Museum. Retrieved
2008-02-18.

Sources
Boden, Margaret A. (2006), Mind As Machine: A History of Cognitive Science (https://archiv
e.org/details/mindasmachinehis0001bode), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-
924144-6
Colby, K. M.; Hilf, F. D.; Weber, S.; Kraemer, H. (1972), "Turing-like indistinguishability tests
for the validation of a computer simulation of paranoid processes", Artificial Intelligence, 3:
199–221, doi:10.1016/0004-3702(72)90049-5 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0004-3702%287
2%2990049-5)

External links
Parry's Source Code (http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/ai-repository/ai/areas/classics/
parry/) The original LISP code for Parry.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PARRY&oldid=1254104034"

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