ENSA - École Nationale Supérieure Agronomique

1ACP Module de physique

CHAPTER 3: DYNAMICS OF THE MATERIAL POINT

INTRODUCTION
Dynamics in physics is the branch of science that studies the relationship between the motion
of bodies and the causes of that motion. Specifically, it examines the connection between
forces and movement.

1/ PRINCIPLE INERTIA GALILEEN (Or first law of Newton 1642-1727) :

Statement of the principle: If a material body is not subject to any forces, it will be:

 In uniform rectilinear motion, or

 At rest, if it was initially at rest.

For a particle, the principle of inertia is stated as follows: “A free and isolated particle moves
with constant velocity in uniform rectilinear motion.”

2/ THE QUANTITY OF MOVEMENT

 Definition :
The momentum of a particle is the product of its mass and its instantaneous
velocity vector.

⃗
The movement quantity is a vector that has the same direction as the velocity.

 Conservation of momentum.
Suppose there are two free particles that are subject only to mutual influences
between them.

Experiments have proven that ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ , which means that the total momentum or quantity of
movement of system composed of two particles, subject only to their mutual influences,
remains constant.

The principle of movement quantity conservation for n particles can be

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expressed mathematically as follows:

 In the case of two particles:

Between times t and t':

P = P’
⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗ = - ⃗⃗⃗⃗

We deduce that the movement quantity gained by one particle is lost by the other
particle.

Example 1
a particle of mass m1= 50kg moving at speed v= 10 m/s, hits a immobile target of mass
m2=20kg, then binds to it.
After a collision, the set moves at a velocity v’.
 find velocity v’ after a collision.

Before collision
The first particle: m1=50kg and v1= 10m/s
The second particle m2 = 20kg and v2 =0m/s

P = m1 v1 + m2v2 v2 =0m/s
P= m1v1

After collision
P’ =( m1+m2)v’
Applied the quantity movement conservation P= P’

m1v1 =(m1+m2)v’

v’ = m1v1/(m1+m2) = 50.10/70= 7.14m/s

3/ THE OTHERS LAWS OF NEWTON

 The second law of Newton : ( It is instead a definition that one law )
“There derivative of their quantity of movement is called force »

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This means that the resultant of the forces applied to the particle is :

⃗
=
This equation is called “equation of movement ".

If the resultant is constant then the acceleration is constant = / m the movement is

rectilinear uniformly varied.

Example 2 :

A body of mass 10 kg, subjected to the force F = (120t + 40) N moves along a straight

line. At time t = 0, the body occupies the position x 0 = 5 m with a speed

V 0 = 6m/s. Find the velocity and position of the mobile as a function of time.

Answer

F =( 120t + 40) N

F = ma= 10(12t+ 4)

a = (12t + 4) m/s 2 .

To find the expression for the instantaneous velocity we must integrate the expression for the
acceleration.

∫ ∫( )

( ) m/s

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We find the position of the mobile

Example3

Body remain on the horizontal plane is accelerating horizontally under single incline force.

 For vertical direction (the axis y)

R + F Sinθ = mg (since body is at rest)

 For horizontal direction (the axis x)

F Cosθ = ma

 Newton’s third law or principle of the action and reaction :

Statement of the law: When two particles exert mutual influence, the force exerted by
the first particle on the second is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force
exerted by the second particle on the first.

Resum

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Newton's 1st law: The principle of inertia If an isolated object is at rest or in uniform rectilinear
motion then ∑ ⃗ =⃗

Newton's 2nd law: The fundamental relationship of dynamics. ∑ ext =

Newton's 3rd law: Principle of action and reaction

4/ NOTION OF FORCE _

A material point is in motion due to the interactions between the particle and its environment.
These interactions are called forces, which depend on the nature of the particle and the
characteristics of its environment.

The force is represented by a vector, which includes:

 Origin: The point of contact (force/body)

 Direction: The direction of the force
 Magnitude: The value of the force in Newtons (N)

An example of a force is the tension in a wire."

4.1. DIFFERENT FORCES

➢ Weight forces: = 𝑔

➢ Contact forces: interaction forces between two bodies in contact

➢ Tension forces: these are the forces that pull on an element of a body, such as the tension in a
wire or the tension in a spring.

➢ Others forces: electric forces, magnetic forces, etc

Example4

A body slides on a horizontal surface via a wire (see figure). The forces exerted on this
body are: the weight force, wire tension, reaction force and friction force.

5. CONTACT FORCES
Contact force is any force that once contact is made between two flat surfaces.
 Support reaction
We consider a solid body placed on a horizontal surface.

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The force reaction is the force exerted by the support on which the system rests,
preventing it from sinking downwards under the action of its weight.

 Friction forces
There is two friction forces, static and dynamic:
➢ Static friction forces
Example: Let the forces acting on a body be: ⃗⃗⃗ , ⃗ , ⃗ and the static friction force 𝑠
(figure). Friction force is the force that opposes the movement of the body on a flat surface. In
the static case, the body is at rest.

At rest ∑ = ⃗
Projection on the axes (ox) and (oy):

Static friction

Coefficient of static friction

R is the reaction force.
( 𝑠 )

 Dynamic friction forces

In this case, the body is in motion. In this case the dynamic friction force becomes:
D= D ⃗⃗⃗
Applying the fundamental principle of dynamics, we have: ∑ = The projection on
the axes ( ox ) and ( oy ) gives:

𝑠
𝑠

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Noticed:

Static case, Coulomb's 1st law: f S ≤ µ S R Direction of f S (which prevents movement)

Dynamic case, Coulomb's 2nd law: f D = µ D R Direction of f D (opposite to movement)
µ S > µ D (without unit)
0<µS < 1; 0< µ D <1

Example 5:

We give: θ = 45°, g=9.8 m/ s2, m= 10kg, D = 0.15 and F = 20 N

Find the dynamic friction force and deduce the acceleration?

Answer
We applied the second law of Newton
∑

∑ = D+ ⃗ + ⃗ + =
D= D ⃗
On the other hand: the projection on ( oy ) gives us: = − sin
Hence D = D (P − sin )

Numerical application: D= 12.87 𝑁

–
By projecting the forces on to ( ox ): =
Numerical application: = 0.12 /s2 .

EXERCICE
An inextensible wire of negligible mass passes through the groove of a pulley of negligible
mass. We attach to the ends of the wire two masses mA and mB assimilated to material points,
sliding on inclined planes of angles  and  (see figure).

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The static friction coefficients s and dynamic friction coefficients d are the same on both
planes.
We give: mB = 1 kg, mA mB,  = 30°,  = 45°, s = 0.5, d = 0.3 and g = 10 m/s2.
Qualitatively represent the forces acting on each of the masses.
What is the value of mA to break the equilibrium?
Give the value of the thread tension.
The system is now moving, with mA = 0.3 kg, find the expression for the acceleration of the
system, then its numerical value.
Answer
Données : mA< mB, mB = 1kg, α = π/6 , β = π/4 , µs = 0.5, µd = 0.3, g = 10m/s2 .
1. Comme mA< mB et α < β, c’est mA qui doit monter. Alors mB doit descendre.
Les forces de contact s’opposent au sens du mouvement:

2- Masses négligeables du fil et de la poulie ‖ ⃗ 𝐴‖ = ‖ ⃗ 𝐵‖ = ‖ ⃗ ‖.

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1ACP Module de physique

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1ACP Module de physique

6- MOMENT OF A FORCE

The moment of a force measures the rotational effect of a force applied to an object. It
depends on the magnitude of the force and the distance from the point of application to the
axis of rotation. The moment quantifies the ability of the force to cause the object to rotate
around a pivot point.

7- ANGULAR MOMENTUM
The angular momentum at a point O of a material point M, of mass m and velocity is the
following vector product:

(the unit of angular momentum is kg.m2 .s-1 ).

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The angular momentum is a vector perpendicular to the plane formed by ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and⃗⃗⃗

 Case a Curvilinear movement in the plane

If the motion is uniformly circular ( ρ= R et ̇ = w= constant) :

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 The angular momentum theorem.

The derivation of angular momentum with respect to time gives:

(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗)

⃗ is collinear with m ⃗ what gives ⃗ ʌ m ⃗ =0

The previous equation becomes:

So the moment of force relative to origin O is :

If

When the moment of the forces applied to a material point with respect to a point O is
zero): the system is isolated (∑ ⃗ ).

8- MOVEMENT OF A PROJECTILE IN THE FIELD OF GRAVITATION

EARTHLY ‫حركة المقذوف في مجال الجاذبية األرضية‬
Consider the free-flight motion of a projectile which is initially launched with a velocity

𝑠 𝑠

If we neglect air resistance, the only force on the projectile is the weight, which causes the
projectile to have a constant acceleration 𝑔 . In component form this equation can be
written as:

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Integrating and imposing initial conditions, we get

𝑠 𝑔

We note that the horizontal velocity is constant, and by integrating again, we get the
trajectory.

( 𝑠 )
𝑔
( 𝑠 )

We can see that this is the equation of a parabola

The maximum height, is reached (atteint) when ( ) , which gives

𝑠 , or, 𝑠

Range

The range can be obtained by setting y = y0, which gives 𝑠 , or,

𝑠 𝑠 ⁄𝑔 = 𝑠 ⁄𝑔 .

We see that if we want to maximize the range , for a given velocity v0, then sin(2 ) = 1, or
= 45o.
EXAMPLE

A projectile is launched vertically upwards from the ground at a speed of 10 m /s

a/ What is the height reached by the projectile?
b/ what is the speed of the projectile after 1.5s from launch?

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c/ what is the time interval between the moment of launch and the moment the projectile
collision of the projectile with the earth?
Un projectile est lancé verticalement vers le haut, à partir du sol, avec la vitesse 10 m/ s
a/ Quelle est la hauteur atteinte par le projectile ?
b/ quelle est la vitesse du projectile après1.5s depuis le lancement ?
c/ quelle est l’intervalle de temps séparant l’instant du lancement et l’instant de collision du
projectile avec la terre ?
Réponses : a/ 5.1m b/ 1 4.7 . m /s c/ 2.04s

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