Cyc

Cyc (pronounced /ˈsaɪk/ SYKE) is a long-term artificial

intelligence project that aims to assemble a
comprehensive ontology and knowledge base that
spans the basic concepts and rules about how the world
works. Hoping to capture common sense knowledge,
Cyc focuses on implicit knowledge. The project began
in July 1984 at MCC and was developed later by the
Cycorp company.

The name "Cyc" (from "encyclopedia") is a registered

trademark owned by Cycorp. CycL has a publicly
released specification, and dozens of HL (Heuristic
(Clockwise) Logos for Cyc's Knowledge Base,
Level) modules were described in Lenat and Guha's
Inference Engines, Actionable Output, and
textbook,[1] but the Cyc inference engine code and the Intelligent Data Selection
full list of HL modules are Cycorp-proprietary.[2]
Original author(s) Douglas Lenat
Developer(s) Cycorp, Inc.
History Initial release 1984
Stable release 6.1 / 27 November 2017
The project began in July 1984 by Douglas Lenat as a
Written in Lisp, CycL, SubL
project of the Microelectronics and Computer
Technology Corporation (MCC), a research Type Knowledge
consortium started by two United States–based representation language
corporations "to counter a then ominous Japanese and inference engine
effort in AI, the so-called 'fifth-generation' project."[3] Website www.cyc.com (http://ww
The US passed the National Cooperative Research Act w.cyc.com)
of 1984, which for the first time allowed US
companies to "collude" on long-term research. Since January 1995, the project has been under active
development by Cycorp, where Douglas Lenat was the CEO.

The CycL representation language started as an extension of RLL[4][5] (the Representation Language
Language, developed in 1979–1980 by Lenat and his graduate student Russell Greiner while at Stanford
University). In 1989,[6] CycL had expanded in expressive power to higher-order logic (HOL).

Cyc's ontology grew to about 100,000 terms in 1994, and as of 2017, it contained about 1,500,000 terms.
The Cyc knowledge base involving ontological terms was largely created by hand axiom-writing; it was
at about 1 million in 1994, and as of 2017, it is at about 24.5 million.
In 2008, Cyc resources were mapped to many Wikipedia articles.[7] Cyc is presently connected to
Wikidata.

Knowledge base
The knowledge base is divided into microtheories. Unlike the knowledge base as a whole, each
microtheory must be free from monotonic contradictions. Each microtheory is a first-class object in the
Cyc ontology; it has a name that is a regular constant. The concept names in Cyc are CycL terms or
constants.[6] Constants start with an optional #$ and are case-sensitive. There are constants for:

Individual items known as individuals, such as #$BillClinton or #$France.

Collections, such as #$Tree-ThePlant (containing all trees) or
#$EquivalenceRelation (containing all equivalence relations). A member of a collection
is called an instance of that collection.[1]
Functions, which produce new terms from given ones. For example, #$FruitFn, when
provided with an argument describing a type (or collection) of plants, will return the
collection of its fruits. By convention, function constants start with an upper-case letter and
end with the string Fn.
Truth functions, which can apply to one or more other concepts and return either true or
false. For example, #$siblings is the sibling relationship, true if the two arguments are
siblings. By convention, truth function constants start with a lowercase letter.
For every instance of the collection #$ChordataPhylum (i.e., for every chordate), there exists a
female animal (instance of #$FemaleAnimal), which is its mother (described by the predicate
#$biologicalMother).[1]

Inference engine
An inference engine is a computer program that tries to derive answers from a knowledge base. The Cyc
inference engine performs general logical deduction.[8] It also performs inductive reasoning, statistical
machine learning and symbolic machine learning, and abductive reasoning.

The Cyc inference engine separates the epistemological problem from the heuristic problem. For the
latter, Cyc used a community-of-agents architecture in which specialized modules, each with its own
algorithm, became prioritized if they could make progress on the sub-problem.

Releases

OpenCyc
The first version of OpenCyc was released in spring 2002 and contained only 6,000 concepts and 60,000
facts. The knowledge base was released under the Apache License. Cycorp stated its intention to release
OpenCyc under parallel, unrestricted licences to meet the needs of its users. The CycL and SubL
interpreter (the program that allows users to browse and edit the database as well as to draw inferences)
was released free of charge, but only as a binary, without source code. It was made available for Linux
and Microsoft Windows. The open source Texai[9] project released the RDF-compatible content extracted
from OpenCyc.[10] The user interface was in Java 6.

Cycorp was a participant of a working group for the Semantic Web, Standard Upper Ontology Working
Group, which was active from 2001 to 2003.[11]

A Semantic Web version of OpenCyc was available starting in 2008, but ending sometime after 2016.[12]

OpenCyc 4.0 was released in June 2012.[13] OpenCyc 4.0 contained 239,000 concepts and 2,093,000
facts; however, these are mainly taxonomic assertions.

4.0 was the last released version, and around March of 2017, OpenCyc was shutdown for the purported
reason that "because such “fragmenting” led to divergence, and led to confusion amongst its users and the
technical community generally that that OpenCyc fragment was Cyc.".[14]

ResearchCyc
In July 2006, Cycorp released the executable of ResearchCyc 1.0, a version of Cyc aimed at the research
community, at no charge. (ResearchCyc was in beta stage of development during all of 2004; a beta
version was released in February 2005.) In addition to the taxonomic information, ResearchCyc includes
more semantic knowledge; it also includes a large lexicon, English parsing and generation tools, and
Java-based interfaces for knowledge editing and querying. It contains a system for ontology-based data
integration.

Applications
In 2001, GlaxoSmithKline was funding the Cyc, though for unknown applications.[15] In 2007, the
Cleveland Clinic has used Cyc to develop a natural-language query interface of biomedical information
on cardiothoracic surgeries.[16] A query is parsed into a set of CycL fragments with open variables.[17]
The Terrorism Knowledge Base was an application of Cyc that tried to contain knowledge about
"terrorist"-related descriptions. The knowledge is stored as statements in mathematical logic. The project
lasted from 2004 to 2008.[18][19] Lycos used Cyc for search term disambiguation, but stopped in 2001.[20]
CycSecure was produced in 2002,[21] a network vulnerability assessment tool based on Cyc, with trials at
the US STRATCOM Computer Emergency Response Team.[22]

One Cyc application has the stated aim to help students doing math at a 6th grade level.[23] The
application, called MathCraft,[24] was supposed to play the role of a fellow student who is slightly more
confused than the user about the subject. As the user gives good advice, Cyc allows the avatar to make
fewer mistakes.

Criticisms
The Cyc project has been described as "one of the most controversial endeavors of the artificial
intelligence history".[25] Catherine Havasi, CEO of Luminoso, says that Cyc is the predecessor project to
IBM's Watson.[26] Machine-learning scientist Pedro Domingos refers to the project as a "catastrophic
failure" for the unending amount of data required to produce any viable results and the inability for Cyc
to evolve on its own.[27]

Gary Marcus, a cognitive scientist and the cofounder of an AI company called Geometric Intelligence,
says "it represents an approach that is very different from all the deep-learning stuff that has been in the
news."[28] This is consistent with Doug Lenat's position that "Sometimes the veneer of intelligence is not
enough".[29]

Notable employees
This is a list of some of the notable people who work or have worked on Cyc either while it was a project
at MCC (where Cyc was first started) or Cycorp.

Douglas Lenat Stuart J. Russell

Michael Witbrock Srinija Srinivasan
Pat Hayes Jared Friedman
Ramanathan V. Guha John McCarthy

See also
BabelNet
DARPA Agent Markup Language
DBpedia
Fifth generation computer
Freebase
List of notable artificial intelligence projects

References
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2. Lenat, Douglas. "Hal's Legacy: 2001's Computer as Dream and Reality. From 2001 to 2001:
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Further reading
Alan Belasco et al. (2004). "Representing Knowledge Gaps Effectively" (http://www.springer
online.com/sgw/cda/frontpage/0,11855,1-40109-22-36983341-0,00.html). In: D.
Karagiannis, U. Reimer (Eds.): Practical Aspects of Knowledge Management, Proceedings
of PAKM 2004, Vienna, Austria, December 2–3, 2004. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg.
Bertino, Elisa; Piero, Gian; Zarria, B.C. (2001). Intelligent Database Systems. Addison-
Wesley Professional.
John Cabral & others (2005). "Converting Semantic Meta-Knowledge into Inductive Bias" (ht
tps://web.archive.org/web/20070927210738/http://www.cyc.com/doc/white_papers/ilp2005-s
emantic-ILP.pdf). In: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Inductive Logic
Programming. Bonn, Germany, August 2005.
Jon Curtis et al. (2005). "On the Effective Use of Cyc in a Question Answering System" (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20060325020231/http://www.cyc.com/doc/white_papers/KRAQ200
5.pdf). In: Papers from the IJCAI Workshop on Knowledge and Reasoning for Answering
Questions. Edinburgh, Scotland: 2005.
Chris Deaton et al. (2005). "The Comprehensive Terrorism Knowledge Base in Cyc" (https://
web.archive.org/web/20080517172142/http://www.cyc.com/doc/white_papers/TKB-IA2005.p
df). In: Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Intelligence Analysis, McLean,
Virginia, May 2005.
Kenneth Forbus et al. (2005) ."Combining analogy, intelligent information retrieval, and
knowledge integration for analysis: A preliminary report" (https://web.archive.org/web/20060
325020423/http://www.cyc.com/doc/white_papers/CombiningAnalogy-IA2005.pdf). In:
Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Intelligence Analysis, McLean,
Virginia, May 2005
douglas foxvog (2010), "Cyc". In: Theory and Applications of Ontology: Computer
Applications (http://marte.aslab.upm.es/redmine/files/dmsf/p_oasys/160623124554_195_Po
li_-_Theory_and_Applications_of_Ontology.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2018
1112101452/http://marte.aslab.upm.es/redmine/files/dmsf/p_oasys/160623124554_195_Pol
i_-_Theory_and_Applications_of_Ontology.pdf) 2018-11-12 at the Wayback Machine,
Springer.
Fritz Lehmann and d. foxvog (1998), "Putting Flesh on the Bones: Issues that Arise in
Creating Anatomical Knowledge Bases with Rich Relational Structures (http://www.aaai.org/
Papers/Workshops/1998/WS-98-04/WS98-04-007.pdf)". In: Knowledge Sharing across
Biological and Medical Knowledge Based Systems, AAAI.
Douglas Lenat and R. V. Guha (1990). Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems:
Representation and Inference in the Cyc Project. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-51752-3.
James Masters (2002). "Structured Knowledge Source Integration and its applications to
information fusion" (https://web.archive.org/web/20060325020711/http://www.cyc.com/doc/w
hite_papers/fusion2002.pdf). In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on
Information Fusion. Annapolis, MD, July 2002.
James Masters and Z. Güngördü (2003). ."Structured Knowledge Source Integration: A
Progress Report" In: Integration of Knowledge Intensive Multiagent Systems. Cambridge,
Massachusetts, USA, 2003.
Cynthia Matuszek et al. (2006). "An Introduction to the Syntax and Content of Cyc." (https://
web.archive.org/web/20121025045607/http://www.cyc.com/doc/white_papers/AAAI06SS-Sy
ntaxAndContentOfCyc.pdf). In: Proc. of the 2006 AAAI Spring Symposium on Formalizing
and Compiling Background Knowledge and Its Applications to Knowledge Representation
and Question Answering. Stanford, 2006
Cynthia Matuszek et al. (2005) ."Searching for Common Sense: Populating Cyc from the
Web" (https://web.archive.org/web/20060325020518/http://www.cyc.com/doc/white_papers/
AAAI051MatuszekC.pdf). In: Proceedings of the Twentieth National Conference on Artificial
Intelligence. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, July 2005.
Tom O'Hara et al. (2003). "Inducing criteria for mass noun lexical mappings using the Cyc
Knowledge Base and its Extension to WordNet" (https://web.archive.org/web/200603250204
08/http://www.cyc.com/doc/white_papers/inducing-criteria-for-mass.pdf). In: Proceedings of
the Fifth International Workshop on Computational Semantics. Tilburg, 2003.
Fabrizio Morbini and Lenhart Schubert (2009). "Evaluation of EPILOG: a Reasoner for
Episodic Logic" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211804/http://www.cs.rochester.edu/
~morbini/files/commonsense09.pdf). University of Rochester, Commonsense '09
Conference (describes Cyc's library of ~1600 'Commonsense Tests')
Kathy Panton et al. (2002). "Knowledge Formation and Dialogue Using the KRAKEN
Toolset" (https://web.archive.org/web/20060325020252/http://www.cyc.com/doc/white_paper
s/iaai.pdf). In: Eighteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Edmonton, Canada,
2002.
Deepak Ramachandran P. Reagan & K. Goolsbey (2005). "First-Orderized ResearchCyc:
Expressivity and Efficiency in a Common-Sense Ontology" (http://reason.cs.uiuc.edu/deepa
k/CO05-FORCyc.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140324011058/http://reason.
cs.uiuc.edu/deepak/CO05-FORCyc.pdf) 2014-03-24 at the Wayback Machine. In: Papers
from the AAAI Workshop on Contexts and Ontologies: Theory, Practice and Applications.
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, July 2005.
Stephen Reed and D. Lenat (2002). "Mapping Ontologies into Cyc" (https://web.archive.org/
web/20091122191538/http://www.cyc.com/doc/white_papers/mapping-ontologies-into-cyc_v
31.pdf). In: AAAI 2002 Conference Workshop on Ontologies For The Semantic Web.
Edmonton, Canada, July 2002.
Benjamin Rode et al. (2005). "Towards a Model of Pattern Recovery in Relational Data" (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20060325020543/http://www.cyc.com/doc/white_papers/PatternR
ecovery-IA2005.pdf). In: Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Intelligence
Analysis. McLean, Virginia, May 2005.
Dave Schneider et al. (2005). "Gathering and Managing Facts for Intelligence Analysis" (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20060325020457/http://www.cyc.com/doc/white_papers/Gathering
AndManagingFacts-IA2005.pdf). In: Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on
Intelligence Analysis. McLean, Virginia, May 2005.
Schneider, D., & Witbrock, M. J. (2015, May). "Semantic construction grammar: bridging the
NL/Logic divide" (http://www.www2015.it/documents/proceedings/companion/p673.pdf) In
Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on World Wide Web (pp. 673–678).
Blake Shepard et al. (2005). "A Knowledge-Based Approach to Network Security: Applying
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External links
Cycorp website (http://www.cyc.com/)

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