Evolution of Computer

As the name suggests computer is a device made for computation includes arithmetical
calculations as well as the logical operation, therefore for hundreds of years inventors have
been searching for ways to make a nice manual task.

Early computing machine Abacus: The Abacus, which emerged about

5,000 years ago in Asia, can be considered as the first computer. It was an early aid for
mathematical computations. It is made up of wooden frame with several rows having beads.
The frame was divided into two parts called Earth and heaven. Each rod in heaven had two
beads and Earth had five beads. This device allows users to make computations using a system
of sliding beads arranged on a Rack and aids the memory of the person performing the
calculation.

A skilled Abacus operator can work on addition and subtraction problems at the speed of a
personequipped with the hand calculator. However multiplication and division was slower.

Napier's bones: In 1617 a Scotsman named john Napier invented logarithms

technology that allows multiplication to be performed via addition.
 The magic ingredient is the logarithm of each operand which was originally obtained from
a printed table but Napier also invented and alternative to tables, where the logarithm values
were carved on Ivory, which was namedNapier’s bones.

Pascaline: r machine in 1642. Blaise Pascal the 18 years old

Pascal’s adding h son of a French
tax collector invented a numerical wheel calculator to elp his father with his duties. This
brass rectangular box also called a Pascaline used 8 movable dials to add up to 8 digits. Pascal’s
device used a base of 10.

For example: As one dial moved ten notches or one complete round, It moved the next dial which
represented the tens column one place, when the tens dial moved one round and the dial
representing the hundreds place move to one notch and so on. It’s drawback was, it’s limitation to
addition and subtraction only.

Leibniz calculator: In 1694 a German Mathematician and Philosopher Gottfried

Wilhelm (von) Leibniz improved the Pascaline by creating a machine that could also
multiply like its predecessor, Leibniz’s mechanical multiplier works by a system of gears
and dials.
Jacquard loom: In 1801 the Frenchman Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a power loom
that could base it’s weave upon a pattern automatically, read from punched wooden cards held
together in a long row by rope. In the Jacquard Loom, the presence or absence of each hole
in the card physically allows a coloured thread to pass a stop that thread.

Difference Engine: Difference Engine by Charles Babbage the real beginnings of

computers, as we know them today. An English Mathematics professor Charles Babbage is
known as the father of the computer. In 1822 Babbage proposed a stream driven calculating
machine, the size of a room to perform differential equation called a ‘Difference Engine’. This
machine would be able to compute tables of numbers such as logarithm table and would have a
stored program and could perform calculations and print the results automatically.
Analytical engine: After working on the Difference Engine for 10 years Babbage
was suddenly inspired to begin work on the first general purpose computer, which he called the
‘Analytical Engine’.

This device was as large as a house and powered by 6 stream engines would be more general
purpose in nature because it would be Programmable. Thanks to the ‘Punch card’ technology of
Jacquard. But it was Babbage who made an important intellectual leaf regarding the punch
card. Babbage saw the pattern of holes could be used to represent an abstract Idea such as a
problem statement or the raw data required, for that problem solution for the more, Babbage
realized that punched paper could be employed as a storage mechanism holding computed
numbers for future reference because of the connection to the Jacquard Loom. Babbage
called the two main parts of Analytical Engine, the Store and the Mill as both terms are used in
the weaving industry. The Store was where numbers were held and the Mill was where they
were woven into new results. In a modern computer the same parts are called the Memory
Unit and the Central Processing Unit.
Lady Augusta Ada, the first programmer, Babbage befriended Augusta Ada Byron, the
daughter of the famous poet Lord Byron, who was fascinated by Babbage’s ideas. She learnt
enough about the design of the Analytical Engine to begin fashioning programs for the still un-
built machine while Babbage refused to published his knowledge for another 30 years and Ada
wrote a series of notes where ensued details sequences of instructions. She had prepared for
the Analytical Engine.
The Analytical Engine remained un-build, because the British Government refused to get
involved with this. But Ada earned spot in History as the first Computer Programmer. Ada
invented the subroutine and was the first to recognize the importance of looping. In the 1980,
is the US defense department named a programming language ADA, in her honour.
Tabulating Machine: Herman Hollerith in 1889 an American inventor Herman
Hollerith also applied the Jacquard Loom concept to computing. His first task was to find a faster
way to compute the US census. Hollerith used cards to store data, and information, which he is
fed into a machine that compiles the results mechanically. Each punched on a card represented
one number and the combination of two punches presented one letter, as many as 80 variables
could be stored on a single card. Census takers compiled their results in just six weeks with
Hollerith machine instead of 10 years. In addition to their speed the punch card served as a
storage method for data and they helped reduce the computational errors.

Hollerith brought his punched card reader into the business world founding tabulating machine
company in 1896, later to become International Business Machines (IBM) in 1924. After a series
of mergers in the ensuing years several engineers made other significant advances.

EDVAC-John Von Neumann. In the mid 1948 John Von Neumann joined the University of
Pennsylvania team initiating concepts in computer Design that remained Central to computer
engineering for the next 40 years. Von Neumann designed the Electronic Discrete Variable
Automatic Computer or EDVAC in 1945 with the memory to hold both a stored program as well
as data.
Mark 1- Howard H Aiken, a Harvard engineer working with IBM succeeded in producing
and all electronic calculator by 1944, it was about half as long as a football field and contain
about 500 miles of wearing.

The Harvard IBM automatic sequence control computer or MARK 1 for short electronic relay
computer the machine was slow and inflexible, but it could perform basic arithmetic as well as
more complex equation.

ENIAC: Another computer development was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer or ENIAC. This was the first general purpose electronic digital computer
invented by John Mauchly and J Presper Eckert in 1946. This is the story of the evolution of
computers after going through a long journey of the evolution process the first electronic
computer was invented the development journey continues.

UNIVAC : UNIVAC in 1951 J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly developed a Universal
Automatic Computer or UNIVAC. It is the first commercial electronic computer, that could
handle text and numeric data.