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11. Complex Numbers and Geometry 1

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 Edexcel Core Pure
Topic:
Specification statements
Topic Content Guidance
2.5 Convert between the Cartesian form Knowledge of radians is assumed.
and the modulus-argument form of a
complex number.

2.6 Multiply and divide complex numbers Knowledge of the results

in modulus argument form.
𝑧1 𝑧1
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 𝑧2 , =
𝑧2 𝑧2
arg 𝑧1 𝑧2 = arg 𝑧1 + arg 𝑧2
𝑧1
arg = arg 𝑧1 − arg 𝑧2
𝑧2
Knowledge of radians and compound angle
formulae is assumed.
 Forms of Complex Numbers
Cartesian form 𝒛 = 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊 Modulus-argument form of 𝒛
▪ Given by
• 𝑎 – Real part of 𝑧.
• 𝑏 – Imaginary part of 𝑧.
You can think of this like a coordinate.
 Forms of Complex Numbers
Cartesian form 𝒛 = 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊 Modulus-argument form of 𝒛
▪ Given by ▪ Given by
• 𝑎 – Real part of 𝑧. • |𝑧| – the modulus of 𝑧. The distance from
• 𝑏 – Imaginary part of 𝑧. the origin.
You can think of this like a coordinate. • arg 𝑧 – the argument of 𝑧. Angle, in
radians with the positive real axis
measured anticlockwise. −𝜋 < arg 𝑧 ≤ 𝜋
 Converting between forms
Modulus-argument form Cartesian form
→ Cartesian form → Modulus-argument form
A complex number, 𝑧, with
𝑧 =𝑟
arg 𝑧 = θ
Can be written in the Cartesian form:
𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖
with
a = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑏 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
 Converting between forms
Modulus-argument form Cartesian form
→ Cartesian form → Modulus-argument form
A complex number, 𝑧, with A complex number
𝑧 =𝑟 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖
arg 𝑧 = θ Can be written in modulus-argument form by
Can be written in the Cartesian form: finding:
𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑟 = 𝑧 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
with 𝑏
𝜃 = arg 𝑧 = arctan ±𝜋
a = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑏 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑎
Giving 𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃).
Important note: some consideration of an
Argand diagram is needed to determine the
𝑏
argument following arctan . We will cover
𝑎
this in the Exercise.
 Example

Consider the complex number

𝑧 = 1 + 3𝑖
 Example

Consider the complex number

𝑧 = 1 + 3𝑖

You can find its modulus using

Pythagoras’ Theorem:
2
𝑧 = 1 2 + 3 =2
 Example

Consider the complex number

𝑧 = 1 + 3𝑖

You can find its modulus using

Pythagoras’ Theorem:
2
𝑧 = 1 2 + 3 =2

You can find its argument using

trigonometry:
3 𝜋
arg 𝑧 = arctan =
1 3
 Exercise level 2 question 1
1. Given that 𝑧1 = 12 + 5𝑖 and 𝑧2 = – 3 + 4𝑖, verify that |𝑧1 + 𝑧2| ≤ |𝑧1| + |𝑧2|.
Explain geometrically using an Argand diagram why |𝑧1 + 𝑧2| ≤ |𝑧1| + |𝑧2| is
always true.
 Exercise level 2 question 1
1. Given that 𝑧1 = 12 + 5𝑖 and 𝑧2 = – 3 + 4𝑖, verify that |𝑧1 + 𝑧2| ≤ |𝑧1| + |𝑧2|.
Explain geometrically using an Argand diagram why |𝑧1 + 𝑧2| ≤ |𝑧1| + |𝑧2| is
always true.

𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 12 + 5𝑖 – 3 + 4𝑖 = 9 + 9𝑖
 Exercise level 2 question 1
1. Given that 𝑧1 = 12 + 5𝑖 and 𝑧2 = – 3 + 4𝑖, verify that |𝑧1 + 𝑧2| ≤ |𝑧1| + |𝑧2|.
Explain geometrically using an Argand diagram why |𝑧1 + 𝑧2| ≤ |𝑧1| + |𝑧2| is
always true.

𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 12 + 5𝑖 – 3 + 4𝑖 = 9 + 9𝑖

|𝑧1 + 𝑧2| = 92 + 92 = 9 2
 Exercise level 2 question 1
1. Given that 𝑧1 = 12 + 5𝑖 and 𝑧2 = – 3 + 4𝑖, verify that |𝑧1 + 𝑧2| ≤ |𝑧1| + |𝑧2|.
Explain geometrically using an Argand diagram why |𝑧1 + 𝑧2| ≤ |𝑧1| + |𝑧2| is
always true.

𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 12 + 5𝑖 – 3 + 4𝑖 = 9 + 9𝑖

|𝑧1 + 𝑧2| = 92 + 92 = 9 2

|𝑧1| = 122 + 52 = 13
|𝑧2| = (−3)2 +42 = 5
So
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 18 > 9 2 = |𝑧1 + 𝑧2|
 Exercise level 2 question 1
1. Given that 𝑧1 = 12 + 5𝑖 and 𝑧2 = – 3 + 4𝑖, verify that |𝑧1 + 𝑧2| ≤ |𝑧1| + |𝑧2|.
Explain geometrically using an Argand diagram why |𝑧1 + 𝑧2| ≤ |𝑧1| + |𝑧2| is
always true.

𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 12 + 5𝑖 – 3 + 4𝑖 = 9 + 9𝑖

|𝑧1 + 𝑧2| = 92 + 92 = 9 2

|𝑧1| = 122 + 52 = 13
|𝑧2| = (−3)2 +42 = 5
So
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 18 > 9 2 = |𝑧1 + 𝑧2|
 Exercise level 2 question 2
2. Given that 𝑧1 = 12 + 5𝑖 and 𝑧2 = 3 – 4𝑖 verify that |𝑧1 − 𝑧2| ≥ |𝑧1| – |𝑧2|.
With reference to an Argand diagram give a geometric explanation of this result.
 Exercise level 2 question 2
2. Given that 𝑧1 = 12 + 5𝑖 and 𝑧2 = 3 – 4𝑖 verify that |𝑧1 − 𝑧2| ≥ |𝑧1| – |𝑧2|.
With reference to an Argand diagram give a geometric explanation of this result.

𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 12 + 5𝑖 − 3 + 4𝑖 = 12 + 9𝑖

|𝑧1 − 𝑧2| = 122 + 92 = 225 = 15

 Exercise level 2 question 2
2. Given that 𝑧1 = 12 + 5𝑖 and 𝑧2 = 3 – 4𝑖 verify that |𝑧1 − 𝑧2| ≥ |𝑧1| – |𝑧2|.
With reference to an Argand diagram give a geometric explanation of this result.

𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 12 + 5𝑖 − 3 + 4𝑖 = 12 + 9𝑖

|𝑧1 − 𝑧2| = 122 + 92 = 225 = 15

|𝑧1| = 122 + 52 = 13
|𝑧2| = 32 + (−4)2 = 5

|𝑧1| − |𝑧2| = 8 < 15

|𝑧2| + |𝑧1 − 𝑧2| ≥ |𝑧1|
 Exercise level 2 question 2
2. Given that 𝑧1 = 12 + 5𝑖 and 𝑧2 = 3 – 4𝑖 verify that |𝑧1 − 𝑧2| ≥ |𝑧1| – |𝑧2|.
With reference to an Argand diagram give a geometric explanation of this result.

𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 12 + 5𝑖 − 3 + 4𝑖 = 12 + 9𝑖

|𝑧1 − 𝑧2| = 122 + 92 = 225 = 15

|𝑧1| = 122 + 52 = 13
|𝑧2| = 32 + (−4)2 = 5

|𝑧1| − |𝑧2| = 8 < 15

|𝑧2| + |𝑧1 − 𝑧2| ≥ |𝑧1|
So
|𝑧1 − 𝑧2| ≥ |𝑧1| − |𝑧2|
 Exercise level 2 question 2
2. Given that 𝑧1 = 12 + 5𝑖 and 𝑧2 = 3 – 4𝑖 verify that |𝑧1 − 𝑧2| ≥ |𝑧1| – |𝑧2|.
With reference to an Argand diagram give a geometric explanation of this result.

𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 12 + 5𝑖 − 3 + 4𝑖 = 12 + 9𝑖

|𝑧1 − 𝑧2| = 122 + 92 = 225 = 15

|𝑧1| = 122 + 52 = 13
|𝑧2| = 32 + (−4)2 = 5

|𝑧1| − |𝑧2| = 8 < 15

|𝑧2| + |𝑧1 − 𝑧2| ≥ |𝑧1|
So
|𝑧1 − 𝑧2| ≥ |𝑧1| − |𝑧2|
 Exercise level 2 question 3i
3. Write each of the following in modulus-argument form.
(i) – 2 3 – 2𝑖
 Exercise level 2 question 3i
3. Write each of the following in modulus-argument form.
(i) – 2 3 – 2𝑖
 Exercise level 2 question 3i
3. Write each of the following in modulus-argument form.
(i) – 2 3 – 2𝑖

𝑧 = – 2 3 – 2𝑖
2
𝑟 = |𝑧| = –2 3 + −2 2 = 12 + 4 = 4
 Exercise level 2 question 3i
3. Write each of the following in modulus-argument form.
(i) – 2 3 – 2𝑖

𝑧 = – 2 3 – 2𝑖
2
𝑟 = |𝑧| = –2 3 + −2 2 = 12 + 4 = 4

−2 3 2 3 𝜋
arctan = arctan =
−2 2 3
 Exercise level 2 question 3i
3. Write each of the following in modulus-argument form.
(i) – 2 3 – 2𝑖

𝑧 = – 2 3 – 2𝑖
2
𝑟 = |𝑧| = –2 3 + −2 2 = 12 + 4 = 4

−2 3 2 3 𝜋
arctan = arctan =
−2 2 3
Since this will give an argument in the first quadrant
and consideration of the Argand diagram shows 𝑧 is in
the third quadrant:
𝜋 5𝜋
arg 𝑧 = − 𝜋 = −
3 6
 Exercise level 2 question 3i
3. Write each of the following in modulus-argument form.
(i) – 2 3 – 2𝑖

𝑧 = – 2 3 – 2𝑖
2
𝑟 = |𝑧| = –2 3 + −2 2 = 12 + 4 = 4

−2 3 2 3 𝜋
arctan = arctan =
−2 2 3
Since this will give an argument in the first quadrant
and consideration of the Argand diagram shows 𝑧 is in
the third quadrant:
𝜋 5𝜋
arg 𝑧 = − 𝜋 = −
3 6
So
5𝜋 5𝜋
𝑧 = 4 cos − + 𝑖 sin −
6 6
 Exercise level 2 question 3
3. Write each of the following in modulus-argument form.
10
ii)
3–i
 Exercise level 2 question 3
3. Write each of the following in modulus-argument form.
10
ii)
3–i

10 10( 3 + 𝑖) 10( 3 + 𝑖)
z= = = = 2.5 3 + 2.5 = 2.5( 3 + 1)
3–i 3−𝑖 3+𝑖 3+1
 Exercise level 2 question 3
3. Write each of the following in modulus-argument form.
10
ii)
3–i

10 10( 3 + 𝑖) 10( 3 + 𝑖)
z= = = = 2.5 3 + 2.5 = 2.5( 3 + 1)
3–i 3−𝑖 3+𝑖 3+1

𝑟 = 𝑧 = 2.5 3 + 1 = 5
 Exercise level 2 question 3
3. Write each of the following in modulus-argument form.
10
ii)
3–i

10 10( 3 + 𝑖) 10( 3 + 𝑖)
z= = = = 2.5 3 + 2.5 = 2.5( 3 + 1)
3–i 3−𝑖 3+𝑖 3+1

𝑟 = 𝑧 = 2.5 3 + 1 = 5

−1
2.5 𝜋
𝜃 = tan =
2.5 3 6
Which, since 𝑧 is in the first quadrant, is the correct value for arg 𝑧.
 Exercise level 2 question 3
3. Write each of the following in modulus-argument form.
10
ii)
3–i

10 10( 3 + 𝑖) 10( 3 + 𝑖)
z= = = = 2.5 3 + 2.5 = 2.5( 3 + 1)
3–i 3−𝑖 3+𝑖 3+1

𝑟 = 𝑧 = 2.5 3 + 1 = 5

−1
2.5 𝜋
𝜃 = tan =
2.5 3 6
Which, since 𝑧 is in the first quadrant, is the correct value for arg 𝑧.
So:
𝜋 𝜋
𝑧 = 5 cos + 𝑖 sin .
6 6
 Exercise level 2 question 4
4. Given that z = 1 + 2i, write in modulus-argument form the complex numbers
1 1
(i) z (ii) z* (iii) (iv)
z z∗
What do you notice?
 Exercise level 2 question 4
4. Given that z = 1 + 2i, write in modulus-argument form the complex numbers
1 1
(i) z (ii) z* (iii) (iv)
z z∗
What do you notice?

i) 𝑧 = 1 + 2𝑖, 𝑟 = 5, arg 𝑧 = arctan 2 = 1.11

𝑧 = 5 cos 1.11 + 𝑖 sin 1.11
 Exercise level 2 question 4
4. Given that z = 1 + 2i, write in modulus-argument form the complex numbers
1 1
(i) z (ii) z* (iii) (iv)
z z∗
What do you notice?

i) 𝑧 = 1 + 2𝑖, 𝑟 = 5, arg 𝑧 = arctan 2 = 1.11

𝑧 = 5 cos 1.11 + 𝑖 sin 1.11
ii) 𝑧 ∗ = 1 − 2𝑖, 𝑟 = 5 arg 𝑧 ∗ = − arctan 2
𝑧 ∗ = 5 cos −1.11 + 𝑖 sin −1.11
 Exercise level 2 question 4
4. Given that z = 1 + 2i, write in modulus-argument form the complex numbers
1 1
(i) z (ii) z* (iii) (iv)
z z∗
What do you notice?

i) 𝑧 = 1 + 2𝑖, 𝑟 = 5, arg 𝑧 = arctan 2 = 1.11

𝑧 = 5 cos 1.11 + 𝑖 sin 1.11
ii) 𝑧 ∗ = 1 − 2𝑖, 𝑟 = 5 arg 𝑧 ∗ = − arctan 2
𝑧 ∗ = 5 cos −1.11 + 𝑖 sin −1.11
iii)
1 1 1 − 2𝑖 1 − 2𝑖
= = =
𝑧 1 + 2𝑖 (1 + 2𝑖)(1 − 2𝑖) 5
5 1 1
𝑟= = arg = − arctan 2
5 5 𝑧
1 1
= cos −1.11 + 𝑖 sin −1.11
𝑧 5
 Exercise level 2 question 4
4. Given that z = 1 + 2i, write in modulus-argument form the complex numbers
1 1
(i) z (ii) z* (iii) (iv)
z z∗
What do you notice?

i) 𝑧 = 1 + 2𝑖, 𝑟 = 5, arg 𝑧 = arctan 2 = 1.11 iv)

𝑧 = 5 cos 1.11 + 𝑖 sin 1.11 1 1 1 + 2𝑖 1 + 2𝑖
= = =
𝑧 ∗ 1 − 2𝑖 (1 + 2𝑖)(1 − 2𝑖) 5
ii) 𝑧 ∗ = 1 − 2𝑖, 𝑟 = 5 arg 𝑧 ∗ = − arctan 2 5 1 1
𝑧 ∗ = 5 cos −1.11 + 𝑖 sin −1.11 𝑟= = arg ∗ = arctan 2
5 5 𝑧
iii) 1 1
∗
= cos 1.11 + 𝑖 sin 1.11
1 1 1 − 2𝑖 1 − 2𝑖 𝑧 5
= = =
𝑧 1 + 2𝑖 (1 + 2𝑖)(1 − 2𝑖) 5
5 1 1 See next page for Argand diagram.
𝑟= = arg = − arctan 2
5 5 𝑧
1 1
= cos −1.11 + 𝑖 sin −1.11
𝑧 5
 Exercise level 2 question 4
4. Given that z = 1 + 2i, write in modulus-argument form the complex numbers
1 1
(i) z (ii) z* (iii) (iv)
z z∗
What do you notice?

𝑧 = 5 cos 1.11 + 𝑖 sin 1.11

𝑧 ∗ = 5 cos −1.11 + 𝑖 sin −1.11

1 1
= cos −1.11 + 𝑖 sin −1.11
𝑧 5
1 1
= cos 1.11 + 𝑖 sin 1.11
𝑧∗ 5
What do you observe in the Argand diagram?
 Exercise level 2 question 5
5. Given that 𝑤 = 10𝑖 and 𝑧 = 1 + 3 𝑖
(i) write each of 𝑤 and z in the form 𝑟(cos𝜃 + 𝑖 sin𝜃), where 𝑟 > 0 and – 𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.
w
(ii) find 𝑤𝑧, and in the form 𝑟(cos𝜃 + 𝑖 sin𝜃), where 𝑟 > 0 and – 𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.
z
 Exercise level 2 question 5
5. Given that 𝑤 = 10𝑖 and 𝑧 = 1 + 3 𝑖
(i) write each of 𝑤 and z in the form 𝑟(cos𝜃 + 𝑖 sin𝜃), where 𝑟 > 0 and – 𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.
w
(ii) find 𝑤𝑧, and in the form 𝑟(cos𝜃 + 𝑖 sin𝜃), where 𝑟 > 0 and – 𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.
z

𝜋
𝑤 = 10, arg w =
2
𝑧 = 1+3=2
𝜋
arg z = arctan 3 =
3
 Exercise level 2 question 5
5. Given that 𝑤 = 10𝑖 and 𝑧 = 1 + 3 𝑖
(i) write each of 𝑤 and z in the form 𝑟(cos𝜃 + 𝑖 sin𝜃), where 𝑟 > 0 and – 𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.
w
(ii) find 𝑤𝑧, and in the form 𝑟(cos𝜃 + 𝑖 sin𝜃), where 𝑟 > 0 and – 𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.
z

𝜋
𝑤 = 10, arg w =
2
𝑧 = 1+3=2
𝜋
arg z = arctan 3 =
3
𝜋 𝜋
𝑤 = 10 cos + 𝑖 sin
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑧 = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin
3 3
 Exercise level 2 question 5
5. Given that 𝑤 = 10𝑖 and 𝑧 = 1 + 3 𝑖
(i) write each of 𝑤 and z in the form 𝑟(cos𝜃 + 𝑖 sin𝜃), where 𝑟 > 0 and – 𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.
w
(ii) find 𝑤𝑧, and in the form 𝑟(cos𝜃 + 𝑖 sin𝜃), where 𝑟 > 0 and – 𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.
z

𝜋 𝑤𝑧 = 10𝑖 + 10 3𝑖 2 = −10 3 + 10𝑖

𝑤 = 10, arg w =
2
𝑧 = 1+3=2
𝜋
arg z = arctan 3 =
3
𝜋 𝜋
𝑤 = 10 cos + 𝑖 sin
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑧 = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin
3 3
 Exercise level 2 question 5
5. Given that 𝑤 = 10𝑖 and 𝑧 = 1 + 3 𝑖
(i) write each of 𝑤 and z in the form 𝑟(cos𝜃 + 𝑖 sin𝜃), where 𝑟 > 0 and – 𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.
w
(ii) find 𝑤𝑧, and in the form 𝑟(cos𝜃 + 𝑖 sin𝜃), where 𝑟 > 0 and – 𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.
z

𝜋 𝑤𝑧 = 10𝑖 + 10 3𝑖 2 = −10 3 + 10𝑖

𝑤 = 10, arg w =
2
2
𝑧 = 1+3=2 𝑤𝑧 = −10 3 + 102 = 20
𝜋
arg z = arctan 3 = −1
10 5𝜋
3 arg 𝑤𝑧 = 𝜋 − tan =
𝜋 𝜋 10 3 6
𝑤 = 10 cos + 𝑖 sin
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑧 = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin
3 3
 Exercise level 2 question 5
5. Given that 𝑤 = 10𝑖 and 𝑧 = 1 + 3 𝑖
(i) write each of 𝑤 and z in the form 𝑟(cos𝜃 + 𝑖 sin𝜃), where 𝑟 > 0 and – 𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.
w
(ii) find 𝑤𝑧, and in the form 𝑟(cos𝜃 + 𝑖 sin𝜃), where 𝑟 > 0 and – 𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.
z

𝜋 𝑤𝑧 = 10𝑖 + 10 3𝑖 2 = −10 3 + 10𝑖

𝑤 = 10, arg w =
2
2
𝑧 = 1+3=2 𝑤𝑧 = −10 3 + 102 = 20
𝜋
arg z = arctan 3 = −1
10 5𝜋
3 arg 𝑤𝑧 = 𝜋 − tan =
𝜋 𝜋 10 3 6
𝑤 = 10 cos + 𝑖 sin
2 2 5𝜋 5𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 𝑤𝑧 = 20 cos + 𝑖 sin
𝑧 = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin 6 6
3 3
 Examining 𝑧, 𝑤 and 𝑤𝑧 on and Argand diagram

𝜋 𝜋
𝑤 = 10 cos + 𝑖 sin
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑧 = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin
3 3
5𝜋 5𝜋
𝑤𝑧 = 20 cos + 𝑖 sin
6 6

What do you notice?

 Exercise level 2 question 5 continued
5. Given that 𝑤 = 10𝑖 and 𝑧 = 1 + 3 𝑖
w
(ii) find 𝑤𝑧, and in the form 𝑟(cos𝜃 + 𝑖 sin𝜃), where 𝑟 > 0 and – 𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.
z

𝜋
𝑤 = 10, arg w =
2
𝜋
𝑧 = 2, arg z =
3
𝜋 𝜋
𝑤 = 10 cos + 𝑖 sin
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑧 = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin
3 3
 Exercise level 2 question 5 continued
5. Given that 𝑤 = 10𝑖 and 𝑧 = 1 + 3 𝑖
w
(ii) find 𝑤𝑧, and in the form 𝑟(cos𝜃 + 𝑖 sin𝜃), where 𝑟 > 0 and – 𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.
z

𝜋
𝑤 = 10, arg w =
2
𝜋
𝑧 = 2, arg z =
3
𝜋 𝜋
𝑤 = 10 cos + 𝑖 sin
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑧 = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin
3 3

𝑤 10 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= cos − + 𝑖 sin −
𝑧 2 2 3 2 3
𝜋 𝜋
= 5 cos + 𝑖 sin
6 6
 Exercise level 2 question 5 continued
5. Given that 𝑤 = 10𝑖 and 𝑧 = 1 + 3 𝑖
w
(ii) find 𝑤𝑧, and in the form 𝑟(cos𝜃 + 𝑖 sin𝜃), where 𝑟 > 0 and – 𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.
z

𝜋
𝑤 = 10, arg w =
2
𝜋
𝑧 = 2, arg z =
3
𝜋 𝜋
𝑤 = 10 cos + 𝑖 sin
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑧 = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin
3 3

𝑤 10 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= cos − + 𝑖 sin −
𝑧 2 2 3 2 3
𝜋 𝜋
= 5 cos + 𝑖 sin
6 6
 Generally
For two complex numbers
𝑧1 = 𝑟1 (cos 𝜃1 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃1 )
𝑧2 = 𝑟2 (cos 𝜃2 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃2 )

Product: 𝑧1 𝑧2
Multiply modulus, add arguments.
 Generally
For two complex numbers
𝑧1 = 𝑟1 (cos 𝜃1 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃1 )
𝑧2 = 𝑟2 (cos 𝜃2 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃2 )

Product: 𝑧1 𝑧2
Multiply modulus, add arguments.

𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 (cos(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) + 𝑖 sin(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ))

𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 𝑧2

arg 𝑧1 𝑧2 = arg 𝑧1 + arg 𝑧2

 Generally
For two complex numbers
𝑧1 = 𝑟1 (cos 𝜃1 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃1 )
𝑧2 = 𝑟2 (cos 𝜃2 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃2 )

𝑧1
Product: 𝑧1 𝑧2 Quotient:
𝑧2

Multiply modulus, add arguments. Divide modulus, subtract arguments.

𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 (cos(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) + 𝑖 sin(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ))

𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 𝑧2

arg 𝑧1 𝑧2 = arg 𝑧1 + arg 𝑧2

 Generally
For two complex numbers
𝑧1 = 𝑟1 (cos 𝜃1 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃1 )
𝑧2 = 𝑟2 (cos 𝜃2 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃2 )

𝑧1
Product: 𝑧1 𝑧2 Quotient:
𝑧2

Multiply modulus, add arguments. Divide modulus, subtract arguments.

𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 (cos(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) + 𝑖 sin(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 )) 𝑧1 𝑟1
= (cos 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 + 𝑖 sin(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ))
𝑧2 𝑟2
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 𝑧2
𝑧1 𝑧1 𝑧1
= , arg = arg 𝑧1 − arg 𝑧2
arg 𝑧1 𝑧2 = arg 𝑧1 + arg 𝑧2 𝑧2 |𝑧2 | 𝑧2
 Exercise level 2 question 6
6. Given that z = cos  + i sin find arg (z + 1). (Hint: draw an Argand
diagram.)
 Exercise level 2 question 6
6. Given that z = cos  + i sin find arg (z + 1). (Hint: draw an Argand
diagram.)

Consider the diagram to the right.

How might you go about finding 𝛼

in terms of 𝜃?

Top tip: Don’t be afraid to

standard geometry in complex
number problems that involve
angles and lengths!
 Exercise level 2 question 6
6. Given that z = cos  + i sin find arg (z + 1). (Hint: draw an Argand
diagram.)

𝑧 = cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1
 Exercise level 2 question 6
6. Given that z = cos  + i sin find arg (z + 1). (Hint: draw an Argand
diagram.)

𝑧 = cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1

This implies the triangle formed from the

origin, 𝑧 and 𝑧 + 1 is isosceles.
 Exercise level 2 question 6
6. Given that z = cos  + i sin find arg (z + 1). (Hint: draw an Argand
diagram.)

𝑧 = cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1

This implies the triangle formed from the

origin, 𝑧 and 𝑧 + 1 is isosceles.

By alternating angles we can label the

angle at 𝑧 + 1 as 𝛼.
 Exercise level 2 question 6
6. Given that z = cos  + i sin find arg (z + 1). (Hint: draw an Argand
diagram.)

𝑧 = cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1

This implies the triangle formed from the

origin, 𝑧 and 𝑧 + 1 is isosceles.

By alternating angles we can label the

angle at 𝑧 + 1 as 𝛼.
This implies
𝜃 = 2𝛼.
So
𝜃
arg 𝑧 + 1 = .
2
 Exercise level 2 question 7
7. The complex numbers and are given by 𝛼 = 1 – 3i and 𝛽 = – 2 + 2𝑖.
i. Find |𝛼|, |𝛽|, arg 𝛼, and arg 𝛽.
ii. Show the points A and B, representing α and β respectively, on an Argand diagram.
β
iii. Find in the form 𝑟(cos𝜃 + 𝑖 sin𝜃), where 𝑟 > 0 and – 𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.
α
iv. Hence describe fully the transformation which maps the line OA to the line OB
 Exercise level 2 question 7
7. The complex numbers and are given by 𝛼 = 1 – 3i and 𝛽 = – 2 + 2𝑖.
i. Find |𝛼|, |𝛽|, arg 𝛼, and arg 𝛽.
ii. Show the points A and B, representing α and β respectively, on an Argand diagram.

Highly recommended to draw diagram first. It will

inform the decisions on finding arguments.
 Exercise level 2 question 7
7. The complex numbers and are given by 𝛼 = 1 – 3i and 𝛽 = – 2 + 2𝑖.
i. Find |𝛼|, |𝛽|, arg 𝛼, and arg 𝛽.
ii. Show the points A and B, representing α and β respectively, on an Argand diagram.

Highly recommended to draw diagram first. It will

inform the decisions on finding arguments.
i)
𝛼 = 1+3= 2
𝜋
arg 𝛼 = − arctan 3 = −
3
 Exercise level 2 question 7
7. The complex numbers and are given by 𝛼 = 1 – 3i and 𝛽 = – 2 + 2𝑖.
i. Find |𝛼|, |𝛽|, arg 𝛼, and arg 𝛽.
ii. Show the points A and B, representing α and β respectively, on an Argand diagram.

Highly recommended to draw diagram first. It will

inform the decisions on finding arguments.
i)
𝛼 = 1+3= 2
𝜋
arg 𝛼 = − arctan 3 = −
3

𝛽 = 4+4=2 2
𝜋 3𝜋
arg 𝛽 = arctan(1) + =
2 4
 Exercise level 2 question 7
7. The complex numbers and are given by 𝛼 = 1 – 3i and 𝛽 = – 2 + 2𝑖.
β
iii. Find in the form 𝑟(cos𝜃 + 𝑖 sin𝜃), where 𝑟 > 0 and – 𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.
α
iv. Hence describe fully the transformation which maps the line OA to the line OB
 Exercise level 2 question 7
7. The complex numbers and are given by 𝛼 = 1 – 3i and 𝛽 = – 2 + 2𝑖.
β
iii. Find in the form 𝑟(cos𝜃 + 𝑖 sin𝜃), where 𝑟 > 0 and – 𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.
α
iv. Hence describe fully the transformation which maps the line OA to the line OB
iii)
𝛽 2 2 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
= cos −− + 𝑖 sin −−
𝛼 2 2 3 2 3
 Exercise level 2 question 7
7. The complex numbers and are given by 𝛼 = 1 – 3i and 𝛽 = – 2 + 2𝑖.
β
iii. Find in the form 𝑟(cos𝜃 + 𝑖 sin𝜃), where 𝑟 > 0 and – 𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.
α
iv. Hence describe fully the transformation which maps the line OA to the line OB
iii)
𝛽 2 2 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
= cos −− + 𝑖 sin −−
𝛼 2 2 3 2 3
𝛽 13𝜋 13𝜋
= 2 cos + 𝑖 sin
𝛼 12 12
𝛽 11𝜋 11𝜋
= 2 cos − + 𝑖 sin −
𝛼 12 12
 Exercise level 2 question 7
7. The complex numbers and are given by 𝛼 = 1 – 3i and 𝛽 = – 2 + 2𝑖.
β
iii. Find in the form 𝑟(cos𝜃 + 𝑖 sin𝜃), where 𝑟 > 0 and – 𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.
α
iv. Hence describe fully the transformation which maps the line OA to the line OB
iii)
𝛽 2 2 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
= cos −− + 𝑖 sin −−
𝛼 2 2 3 2 3
𝛽 13𝜋 13𝜋
= 2 cos + 𝑖 sin
𝛼 12 12
𝛽 11𝜋 11𝜋
= 2 cos − + 𝑖 sin −
𝛼 12 12

(iv) The transformation is an enlargement by scale factor 2 and a

11𝜋 11𝜋
rotation through − about the origin (i.e. clockwise).
12 12
 Exercise level 2 question 8
8. Let 𝑧1 = – 1 + 𝑖 and 𝑧2 = 3 + 𝑖.
z
(i) Write z1 and z2 in polar form and hence write z1 in polar form.
2
–1 + i
(ii) Write in the form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖.
3+i
7𝜋 7𝜋
(iii) Hence find the exact values of cos 12 and sin 12 .
 Exercise level 2 question 8
8. Let 𝑧1 = – 1 + 𝑖 and 𝑧2 = 3 + 𝑖.
z
(i) Write z1 and z2 in polar form and hence write z1 in polar form.
2
–1 + i
(ii) Write in the form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖.
3+i
7𝜋 7𝜋
(iii) Hence find the exact values of cos 12 and sin 12 .

i)
3𝜋 3𝜋
𝑧1 = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin
4 4
𝜋 𝜋
𝑧2 = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin
6 6
 Exercise level 2 question 8
8. Let 𝑧1 = – 1 + 𝑖 and 𝑧2 = 3 + 𝑖.
z
(i) Write z1 and z2 in polar form and hence write z1 in polar form.
2
–1 + i
(ii) Write in the form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖.
3+i
7𝜋 7𝜋
(iii) Hence find the exact values of cos 12 and sin 12 .

i)
3𝜋 3𝜋
𝑧1 = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin
4 4
𝜋 𝜋
𝑧2 = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin
6 6

𝑧1 2 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
= cos − + 𝑖 sin −
𝑧2 2 4 6 4 6
2 7𝜋 7𝜋
= cos + 𝑖 sin
2 12 12
 Exercise level 2 question 8
8. Let 𝑧1 = – 1 + 𝑖 and 𝑧2 = 3 + 𝑖.
z
(i) Write z1 and z2 in polar form and hence write z1 in polar form.
2
–1 + i
(ii) Write in the form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖.
3+i
7𝜋 7𝜋
(iii) Hence find the exact values of cos 12 and sin 12 .

ii)
i)
−1 + 𝑖 −1 + 𝑖 ( 3 − 𝑖) − 3+𝑖 3+𝑖+1
3𝜋 3𝜋 = =
𝑧1 = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin 3+𝑖 3 + 𝑖 ( 3 − 𝑖) 3+1
4 4
𝜋 𝜋
𝑧2 = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin
6 6

𝑧1 2 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
= cos − + 𝑖 sin −
𝑧2 2 4 6 4 6
2 7𝜋 7𝜋
= cos + 𝑖 sin
2 12 12
 Exercise level 2 question 8
8. Let 𝑧1 = – 1 + 𝑖 and 𝑧2 = 3 + 𝑖.
z
(i) Write z1 and z2 in polar form and hence write z1 in polar form.
2
–1 + i
(ii) Write in the form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖.
3+i
7𝜋 7𝜋
(iii) Hence find the exact values of cos 12 and sin 12 .

ii)
i)
−1 + 𝑖 −1 + 𝑖 ( 3 − 𝑖) − 3+𝑖 3+𝑖+1
3𝜋 3𝜋 = =
𝑧1 = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin 3+𝑖 3 + 𝑖 ( 3 − 𝑖) 3+1
4 4
𝜋 𝜋 1− 3 +𝑖 3+1 1− 3 3+1
𝑧2 = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin = = +𝑖
6 6 4 4 4

𝑧1 2 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
= cos − + 𝑖 sin −
𝑧2 2 4 6 4 6
2 7𝜋 7𝜋
= cos + 𝑖 sin
2 12 12
 Exercise level 2 question 8
8. Let 𝑧1 = – 1 + 𝑖 and 𝑧2 = 3 + 𝑖.
z
(i) Write z1 and z2 in polar form and hence write z1 in polar form.
2
–1 + i
(ii) Write in the form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖.
3+i
7𝜋 7𝜋
(iii) Hence find the exact values of cos 12 and sin 12 .

ii)
i)
−1 + 𝑖 −1 + 𝑖 ( 3 − 𝑖) − 3+𝑖 3+𝑖+1
3𝜋 3𝜋 = =
𝑧1 = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin 3+𝑖 3 + 𝑖 ( 3 − 𝑖) 3+1
4 4
𝜋 𝜋 1− 3 +𝑖 3+1 1− 3 3+1
𝑧2 = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin = = +𝑖
6 6 4 4 4
iii)
𝑧1 2 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 2 7𝜋 7𝜋 1− 3 3+1
= cos − + 𝑖 sin − (cos + 𝑖 sin ) = +𝑖
𝑧2 2 4 6 4 6 2 12 12 4 4
So
2 7𝜋 7𝜋
= cos + 𝑖 sin 7𝜋 1− 3 7𝜋 3+1
2 12 12 cos = 2 and sin = 2
12 4 12 4
 Now you have finished
In this section you have learned...
• about the modulus and argument of a complex number
• to convert between the Cartesian form and the modulus-
argument form of a complex number
• to multiply and divide complex numbers in modulus-argument
form
 Work to complete
Review
▪ Complete Progress Test G1.

Next Lesson

In Complex Numbers and Geometry 2: Loci

▪ Watch the videos and read the notes.
▪ Do the Level 1 and 2 exercises
▪ Try the Level 3 exercise (extension)
 Looking ahead
Can you imagine all the points that satisfy each of the following
on an argand diagram, where 𝑧 is a complex number:

1. 𝑧 − 4 = 2
𝜋
2. arg 𝑧 = 4
3. 𝑧 − 1 = |𝑧 − 2|

Hint: 𝑧 − 4 can be thought of as “the distance of 𝑧 from 4”.