Operating Systems

ARNOLD J. PASTORES
 What is an Operating System
An operating system is a program that controls the
execution of application programs and acts as an interface
between the user of a computer and the computer
hardware.
A more common definition is that the operating system is
the one program running at all times on the computer
(usually called the kernel), with all else being application
programs.
 What is an Operating System
An operating system is concerned with the allocation of
resources and services, such as memory, processors,
devices, and information. The operating system
correspondingly includes programs to manage these
resources, such as a traffic controller, a scheduler, a memory
management module, I/O programs, and a file system.
 Functions of Operating System
Security – The operating system uses password protection
to protect user data and similar other techniques. it also
prevents unauthorized access to programs and user data.
Control over system performance – Monitors overall
system health to help improve performance records the
response time between service requests and system
response to having a complete view of the system health.
 Functions of Operating System
Job accounting – Operating system Keeps track of time
and resources used by various tasks and users, this
information can be used to track resource usage for a
particular user or group of users.
Error detecting aids – The operating system constantly
monitors the system to detect errors and avoid the
malfunctioning of a computer system.
 Functions of Operating System
Coordination between other software and users –
Operating systems also coordinate and assign interpreters,
compilers, assemblers, and other software to the various
users of the computer systems.
Memory Management – The operating system manages
the Primary Memory or Main Memory.
 Functions of Operating System
Processor Management – In a multi-programming
environment, the OS decides the order in which processes have
access to the processor, and how much processing time each
process has. This function of OS is called process scheduling.
Device Management – An OS manages device communication
via their respective drivers. Decides which process gets access to
a certain device and for how long. Allocates devices in an
effective and efficient way. Deallocates devices when they are no
longer required.
 Functions of Operating System
File Management – A file system is organized into
directories for efficient or easy navigation and usage. OS
keeps track of where information is stored, user access
settings and status of every file, and more… These facilities
are collectively known as the file system.
 Different Operating System
1. MS-DOS: MS-DOS which is short for Microsoft Disk
Operating System is a non-graphical command line operating
system developed for IBM compatible computers with x86
microprocessor.
It is a single user operating system meaning only one user
can operate at a time.
It does not support graphical interface hence mouse
cannot be used to operate it.
 MS-DOS BASIC COMMANDS
1. CLS. This command erases all characters on the screen
and takes the cursor control to the first raw of the screen.
Syntax: CLS
2. DATE: Allows you to reset the system date to the
current date or obtain the current date from the system
clock.
Syntax: DATE (mm-dd-yy) or DATE (mm/dd/yy) or DATE
(mm.dd.yy)
 MS-DOS BASIC COMMANDS

3. TIME. Displays the current time and allows you to reset
the time.
Syntax: TIME (hh:mm[:ss[xx]])
4. DIR: Use to display the contents of a directory (a
location for storing files in computer).
Syntax: DIR [/P] [/W] [/S]
 MS-DOS BASIC COMMANDS

DIR [/P] [/W] [/S]

[/P] -tells DOS to pause when the screen has been filled.
To see the next screen of file names you have to press any
key.
[/W]- displays a directory showing only filename in a wide
format-five names across its line.
[/S- displays the files from subdirectories also.
 MS-DOS BASIC COMMANDS
5. MD. Creates new directory.
Syntax: MD [d:] path
Examples:
MD phones- creates a subdirectory phones under the current
directory.
MD\WS4\FILES\PHONES- creates a new subdirectory named
phones under the subdirectory files, which is under the
subdirectory WS4, which in turn under the root subdirectory.
 MS-DOS BASIC COMMANDS
6. CD. Changes the current work directory to a new directory.
Syntax: CD [d:] path
Examples:
CD C: \WS4\LETTER.- changes the current directory to LETTER
which is under WS4 in drive C.
CD..-changes the current directory to the preceding level of
directory.
CD\- allows you change to the root directory from the current
directory.
 MS-DOS BASIC COMMANDS
7. RD. use to remove directories. Only empty directories
maybe removed.
Syntax: RD [d:] path
Examples:
RD C: \WS4\LETTER.- deletes the subdirectory LETTERS
 MS-DOS BASIC COMMANDS
8. REN. – change the name of the given file.
 Syntax: REN[d:][path] old filename new filename
Examples:
REN *.CAP *.SET – rename all the files with extension .CAP
as files with extension .SET with the same corresponding
primary names.
 MS-DOS BASIC COMMANDS
9. COPY. Use to copy the file and move the file to another
location or folder or drive.
Syntax: C: \> Copy <File Name> <New Name>
C: \> Copy <Path File Name> <Target Drive>
Examples:
C:> Copy C:\ABC*.* D:\sonu. Copy files with filename
Starting from ABC with any extension name to directory
folder sonu in directory D.
 MS-DOS BASIC COMMANDS
10. DEL (ERASE). Deletes (erases) files from disk. You can
use wildcard characters (? and *) to delete groups of files.
Syntax: DEL (ERASE) [d:][path]filename [/P]
Examples:
DEL *.*- erase all the files in the current directory.
How To Create a File in Windows
With Command Prompt
 Creating a File Using echo Command
Syntax: echo your_text_here > filename.extension
Example: If you want to create a text file
named MyFile with This is sample text as its text and .txt as
the file extension
echo This is sample text > MyFile.txt
Once you’ve created the file, verify that it has been created
successfully by running: type filename.extension.
Eg: type MyFile.txt
 Creating a File in Notepad Using Command Prompt

Syntax: notepad filename.extension

For example, if you want to create a file named SampleDoc.

Notepad SampleDoc.txt
 Different Operating System
2. Windows Operating System : Windows is an operating
system designed by Microsoft to be used on a standard x86
Intel and AMD processors.
It provides an interface, known as a graphical user
interface(GUI) which eliminates the need to memorize
commands for the command line by using a mouse to
navigate through menus, dialog boxes, buttons, tabs, and
icons.
 Different Operating System
Windows can be expensive since the OS is paid license and
majority of its applications are paid products.
Windows is vulnerable to virus attacks since it has a huge
user base and users have to update OS to keep up-to-date
with security patches.
 Different Operating System
3. LINUX Operating System : The Linux OS is an open source
operating system project that is a freely distributed, cross-
platform operating system developed based on UNIX. This
operating system is developed by Linus Torvalds.
Linux is free can be downloaded from the Internet or
redistribute it under GNU licenses and has the best
community support.
 Different Operating System
Linux OS is easily portable which means it can be installed
on various types of devices like mobile, tablet computers.
It is a multi-user, multitasking operating system.
Since some applications are developed specifically for
Windows and Mac, those might not be compatible with
linux and sometimes users might not have much of a choice
to choose between different applications like in Windows or
Mac since most apps are developed for operating systems
that have a huge user base.
 Different Operating System
4. Solaris Operating System : Solaris or SunOS is the name
of the Sun company’s Unix variant operating system that
was originally developed for its family of Scalable Processor
Architecture-based processors (SPARC) as well as for Intel-
based processors.
Solaris is known for its scalability. It can handle a large
workload and still delivers indisputable performance
advantages for database, Web, and Java technology-based
services.
 Different Operating System
Solaris has advanced, unique security capabilities which
includes some of the world’s most advanced security
features, such as user rights management, cryptographic
Framework and secure by default networking that allows
users to safely deliver new solutions.
Solaris is quite expensive since it’s an enterprise operating
system. Also, Solaris doesn’t provide updates for free.
Solaris lacks a good graphical user interface support and is
not user friendly.
 Different Operating System
5. Symbian Operating System : Symbian OS was the most
widely-used smartphone operating system in the world
based on ARM architecture, until it was discontinued in
2014. It was developed by Symbiant Ltd, which was a
partnership among PDA devices and smartphone
manufacturers like Psion, Motorola, Ericsson, and Nokia.
 Different Operating System
6. Android Mobile Operating System: Android is a Google’s
Linux based operating system it is designed primarily for
touch screen mobile devices such as smart phones and
tablet computers.
The android operating system is an open source operating
system means that it’s free and any one can use it.
Android OS is known for its friendly user interface and
exceptional customizable according to the user’s taste.
 Different Operating System
Android would consume very little power but deliver extreme
performance since its hardware is based on ARM architecture.
Most apps tend to run in the background even when closed by
the user draining the battery.
Android phones overheat especially when indulged in hardcore
productivity tasks or heavy graphics.
Apps have lower security profiles and make users more
susceptible to data breaches.
 Different Operating System
7. iOS Mobile Operating System: iOS which is short for
iPhone OS is a mobile operating system created and
developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for its hardware like A12
Bionic chip that presently powers many of its mobile devices,
including the iPhone, iPad, and iPod.
Has excellent and intuitive user interface and very fluid
response.
iOS is much safer than other mobile operating systems and
has fewer security breaches as well.
 Different Operating System
The OS is closed source instead of open source hence beta
testing taking a lot of time since its only available to limited
developers.
The amount of memory space the iOS applications occupy
is very large when compared with other mobile platforms.
Doesn’t allow third party installations.
Having intense graphics and animations consumes more
power and causes battery drains.
References:
 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-operating-system-set-1/
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/functions-of-operating-system/
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/different-operating-systems/